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Research Article
Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women
Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014;19(3):231-240.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231
Published online: June 30, 2014

Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.

Corresponding author: Jin-Sook Yoon. Department of Food and Nutrition, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea. Tel: (053) 580-5873, Fax: (053) 580-5885, jsook@kmu.ac.kr
• Received: February 25, 2014   • Revised: June 1, 2014   • Accepted: June 16, 2014

Copyright © 2014 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Objectives
    This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women.
  • Methods
    A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary.
  • Results
    The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 µg during the summer, 3.3 µg during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= 23.8 ± 23.6 min) were much longer than that in the winter (= 10.8 ± 13.4 min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were 17.5 ± 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 ± 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p < 0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r = 0.252, p < 0.05) during the winter.
  • Conclusions
    In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.
  • Keywords: Young women; outdoor activity; serum 25-(OH)-vitamin D; vitamin D intake

This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST 2010-0241)

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Fig. 1
Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.
kjcn-19-231-g001.jpg
Table 1
Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i001.jpg

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

4) Body mass index

5) Bone mineral density

Table 2
Bone health status of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i002.jpg

1) T-score ≥ -1.0

2) n (%)

3) T-score < -1.0

Table 3
Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season
kjcn-19-231-i003.jpg

1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

2) Independent sample t-test

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 4
Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method
kjcn-19-231-i004.jpg

1) n (%)

Table 5
The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method
kjcn-19-231-i005.jpg

1) Independent Sample t-test

2) Unit: µg/day

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 6
Time spent on outdoor activities by season
kjcn-19-231-i006.jpg

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Unit: minutes

3) Mean ± SD

4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 7
Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season
kjcn-19-231-i007.jpg

1) Independent sample t-test

2) Mean ± SD

3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

Table 8
Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level
kjcn-19-231-i008.jpg

1) n (%)

Table 9
Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake
kjcn-19-231-i009.jpg

*: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age
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      Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef

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      Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women
      Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(3):231-240.   Published online June 30, 2014
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231
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    Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women
    Image
    Fig. 1 Distribution of circulating levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D for summer and winter.

    Fig. 1

    Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women

    Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Mean ± SD

    3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    4) Body mass index

    5) Bone mineral density

    Bone health status of the study subjects by season

    1) T-score ≥ -1.0

    2) n (%)

    3) T-score < -1.0

    Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season

    1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

    2) Independent sample t-test

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method

    1) n (%)

    The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method

    1) Independent Sample t-test

    2) Unit: µg/day

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Time spent on outdoor activities by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Unit: minutes

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Mean ± SD

    3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level

    1) n (%)

    Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake

    *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01
    Table 1 Physical characteristics of the study subjects by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Mean ± SD

    3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    4) Body mass index

    5) Bone mineral density

    Table 2 Bone health status of the study subjects by season

    1) T-score ≥ -1.0

    2) n (%)

    3) T-score < -1.0

    Table 3 Daily energy and nutrient intake of the study subjects by season

    1) %KDRIs mean % EER (Estimated energy requirement) for energy; %AI(Adequate intake) for Na, K, vitamin D, % RNI (Recommended nutrient intake) for other nutrients

    2) Independent sample t-test

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Table 4 Distribution of the level of vitamin D intake of the study subjects by 24hr recall method

    1) n (%)

    Table 5 The intakes of vitamin D estimated from the food frequency method

    1) Independent Sample t-test

    2) Unit: µg/day

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Table 6 Time spent on outdoor activities by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Unit: minutes

    3) Mean ± SD

    4) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Table 7 Serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D by season

    1) Independent sample t-test

    2) Mean ± SD

    3) Range of values (minimum~maximum)

    Table 8 Distribution of serum 25-(OH) vitamin D level

    1) n (%)

    Table 9 Correlation coefficients between serum 25-(OH) vitamin D and the results of physiological characteristics, BMD, hours of outdoor activity, vitamin D intake

    *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01

    Table 1

    Table 2

    Table 3

    Table 4

    Table 5

    Table 6

    Table 7

    Table 8

    Table 9

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