Junghyun Park; Hae-Jeung Lee

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.145

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Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015): Junghyun Park, Hae-Jeung Lee; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2017;22(2):145-158.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.145
Published online: April 30, 2017

¹Institute for Aging and Clinical Nutrition Research, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hae-Jeung Lee. 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeonggu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Korea. Tel: (031) 750-4720, Fax: (031) 750-5974, skysea1010@gmail.com

• Received: March 2, 2017 • Revised: April 14, 2017 • Accepted: April 20, 2017

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES
Appendix

Abstract

Objectives
The importance of kimchi as a traditional food in Korean cuisine has gradually decreased due to rapid industrialization, economic growth and changes in dietary patterns in Korea. This study aimed to examine the shifts in kimchi consumption by region and by income level between 2005 and 2015 in Korea.
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys III (2005) and VI (2015) were used in the study (n=15,558). Intake of kimchi was estimated using a single 24-hour dietary recall. The sample weights were applied in all analyses to reflect population estimates. All statistical analyses were carried out by using SPSS IBM Statistics 20.
Results
Kimchi intake has significantly decreased by 27.6 g/day per capita during the last decade in Korea; 25.0 g for males and 29.9 g for females, respectively. Over the past decade, the decline of kimchi intake has been particularly significant in Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and Gwangju, while there has been no significant change in males living in rural areas. The consumption of kimchi across all income levels has decreased, however, the decrease was higher in ‘middle and low income level’. The amount of kimchi consumption in 2015 was the highest in ‘low income level’. The results were similar after adjusting for gender and age.
Conclusions
For the past decade, the overall intake of kimchi in Korea has decreased, however, it has been found that the decrease of kimchi intake for males living in the rural areas was not significant. Therefore, in order to keep our traditional kimchi culture and promote a balanced diet including kimchi for Korean, it is necessary to develop more efficient policies and approaches. A variety of dishes using kimchi should be developed, besides merely serving kimchi with rice as a side dish, to increase the consumption of kimchi.
Keywords: kimchi consumption; shifts; decade; region; income

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Food Research Institute (EO164500-01).

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Appendix

Appendix 1

Changes in kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by age

1) Student t-test was conducted to compare mean per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Fig. 1

The composition of kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2005 in Korean population

Fig. 2A

Mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and between 2005 and 2015

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001, Means were significantly different using student t-test

Fig. 2B

Adjusted mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and by gender between 2005 and 2015

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001, Adjusted means were significantly different using ANCOVA

The values were adjusted for gender and age.

Table 1

Distribution of socio-demographic factors in KNHANES 2005 and 2015

1) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

2) Chi-squared test was applied to compare the percent between 2005 and 2015.

3) Original number (weighted percent, %)

Table 2

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by gender

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 3

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by 16 cities and provinces of Korea

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 4

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by income level

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Means in a column without a common letter are significantly different at α=0.05 by GLM/PDIFF

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015)

Korean J Community Nutr. 2017;22(2):145-158. Published online April 30, 2017

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.145

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Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015)

Fig. 1 The composition of kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2005 in Korean population

Fig. 2A Mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and between 2005 and 2015 *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, Means were significantly different using student t-test

Fig. 2B Adjusted mean difference (g) in per capita kimchi consumption by region and by gender between 2005 and 2015 *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01, ***: p < 0.001, Adjusted means were significantly different using ANCOVA The values were adjusted for gender and age.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2A

Fig. 2B

Shifts in Kimchi Consumption between 2005 and 2015 by Region and Income Level in the Korean Population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005, 2015)

Table 1

Distribution of socio-demographic factors in KNHANES 2005 and 2015

1) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

2) Chi-squared test was applied to compare the percent between 2005 and 2015.

3) Original number (weighted percent, %)

Table 2

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by gender

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 3

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by 16 cities and provinces of Korea

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 4

Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by income level

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Means in a column without a common letter are significantly different at α=0.05 by GLM/PDIFF

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 1 Distribution of socio-demographic factors in KNHANES 2005 and 2015

1) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)

2) Chi-squared test was applied to compare the percent between 2005 and 2015.

3) Original number (weighted percent, %)

Table 2 Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by gender

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 3 Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by 16 cities and provinces of Korea

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

3) Baechu kimchi: napa cabbage kimchi, Kkakdugi: Korean radish kimchi

4) ANCOVA was performed and gender and age were adjusted.

Table 4 Changes of kimchi consumption in KNHANES 2005 and 2015 by income level

1) Mean daily per capita kimchi consumption

2) Student t-test was conducted to compare means per capita kimchi consumption between 2005 and 2015.

Means in a column without a common letter are significantly different at α=0.05 by GLM/PDIFF