Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Hae Young Lee

28 Articles

[English]
Development of Model for ã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€: Hae Young Lee, Bo Sook Yi, Jina Cha, Sun Ok Ham, Moon Kyung Park, Mi Nam Lee, Hye Young Kim, Haeng Hwa Kang, Jin Wook Kwon, Yun Hui Jeong; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):60-76. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.60

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to develop a systematic and standardizedã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€that can identify the current status of school meals on the nationwide level.
METHODS
This study was carried out in six steps of the analysis of report/investigation data related to school foodservice in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analysis of preceding research related to the actual status of school foodservice, field verification of the actual condition of the school foodservice site, development of a draft ofã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€, pilot study of a draft of ã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€, and suggestions of a final model ofã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€from August to December, 2017. Statistical analysis was performed for frequency analysis and descriptive analysis using the SPSS program ver. 23.
RESULTS
A draft ofã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€was developed by analyzing the current status of report/research data on school meals in metropolitan and provincial offices of education, analyzing the preceding research on school meals, and identifying the actual conditions at school foodservice sites. To verify the validity of the school foodservice survey questionnaire, 1,031 schools were sampled from a total of 10,251 schools and the pilot test of â€˜2017 School Foodservice Surveyâ€™ was conducted. The final model ofã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€consisted of 12 survey sections, 29 survey categories, and 433 survey items, and the survey cycle was set for one year and three years for each survey item.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the objective statistical data throughã€ŒThe Survey on School Foodservice Programã€, it is possible to develop the school foodservice policy, which will help establish the reliability of the school meals.

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Developing educational videos to inform rightly about school foodservice from kindergarten to high school: a case study
Gyoungok Gang, Chaewon Park, Haejin Kang, Wan Soo Hong, Yoo Kyoung Park, Sook Hee Choi, Seung Hye Kim, Jieun Choi, Jihyun Park, Hyeja Chang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 97. CrossRef

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[English]
Differences in Dietary Life and Health related Factors According to Obesity in Poor Urban Peruvian Adolescents: Hye Kyung Chung, Hae Young Lee, Jin Ri Kim, Eun Woo Nam; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):302-318. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.302

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OBJECTIVES
This study examined the differences in dietary life and health related factors, such as drinking behavior, exercise and leisure activities, mental health, and subjective perception for oneself according to obesity in poor urban Peruvian adolescents.
METHODS
A total of 1,532 Peruvian adolescents were selected from six schools in poor regions using stratified random sampling. The subjects were classified into two groups based on their BMI: â€˜normal weight group (NW group=980)â€™ or â€˜overweight and obese group (OWOB group=293)â€™. The differences in the general characteristics, dietary life, drinking behavior, physical activity and leisure, mental health and subjective perception of oneself in the two groups were compared. Ï‡2 analysis and independent sample t-test were performed using the SPSS program ver. 24.
RESULTS
For the total and male students, the frequency of breakfast and dinner were significantly lower in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p < 0.001). For total and female students, the percentage of subjects who received nutrition education was significantly higher in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p < 0.05). For total students, the percentage of subject who exercised more than five days/week was lower in the OWOB group than in the NW group (p < 0.05). For the total and female students, the subjective health status was worse in the OWOB group than in the NW group (all p < 0.05). The subjective body image was significantly different between the OWOB group and NW group in the total, male and female subjects (all p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The frequency of meals and exercise, and the subjective perceptions of the health status and body image differed according to obesity in poor urban Peruvian adolescents. Therefore, a school-based intervention program focused on regular meal and exercise, and adequate subjective perceptions for health status and body image need to be developed to prevent adolescent obesity.

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Influence of perceived stress on obesity in South Korean adolescents using data from the 13th 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey
Hye Ja Gu
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2019; 36(1): 29. CrossRef

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[English]
Effectiveness of Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management for Menu Management and Dietary Variety: Hye Young Kim, Il Sun Yang, In Sook Chae, Bo Sook Yi, Moon Kyung Park, Ha Young Kim, Tae Seok Kang, Dong Gil Leem, Jin Ha Lee, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):243-256. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.243

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Centers for Child-care Foodservice Management (CCFSM)'s support on menu management in child-care centers and kindergartens by comparing two perspectives of pre-support vs. post-support and established vs. non-established. To evaluate dietary variety, we used methods that considered both Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS). For surveying pre-support and post-support state by CCFSM, we collected and analyzed menus of June and September, 2012, targeting 7 CCFSM supported institutions. Meanwhile, for surveying state in CCFSM established and non-established areas, we collected and analyzed menus of June, 2012, which were implemented in institutions in CCFSM established (181 places) and non-established (106 places) areas. The results of evaluation on the dietary support by CCFSM showed that post-supporting state by CCFSM (95.3%) was significantly higher than pre-supporting state (77.2%) (p < 0.001) and established areas (87.4%) were significantly higher than non-established ones (77.2%) (p < 0.05) on 'Meeting the DRI for infant'. Evaluation of dietary variety between pre- and post-support state by CCFSM showed that post-support state (total 77.3 point) was higher than pre-support state (total 76.4 point). Evaluation of dietary variety between established and non-established areas showed that established areas (total 81.1 point) were significantly higher than non-established ones (total 77.1 point) (p < 0.001). Therefore, it is considered that dietary support service conducted by CCFSM contributes to improve variety level of diet provided by child-care centers and kindergartens.

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A Study of Food Safety Knowledge for Sustainable Foodservice Management of Childcare Centers in South Korea Using Importance–Performance Analysis
Jeong-Sil Choi, Se-Young Ju
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9668. CrossRef
The Effect of Personality Type and Job Performance on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction - Staff of the Center for Children's foodservice management -
Kyung-Min Lee, Min-Sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(6): 496. CrossRef
Assessment of the Effectiveness and Perception of Education by Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management: Focus on Parents of Child-Care and Kindergarten in Seoul
Se-Young Ju, Wan-Soo Hong
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(4): 404. CrossRef
Analysis of Sanitary Safety Management Improvement for Children’s Food service in Chilgok-gun Area
Suk-Hyeon Park, Hyeon-A Jung
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(5): 345. CrossRef
Comparison of nutrients and food intakes of young children according to lunch places: based on the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Young-Sun Choi
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(3): 254. CrossRef
Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) Employees' Perception of Difficulties in Performing Tasks
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(4): 619. CrossRef
The Assessment of Food Safety Practices and the Effect of Visiting Education on Food Safety Improvement in Children's Foodservice Facilities
Jae-Eun Paik, Hyun-A Lee, Hyun-Joo Bae
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(6): 764. CrossRef
Satisfaction with Children's Foodservice Facilities about Program at Center for Children’s Foodservice Management in Seoul: Difference between Associate Members and Regular Members
Yoon-Jae Yoon, Sooyoun Kwon, Serin Go, Jiyoon Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(4): 703. CrossRef
Effects of an Education Program on Sanitation Status at Centers for Children's Food Service Management: Focusing on Jung-gu and Dong-gu regions of Daejeon Metropolitan City
Yu-Jin Seo, Min-Sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(6): 447. CrossRef
Task Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intension of Center for Children's Foodservice Management Employees
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(12): 1881. CrossRef

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[English]
Analysis of Relative Importance of Key Performance Indicators for Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP): Yun Hui Jeong, In Sook Chae, Il Sun Yang, Hye Young Kim, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(2):154-164. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.154

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The objectives of this study were to assign reasonability to importance of weight selection issue in key performance indicator for performance evaluation of Centers for Child-care Foodservice Management (CCFSM) developed by using Balanced Scorecard (BSC), to draw key performance indicator (KPI) by perspective and to analyze differences in recognition on importance. From September 25 to October 9, 2012, we conducted a questionnaire-based study via e-mail, targeting chiefs and team leaders of nationwide 21 CCFSMs (43 persons), officials of local governments where CCFSM was established (21 persons), officials of Korea Food and Drug Administration (2 persons) and foodservice management experts (27 persons) in order to estimate the relative importance on 4 perspectives and 14 KPIs and analyzed its results by using 61 collected data. The results showed that relative importance of perspectives was estimated in order of importance as follows: business performance (0.3519), customer (0.3393), resource (0.1557), learning and growth (0.1531). Relative importance of KPIs was in order of importance as follows: Evaluation of sanitary management level in childcare foodservice facilities (0.1327), Level of customer recognition and behavior improvement (0.1153), performances of round visiting inspection on foodservice, sanitary, safety management, and foodservice consulting (0.0913). Our results showed that the recognition differences exist on the relative importance of perspectives and KPIs between officials of CCFSM, KFDA, local government and foodservice management experts. These observations will form the basis for developing evaluation systems, and it is considered that performance indicators developed on this basis will suggest direction of operation which CCFSM will have to perform.

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The Effect of Hygiene Guidance by Center for Children's Foodservice Management on Food Safety Improvement in Child-care Foodservices in Changwon
Jeong-Min Cheon, Jae-Kyoung Shin, Hye-Kyung Moon
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(6): 653. CrossRef
Assessment of the Effectiveness and Perception of Education by Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management: Focus on Parents of Child-Care and Kindergarten in Seoul
Se-Young Ju, Wan-Soo Hong
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(4): 404. CrossRef
Task Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intension of Center for Children's Foodservice Management Employees
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(12): 1881. CrossRef
The Assessment of Food Safety Practices and the Effect of Visiting Education on Food Safety Improvement in Children's Foodservice Facilities
Jae-Eun Paik, Hyun-A Lee, Hyun-Joo Bae
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(6): 764. CrossRef
Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) Employees' Perception of Difficulties in Performing Tasks
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(4): 619. CrossRef

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[English]
Child-Care Facility and Kindergarten's Demands on Foodservice Support by Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management (CCFSM) in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do: Soo Youn Kim, Il Sun Yang, Bo Sook Yi, Seung Hee Baek, Seo Young Shin, Hae Young Lee, Moon Kyung Park, Young Shin Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):730-739. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.730

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences between child-care facilities and kindergartens towards the need for foodservice support by Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management (CCFSM). For this study, questionnaires were sent out from August of 2008 to April of 2009 to directors of 1,478 child care facilities and 299 kindergartens in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do via postal service. A total of 267 questionnaires were usable with 203 (13.7%) of child-care facilities and 64 (21.4%) of kindergartens. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS 15.0 for descriptive analysis and t-test. For political and administrative support, government funding for foodservice was the highest need and hiring nutritionists was significantly different by type of facility (p < 0.01). Both child-care facilities (4.29) and kindergartens (4.41) demanded the balanced menu from CCFSM. There were significant differences of "information about food material sanitation management" (p < 0.05), "hygiene safety management method according to working process" (p < 0.05), "hygiene safety management method of foodservice facilities and equipment" (p < 0.05). In education and training contents from center, "types and methods to manage foodservice facilities and equipment" for directors, "dietary education by age" for teachers, and "the rules of personal sanitation and working process" and "gas, electricity and fire prevention" for culinary workers had the highest mean score of requirements.

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Foodservice Status and Perception regarding Foodservice Management in Kindergartens attached to Elementary Schools in Seoul
Ranmi Jung, Gun-Hee Kim, Jieun Oh, Sunny Ham, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 492. CrossRef
Analysis of Job Importance and Job Performance in Dietitians by Kindergarten Establishment Type
Seonyeong Baek, Yulee Shin, Gunhee Kim, Jieun Oh, Seungmin Lee, Sunny Ham
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(4): 274. CrossRef
Assessment of the Effectiveness and Perception of Education by Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management: Focus on Parents of Child-Care and Kindergarten in Seoul
Se-Young Ju, Wan-Soo Hong
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(4): 404. CrossRef
A Comparison of Hygiene and Safety Management Execution depending on the Characteristics of Children's Food Service Facilities
Jin-Young Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(4): 573. CrossRef
The Assessment of Food Safety Practices and the Effect of Visiting Education on Food Safety Improvement in Children's Foodservice Facilities
Jae-Eun Paik, Hyun-A Lee, Hyun-Joo Bae
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(6): 764. CrossRef
Center for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) Employees' Perception of Difficulties in Performing Tasks
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(4): 619. CrossRef
Task Satisfaction, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intension of Center for Children's Foodservice Management Employees
Eun Hye Park, Young Eun Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(12): 1881. CrossRef
Food Service Status at Community Child Care Centers in Busan
Jeong-Sook Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(1): 50. CrossRef
The Effect of a Periodic Visiting Education Program on Food Safety Knowledge of Cooks in Children's Foodservice Facilities
Jinah Kim, Youngmee Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(1): 36. CrossRef
Analysis of Relative Importance of Key Performance Indicators for Center for Child-Care Foodservice Management through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Yun-Hui Jeong, In-Sook Chae, Il-Sun Yang, Hye-Young Kim, Hae-Young Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(2): 154. CrossRef
Evaluation of Sanitation Management Practices and Microbiological Quality of Foods in Kindergarten Foodservice Settings
Joo-Eun Lee, Kyung-Sook Choi, Young-Jae Kang, Tong-Kung Kwak
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2012; 28(5): 515. CrossRef
Assessment of Kindergarten Principals and Teachers' Performance Degree of Foodservice Hygiene Management and Foodservice Employees' Hygiene Knowledge
Joo-Eun Lee, Kyung-Sook Choi, Tong-Kung Kwak
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2012; 18(4): 308. CrossRef

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[English]
The Antecedents of Coffee Satisfaction by Lifestyle Segments for Korean and Chinese University Students in Korea: Hye Kyung Chung, Hye Young Kim, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):782-793. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.782

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The purposes of this study were to classify university students by their lifestyle and to investigate the relationships between lifestyle and coffee satisfaction. The survey had been undertaken for 360 Korean and Chinese university students in Daejeon from November to December 2009. A total of 242 usable questionnaires were received with 67.2% response rate. The statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 18.0 package program. Lifestyles of subjects, based on AIO (Activities, Interests, Opinions) method and factor analysis, were segmented into 2 groups of "outgoing activity" (n = 137) and "introverted devotion" (n = 105). "Outgoing activity" group exhibited highly health-oriented (p < 0.001) and convenience-oriented (p < 0.001) characteristics, but "introverted devotion" group showed highly goal-oriented (p < 0.01) and safety-oriented (p < 0.01) features. Comparing to "introverted devotion" group, "outgoing activity" group showed higher intake of coffee (p < 0.01) and more expense for beverage (p < 0.01). Three factors were extracted from 15 coffee quality attributes by factor analysis; "fundamentals", "supplement" and "inducement". These factors were positively correlated with coffee satisfaction according to lifestyle groups (p < 0.01). For "outgoing activity" group, 'fundamentals' was independent factor for satisfaction on coffee in coffee house (beta = 0.268, p < 0.05) and canned or bottled coffee (beta = 0.314, p < 0.01), and "supplement" was independent factor for satisfaction on coffee in vending machine (beta = 0.235, p < 0.05). For "introverted devotion" group, "inducement" was independent factor for satisfaction on coffee in vending machine (beta = 0.238, p < 0.001). These results provide an understanding for lifestyles of coffee consumers and give an insight into differentiated marketing plans for coffee industry.

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Health-related Factors and Nutritional Status in Shift-workers at Coffee Shops - Focused on Single Women in Twenties in Seoul -
Seung-Lim Lee, Soo-Jin Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(5): 467. CrossRef
Dietary habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality related to coffee consumption of college students in Incheon
Yun Ju Lee, Jeong Soon You, Kyung Ja Chang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(6): 560. CrossRef
Analysis of University Student' Perception of Coffee Shop Prices through Price Sensitivity Measurements
Hyun-Ah Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(8): 1182. CrossRef

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[English]
The Effects of Individual Emotional Characteristics on Emotional Labor of School Dietitians: Woo Jong Cho, Ilsun Yang, Hang Sok Choi, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(5):592-601. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.5.592

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of individual emotional characteristics (empathetic concern and emotional contagion) on emotional labor (frequency of emotional display, intensity and variety of emotional display, surface acting, and deep acting) of school dietitians. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 309 school dietitians and then analyzed statistically by SPSS 18.0 package program. The results of this study were as follows: empathetic concern (3.93) occurred more often than emotional contagion (3.22) in school dietitians. The older (p < 0.001) and more experienced (p < 0.01) they were, the higher empathetic concern they had. It showed that married dieticians (p < 0.001), nutrition teachers (p < 0.01), and dieticians who were working in elementary schools (p < 0.01) had a higher rate of empathetic concern than single dieticians, non-nutrition teachers, and dieticians who were working in middle and high schools, respectively. Their level of emotional labor was the highest in deep acting (3.32), followed by surface acting (3.28), frequency (3.12), intensity and variety (3.09). According to multiple regression analysis, emotional contagion proved to be strongly significant and positively related to frequency of emotional display (beta = 0.257, p < 0.001). Both empathetic concern (beta = 0.117, p < 0.05) and emotional contagion (beta = 0.162, p < 0.01) were positively related to intensity and variety of emotional display, and empathetic concern (beta = 0.173, p < 0.01) had also an effect on deep acting. These results suggested that the emotional labor of school dietitians should be managed on the organizational viewpoint, not a personal matter.

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Contribution of Emotional Labor and Organizational Commitment to Turnover Intention and Customer Orientation of School Foodservice Dietitian in the Busan Area
Kyung-A Lee, Eun-Soon Lyu
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(1): 104. CrossRef
Study on Relations among Emotional Labor, Burnout, Engagement and Customer Orientation of High School Foodservice Employees in Busan Area
Kyung-A Lee, Eun-Soon Lyu
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(3): 370. CrossRef
The Effects of Emotional Labor on Emotional Exhaustion of School Dietitians : Comparison on Level of Self-efficacy
Hae-Young Lee
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(1): 84. CrossRef

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[English]
Korean and Chinese University Students' Importance and Performance Analysis for Quality Attributes by Coffee Type in Daejeon: Hye Young Kim, Hye Kyung Chung, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):511-524. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.511

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purposes of this study was to investigate importance and performance for coffee quality attributes in Korean and Chinese university students by 3 types of coffee; coffee in coffee houses, coffee in vending machines and canned/bottled coffee. Survey was done for 360 students in Daejeon with developed questionnaires including general information, favorite type of coffee and 15 quality attributes of coffee. Finally, data from 168 Korean and 126 Chinese university students was used for statistical analysis by SPSS 18.0 package program. Results of this study were as follows: for favorite type of coffee, the rates of coffee in coffee houses, coffee in vending machines and canned/bottled coffee were 43.0% 34.8% and 22.2% in Korean students and 8.7%, 78.0%, and 12.2% in Chinese students, respectively. Comparing Chinese students and Korean students showed higher importance for several quality attributes of coffee in coffee house (p < 0.05), but lower importance for most quality-attributes of coffee in vending machine (p < 0.05) and canned/bottled coffee (p < 0.05). According to importance and performance analysis, strategies for increasing satisfaction were to improve 'price' of canned/bottled coffee in Korean students, and 'taste', 'volume', 'concentration' and 'variety' of canned/bottled coffee and 'freshness' of coffee in vending machine in Chinese students. These results suggested that differentiated marketing plans between Korean and Chinese university students should be needed in coffee industry.

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Han-Chiang Ho, Candy Lim Chiu, Dai Jiang, Jiale Shen, Hong Xu
Journal of Food Products Marketing.2019; 25(4): 435. CrossRef
Health-related Factors and Nutritional Status in Shift-workers at Coffee Shops - Focused on Single Women in Twenties in Seoul -
Seung-Lim Lee, Soo-Jin Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(5): 467. CrossRef
Importance-Performance Analysis of Quality Attributes of Coffee Shops and a Comparison of Coffee Shop Visits between Koreans and Mongolians
Mi-Na Jo, Bolorerdene Purevsuren
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(9): 1499. CrossRef
IPA Analysis according to the Attributes of the Franchise Coffee Shop Selection of College Students in Busan
Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2013; 28(2): 195. CrossRef
Analysis of University Student' Perception of Coffee Shop Prices through Price Sensitivity Measurements
Hyun-Ah Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(8): 1182. CrossRef
A Study on the Differences in Dietary Satisfaction with Age in North Korean Refugees
Eun-Jung Lee, Yong-Qin Pei
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2012; 27(6): 636. CrossRef
Survey on Consumption of Coffee Beverages and Energy Contribution Ratios of Coffee Beverages and Accompanying Snacks by College Students in Daejeon City and Chungnam Province in Korea
Young-Hee Lim, Sun-Hyo Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2012; 27(3): 240. CrossRef
Changes in Food and Nutrient Intakes of College Students between 1999 and 2009
Han Byul Jang, Hwa Young Lee, Young-Hee Han, Jeehye Song, Ki Nam Kim, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(3): 324. CrossRef
The Antecedents of Coffee Satisfaction by Lifestyle Segments for Korean and Chinese University Students in Korea
Hye-Kyung Chung, Hye-Young Kim, Hae-Young Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(6): 782. CrossRef

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[English]
Usefulness, Attitude for Using and Purchase Intention on Food Labeling of Housewives and University Students: Hye Kyung Chung, Ju Hee Kang, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):86-97. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.86

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The purpose of this study was to examine the usefulness, attitude for using on food labeling such as nutrition labeling, organic food labeling and food additives labeling, and purchase intention in Korean housewives and university students. A total of 320 subjects participated in study from October to November in 2008. They answered to developed questionnaire and 300 subjects (149 housewives, 151 students) completed all questions. The statistical analyses were performed using by SPSS 17.0 package program. The rates of checking the nutrition labeling, organic food labeling and food additives labeling were 57.3%, 57.2% and 63.3%, respectively. Comparing housewives with university students, housewives showed significantly more positive usefulness, attitude for using, purchase intention in some questions about nutrition labeling, organic food labeling and food additives labeling (p < 0.05). Subjects who checked each food labeling on purchasing had more positive usefulness, attitude for using and purchase intention in all questions (p < 0.01). For nutrition labeling and organic food labeling, usefulness (each value of beta was 0.362, 0.354) and attitude for using (each value of beta was 0.336, 0.301) were independent factors for purchase intention (p < 0.001). For food additives labeling, only usefulness had an effect on purchase intention. In conclusion, usefulness, attitude for using food labeling and purchase intention were different between housewives and university students. Moreover, usefulness and attitude for using food labeling affected positively on purchase intention.

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음식관여도에 따른 레스토랑 간편식의 클린라벨 표시 인식과 구매의도
수민 김, 승균 최, 선구 임, 완수 홍
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(6): 507. CrossRef
Perception and importance for country-of-origin labeling at restaurants in college students in Jeju
Yeong-Mi Park, Yang-Sook Ko, Insuk Chai
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(2): 177. CrossRef
The Association of Food Label Use with Objective and Subjective Obesity among a Korean Population
In Sook Lee, Kowoon Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(3): 262. CrossRef
Consumer's Perception and Utilization of Food Labels by Age and Gender
Hyun-Young Jung, Hyun-Ah Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2016; 45(3): 437. CrossRef
A Study on Utilization of Processed Foods and Recognition of Food Labels among University Students
Jeong-Sill Lee, Hyun-Kun Oh, Kyung-Soon Choi
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(1): 24. CrossRef
Understanding and Importance-Performance Analysis of Food Allergen Labeling System
Tong-Kyung Kwak, Myung-Sub Chung, Si-Eun Park, Jin-Kyoung Paik, Wan-Soo Hong
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(3): 325. CrossRef
Consumer Preference for the Types of Labels of Cereal Products and Purchase Intention of Nutrition-labeled Products
So-Ye You, Myeong Eun Park
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2013; 24(3): 327. CrossRef
Perception and Utilization of Food Labeling System of Middle School Students in Gwangju
Yun-Ji Kim, Eun-Raye Jeon, Maeng-Ja Yoo, Lan-Hee Jung
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(6): 796. CrossRef
Intake of Snacks, and Perceptions and Use of Food and Nutrition Labels by Middle School Students in Chuncheon Area
Yoon-Sun Kim, Bok-Ran Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(9): 1265. CrossRef

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[English]
Task Analysis and Education Need of Dietitians in the Contracted Business & Industry Foodservice: Jung Hyun Yang, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):124-136. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to investigate importance level and performance frequency of the dietitians' duties and task elements, to examine the actual condition of education and need for education, to analyze the interrelation between their tasks and education, and to provide the direction of education for the contracted Business & Industry (B & I) foodservice dietitians. The task elements of receiving, ordering, HACCP management and directing serving process were done almost every day. In terms of the importance of tasks, food sanitation management, personnel sanitation management, receiving and ordering were high. Meanwhile, the computerization of their works was being carried out on the whole, showing a higher frequency in all the details of procurement management and accounting management, as well as task elements such as menu planning, leftover and food waste management, HACCP management and human resource management. In the past three years, HACCP management, cost management, planning work schedule and allotting a task, general business and sale bond management were increased most and rapidly. For the actual condition of education, dietitians got more education for the duty of sanitation, safe and facility/utility management than any other duty, while they did less education of procurement management and office management than others. Meanwhile, the education for sanitation, safe and facility/utility management and accounting management were very much required. For the relationships of frequency of duty and the necessity of education, seven task elements including food sanitation management were correlated positively. Eighteen tasks besides menu planning had a significant positive correlation between the importance of duties and the necessity of education.

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[English]
Possibility Analysis of a Rice Based Bread by Analyzing Customers' Needs of Menus for School Foodservice: So Jung Lee, Min A Lee, Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):545-555. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: School foodservice customers are likely to be tired of repeated cycle menus and their satisfaction for meals offered in school is inclined to be low. The menu variety is an important factor in increasing customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate customer perspectives for applying rice based bread menus in order to add menu variety and promote using rice processed products in school foodservice. The questionnaire was distributed to 760 parent samples in elementary schools and 520 student samples in middle/high schools and a total of 665 and 387 usable data were collected, respectively. Food habits such as preference for cooking method, menu preference, food allergy and nutritional perspectives for menu and customer perception for rice based bread like quality, reliability, price, and purchasing convenience were investigated using 7 Likert scale. Also expected menu types applying rice based bread and offering frequency of rice bread menu were examined. Preference level for bread-based meals were moderate and students' preferences were slightly higher than parents. Menu types applying rice bread expected by middle/high school students were western food (49.4%), spaghetti (28.4%), set menu (13.7%), noodle (17.6%), Korean food (11.1%), Chinese food (10.9%) and porridge (4.5%). The most occupied rate was once in a week for expected offering frequency. Most respondents perceived that rice bread was more nutritive and qualitative than the wheat based one.

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[English]
The Perception of Nutrition Teacher's Competency and Duty: Hae Young Lee, Eun Ju Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(3):316-326. Published online June 30, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to identify the significance of a nutrition teacher, to analyze the importance of competence as a nutrition teacher and to evaluate the importance and difficulty for duties of nutrition teachers. The questionnaire was distributed to 554 preliminary teachers and a total of 468 usable data were collected with 84.5% of response rate from August to October 2006. The statistical data analysis was completed by using SPSS Win (ver. 10.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA and chi-sqare-test. The results were as follows: Preliminary nutrition teachers expected that conversion of a school dietitian into a nutrition teacher could lead to systematic and constant nutrition education and come into synergic effect by doing meal service with nutrition education. For a teacher's competence, all three paradigms were perceived as important. It was evaluated to be high for a knowledge factor in the empirical. analytic paradigm, a personality factor in the practical.interpretive paradigm and an attitude factor in the critical.emancipatory paradigm. And 'a knowledge for nutrition and sanitation (4.59)'and 'an ability to raise a selfmanagement capacity for right food habit and dietary life (4.59)'were showed as most important in a nutrition teacher. It appeared that both important and difficult duties of nutrition teachers were nutrition education, nutrition counseling and sanitation quality of nutrition education; the most necessary solution was to develop a reference and program for nutrition education (37.4%). In conclusion, the systematic supports of district offices of education and associated institutions as well as sustained efforts of preliminary nutrition teachers for themselves should lead to establish a successful system of nutrition teachers.

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[English]
Measuring Students' Performances and Evaluating the Internship Program for Students Majoring in Food and Nutrition: Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):333-343. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to evaluate students' performance by student self-evaluation and by educators in the field respectively after an internship program, to analyze the gap between the two groups, to identify students, satisfaction and behavior intention and to suggest the direction of an internship program in the Food and Nutrition Department. The results of the survey of 133 students and 129 educators as follows: a majority of the program periods was two weeks and most students experienced an internship program once. Both students and educators evaluated highly in 'I (Students) worked faithfully as a trainee.', 'I (Students) observed the rules and cooperated with other colleagues.', 'I (Students) behaved with clear and polite words.'. Educators estimated higher than students in all items, especially in 'I (Students) prepared and planned needs for internship in advance.' (p < 0.001), 'I (Students) got on close terms with the staff and enjoyed their confidence.' (p < 0.001). For details of the internship program, students were satisfied with 'professors' roles' (3.95), 'educator's abilities' (3.85), 'treatment of students' (3.84) but dissatisfied with 'pay to students' (1.94). Students perceived that an internship program was helpful to understand their major (4.37) and to decide upon their job (4.17). They had an intention to participate in another internship program (4.63) and to recommend to their juniors to participate in a program (4.73). Students had a diversity of opinions for program periods and most wanted to participate two times in summer or winter vacation of junior. Therefore an internship program needs curriculum in the food and nutrition department and the continuous and active cooperation between university and institutions would lead to an effective and efficient internship program.

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[English]
The Structural Correlation between Consumer's Attitudes and Intention of Repurchase of Home Meal Replacement (HMR) according to the Product Categories: Lana Chung, Hae Young Lee, Il sun Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):344-351. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to analyze the consumer inclination to convenience towards HMR in order to verify the structural correlation of the actual state of consumption, and to analyze consequently, the direct or indirect effects among 'frequency of using,' 'preference', 'satisfaction', and 'intention to repurchase'. The subjects were adults in their twenties or older who had used HMRs and lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in Korea. Random sampling of 550 subjects, who were distributed a questionnaire from March 12 to 30, 2005. A total of 451 questionnaires were returned (the return rates were 82%). The main results of this study were as follows : Regarding the types of HMR, 'Ready to eat' had higher preference (3.31), satisfaction (3.33) and 'intention to purchase it again' (3.38) than those of 'Ready to heat' and 'Ready to end-cook.' Consumer inclination to convenience towards HMR was analyzed in order to verify the structural correlation of the actual state of consumption, and consequently, the direct or indirect effects among 'frequency of using,' 'preference', 'satisfaction', and 'intention to repurchase' were analyzed. The gross effect of 'frequency of using' on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.435, the gross effect of preference on 'intention to purchase it again' was 0.659, and the gross effect of satisfaction on 'intention to purchase it again' was 0.772 for 'Ready to eat.' The gross effect of 'frequency of using' on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.448, the gross effect of preference on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.556, and the gross effect of satisfaction on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.654 for 'Ready to heat.' The gross effect of 'frequency of using' on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.432, the gross effect of preference on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.494, and the gross effect of satisfaction on 'intention to repurchase' was 0.608 for 'Ready to end-cook.' To summerize the above results, there was a difference of the structural correlation among component concepts of the actual state of consuming according to the criteria of HMR. Thus, it implied that differentiated sales strategies were needed according to the criteria of HMR.

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[English]
A Gap Analysis between Inpatients' and Personnel's Perception of Hospital Foodservice Quality: Hae Young Lee, Seung Hee Chang, Il Sun Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):943-951. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to analyze the gap between foodservice personnel and inpatients, to urge foodservice providers to reconsider by identifying the problems in service delivery for customer satisfaction, and to deduce the priority for foodservice quality improvement. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : the average perception score of personnel (4.32 out of 5) was higher than that of customers (3.90). In particular, the customers' perceptions of 17 attributes, which included 'removal service of tray by foodservice personnel', 'nutrition and health-related information service', 'handling inpatient's complaint ASAP', 'delicious meals' and 'salty enough meals' and so on, was significantly lower than personnel's. Both service providers and customers perceived that 'personnel attitude' was the highest and 'meal quality' was the lowest among the 4 factors, but there was significant difference on 'meal quality' (p<.001), 'customer reception' (p<.001) and 'personnel attitude' (p<.05) between the two groups. As a results of quadrant analysis, 'removal service of tray by foodservice personnel', 'handling inpatient's complaints ASAP' and 'meal service according to doctor's orders were categorized into Quadrant A with meaning of high personnel's perceptions and low customers'. Therefore service providers have to perceive the gap between the two viewpoints and grant priority to these attributes in improving foodservice quality.

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[English]
Assessing Relative Importance of Korean Traditional Food Tour Program Attributes Based on Conjoint Analysis: Seo Young Shin, Il Sun Yang, Lana I Chung, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):654-662. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the structure of the decision and the importance of the attributes in choosing food-related tour program. Questionnaires were developed in three languages- Japanese, Chinese, and English- given to 300 foreign tourists who have visited Korea in 2002. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win (ver 11.0) for descriptive analysis and conjoint analysis. The results of this study showed that the 'price' was the most important attribute (35.62%) in choosing a hypothetical food tourism program, followed by 'place' (27.35%), 'time' (26.01%), and 'type of program' (10.22%). With respect to the relative importance values for each attribute by different groups, English- and Chinese-speaking tourists considered 'price' more than other factors, while 'time' was regarded as the most important factor for Japanese tourists. Therefore, it indicated the need to recognize the different needs among tourists and put these factors into consideration in developing the programs.

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[English]
Selecting Instructional Contents for Nutritional Education Program for Junior/Senior High School Students Through Instructional Analysis and Analysis of Entry Behaviors and Learner Characteristics: Yeo Hwa Kang, Il Sun Yang, Hye Young Kim, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(4):464-471. Published online August 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: For the purpose of developing 'Web-Based Nutritional Education Program', this study did instructional analysis, analysis of entry behaviors and learner characteristics to select instructional contents for nutritional education program for junior/senior high school students. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21, 2002 to October 26, 2002 to a total of 564 junior/senior high school students in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. As a result of the curriculum analysis of 'Techonolgy-Home economics', subjects related with 'food and nutrition' in the 7th educational course study result, lessons including the contents of food and nutrition were 'nutrition and meal of adolescent' in 7th grade, 'family meal management' in 9th grade and 'practice of home life' in 10th grade. According to the curriculum analysis, 'nutrition' and 'food' were chosen for the superior subjects of nutrition education program and four subordinate subjects per superior one were developed. Then, entry behaviors and learner characteristics were analyzed: life characteristics, internet usage, anthropometrics data and nutritional knowledge. Students were interested in using computer and preferred passive activity to dynamic activity. According to the analysis of internet usage, WBI for students should composed active parts such as game, moving image, immediate reply and follow-up by e-mail, bulletin board and community activity. Students' BMI were in normal range but they were lacked nutritional knowledge. We wrote performance objectives that were specific behavior skills to be learned, the conditions under which they must be performed and the criteria for successful performance. The next step for developing the WBI nutrition education program would be based on the results mentioned above.

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[English]
The Analysis on Job Satisfaction of Personnel Engaged in Contract Foodservice Management Company: Il Sun Yang, Moon Kyung Park, Jin A Cha, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(4):519-527. Published online August 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was designed firstly to measure the job satisfaction (JS) levels of personnel engaged in contract foodservice management company (CFMC), secondly to compare the job satisfaction levels by personal and companyrelated characteristics, and thirdly to identify the effects of JS facets on overall job satisfaction. Of 1135 respondents, there were 712 employees in the headquarters and 423 in the branch office. From an analysis on job satisfaction, overall job satisfaction level was 3.22 out of a maximum 5 and the co-worker (3.71) facet of JS was the highest job satisfaction followed by supervision (3.32), work itself (3.26), working condition (3.15), promotion (2.95) and payroll (2.74). In comparison of job satisfaction by personal characteristics, the personnel who were male (p< .01), had associate degrees (p< .01) or long-term careers in foodservice field (p< .05), or were regular employees (p< .01) perceived significantly higher than others for overall JS. In comparison of the job satisfaction by company-related characteristics, overall JS was significant by company scale (p< .01) and by work place (p< .05), but it was not significant by operating group. Finally, on the regression analysis for the effects of JS facets on overall JS, adjusted R2 was 0.534 (p< .001) and all six JS facets, especially payroll, had a positive effect on overall JS significantly (p< .001). Considering that the goal of enterprise on profit-making through customer satisfaction (CS) and the role of personnel on CS at moment of thrust (MOT), the findings confirmed the necessity for continuous internal marketing and human relation management focusing on the lower level of JS facets.

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[English]
Identifying the Customers' Menu Selection Attributes in Food Court-Styled B & I Foodservice Operation: Hae Young Lee, Sun Jung Ahn, Il Sun Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(2):183-190. Published online April 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to identify how customers considered menu selection attributes on menu choice, and so the instrument for measuring that question was developed and menu selection behavior types were analyzed by customers' characteristics. Cronbach's alpha to assess the internal reliability of the developed scales was 0.8361, which indicated to be highly reliable. Construct validity was assessed by principal components factor analysis with a Varimax rotation to identify underlying dimensions of menu selection and then four factors explaining 55.618% of the total variance were found. These factors were labeled as 'quality of meals', 'attractiveness of meals', 'healthfulness of meals' and 'variety of meals', respectively. As a result of analysis on menu selection factors, 'quality of meals'(3.82 out of 5) was the highest consideration followed by 'variety of meals'(3.51), 'healthfulness of meals'(3.49) and 'attractiveness of meals'(3.34), so that menu marketing approaches in the perspective of quality of meals would do lead customers' selection rates, customer satisfaction and then sales highly. Frequent visitor selected menu indifferently but customers who were interested in food and menu highly, who perceived meals' quality highly, and who were satisfied with overall foodservice did with concern. On the basis of these results of study for the target of food court-style B & I foodservice operation, which was introduced as an ideal model in future foodservice market by the concept of 'customer's selection right', the following study related with customers' meal patterns and perception of foodservice by menu selection attributes would be able to predict the chances for success of food court-style foodservice operations.

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[English]
Importance, Support and Application for Contract Foodservice Management Company's Infra-System in the Viewpoint of Headquarters and Branch Office: Il Sun Yang, Moon Kyung Park, Kyung Soo Han, In Sook Chae, So Hyun Park, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(2):233-240. Published online April 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was design to grope the suggestions leading synergic effects by bridging the gap between headquarters and branch office, and so to identify the infra-system of contract foodservice management company (CFMC) necessary for operating any kind of branch office including school, hospital and business and industry (B&I). Among 8 categories consisted of infra-system in CFMC, 'C8. Evaluation & analysis for branch office's operation' was the most important category in the headquarter's viewpoint, while 'C3. Sanitation management system' was the most important category in branch office's viewpoint. In support and application, 'C3. Sanitation management system' was the highest category in both headquarters and branch offices including school, hospital and B&I. As a result of analysis on gap between main and branch office in importance, support and application in 8 categories, the efforts of communication and community of perception for infrastructure were needed, because 'C4. Education & training for human resource management (HRM) system' and 'C8. Evaluation & analysis for branch office's operation' in importance, 'C2. Menu management system', 'C4. Education & training for HRM system', 'C6. Facility & utility support system' and 'C8. Evaluation & analysis for branch office's operation' in support had a gap. Correlation analysis to grasp the relation between importance of infra-system and headquarters' support or branch office's application showed that headquarters's importance and support were correlated positively in 'C3. Sanitation management system', 'C6. Facility & utility support system', 'C7. Customer satisfaction management system' and 'C8. Evaluation & analysis for branch office's operation' and branch office's importance and application were correlated positively in 'C1. Procurement & food processing system', 'C5. Management Information system', 'C7. Customer satisfaction management system' and 'C8. Evaluation & analysis for branch office's operation'. Lastly, 'C6. Facility & utility support system' in the branch office of school and hospital and 'C2. Menu management system' in the branch office of B&I were high in importance, low in support and application, therefore intensive support for these categories was needed. In conclusion, continuous check and improvement for categories, which were identified as an urgent problems to be solved in this study, among infra-structure qualifying for CFMC,would enable contract foodservice industry that has grown quantitatively till now to grow qualitatively.

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[English]
Effectiveness of Nutrition Intervention : Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis: Hae Young Lee, Hyun Ah Kim, Il Sun Yang, Chung Mo Nam, Eun Cheol Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):81-89. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literatures was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition intervention by dietitian. The 31 studies that were all randomized controlled trials, were identified from computerized search of published researches on MEDLINE, Embase database until January, 2003 and review of reference lists. The main search terms were the combination "dietitian", "dietary intervention", "nutrition intervention" or "nutritional intervention" and "effectiveness". The subgroup analysis was performed by the publication year, quality score, type of disease, content of intervention, intervention provider, type of intervention (nutritional counseling and education/nutrition counseling and education + diet modification), method of intervention (individual/group/individual + group) and follow-up period. Two reviewers independently selected trials for inclusion, assessed the quality and extracted the data. The meta-analysis of 31 studies based on the random effect model showed that the medical nutrition therapy was significantly effective in treating the diseases (effect size 0.1715 ; 95% confidence interval 0.0938 - 0.2491). This study showed the clear evidence of the effectiveness of nutrition intervention through the meta-analysis. So the nutrition intervention by dietitian should be recommended and recognized as the effective therapy of treating the diseases. Also the nutrition intervention should be conducted regularly to maintain the effectiveness of the nutrition intervention. The nutrition intervention was significantly effective in treating the diseases on the random effect model (effect size :0.1715 ; 95% confidence interval 0.0938 - 0.2491).

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[English]
Analyzing the Current Congregate Meal Service Program for Homebound Elderly: Hyun Young Jung, Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee, In Sook Chae; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):919-926. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to examine the current congregate meal service program for homebound elderly. One hundred three meal service centers in charge of the congregate meal service programs as part of the elderly foodservice program were surveyed for administrative structure, menu management, food purchasing and production management, hygiene, equipment, and facilities. Statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS 8.1 program for descriptive analysis and ANOVA. The meal cost of 54.4% of the congregate meal service centers ranged from won1,500 to won1,999 per meal. According to the menu analysis, all nutrients except calcium and Vitamin B2 were at levels of more than 33% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. A total of 81.5% of the centers were operated without the services of a dietitian, and food purchasing, menu planning and other food-service management processes were handled by non-professionals, such as volunteers, cooks or social workers. Although 88.3% of the centers required a therapeutic diet menu for the health of the elderly, most directors (77.6%) replied that in their current status they could not afford to serve therapeutic diets. These results suggest that financial and systematic supports by government is very necessary. Fifty-five percent of the centers never used standard recipes. For determining portion sizes, 93.2% of the congregate meal service centers depended on the personal experience of the personnel. Finally, the current congregate meal services for the homebound elderly were not operated systematically. To improve the elderly food service program, it is strongly recommended that it be managed by professionals.

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[English]
Analyzing the Current Practice of the Home-Delivered Meal(HDM) Service Program for Homebound Elderly: Il Sun Yang, Hyun Young Jung, Hae Young Lee, In Sook Chae; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):736-743. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to research the current home delivered meal (HDM) service programs for seniors living in the community. Fifty seven centers which operated a HDM service program were surveyed with respect to their administrative structure, menu management, food purchasing and production management, hygiene and equipment and facility. -Statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS 8.1 program for descriptive analysis and t-test. The results showed that 55 percent of the study group were from 70 to 79 years old. All of the participants received free HDM. As a result of the meal cost analysis, the meal cost at 56.1% of the HDM service centers was from won2,000 to won2,499 per meal. A total of 68.4% of the HDM service centers were operated without the services of a dietitian. According to the menu analysis, all nutrients except Vitamin B2 were at levels of more than 33% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. Although 96.6% of the HDM service centers required a therapeutic diet menu for the health of the elderly recipients, 68% of the directors responded that they could not afford to serve therapeutic meal. Food purchasing, menu planning and other foodservice management processes were handled by non-professionals, such as volunteers, cooks or social workers. Forty two percent of the HDM service centers never used standard recipes. For determining portion sizes, 75.4% of the HDM service centers depended on personal experience. Finally, the current HDM service programs for the homebound elderly were not operated systematically. It is suggested that professionally trained personnel should be included among the staff members to provide a more effective HDM service. The HDM service programs should be supported financially and systematically by the government.

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[English]
Strategic Planning for the Contract-Managed Hospital Foodservice Through QFD Methodology: Il Sun Yang, Su Yen Park, Hyun Ah Kim, Moon Kyung Park, Seo Young Shin, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):744-754. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: At present, health care industries throughout the world are struggling with the challenges to set up financial structures as cost-effective ways and means of satisfying customer needs for health care services. Many hospitals consign foodservice management to foodservice companies for the purpose of efficiency. The companies taking charge of hospital foodservice are also striving to gain an advantage over keen competitions. This study applied Quality Function Deployment (QFD) to one hospital (which will be shown as [A hospital] below) managed by a contract foodservice company for the purpose of strategy planning to provide sustainable competitive advantage. First of all, this study scanned internal and external environment of [A hospital] by means of a Quality Measurement Tool and a fieldwork study. With the result of environment scanning, this study elicited 20 strategies through SWOT analysis, which were categorized by 4 perspectives such as financial, customer, internal process, learning and growth perspectives. Finally, the priorities of 20 strategies were extracted from QFD methodology. According to the results obtained by applying QFD to [A hospital] 's foodservice, the strategies which [A hospital] foodservice was obliged to introduce and implement were : the specialization of Children's hospital foodservice, scientific foodservice management through the standardization of foodservice operations, the maintenance of sanitary quality through sanitary system, the remodeling of facilities, the introduction of new equipment, the prompt and accurate response to customer needs, the development of appropriate patient menus, the provision of competitively priced meals for patient selection, the development of a demand forecast model by considering the characteristics of a children's hospital, improvement of productivity and the reduction of labor costs through the employment of experienced employees based on their seniority.

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[English]
Measuring Service Quality Perception of University Faculty Members & Staffs Towards Faculty Foodservice Based on Lifestyle Segmentation: Moon Kyung Park, Il Sun Yang, Dong Hoon Kim, Seo Young Shin, Hae Young Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):556-565. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: Market segmentation helps providers to find better marketing opportunities and allows foodservice managers to develop the right product for each target market. Therefore, this study, taking university faculty and staff as subject, is intended to diagnose the relative value of service quality attribute, on the basis service quality scenario of faculty foodservice; to suggest price for improving customer loyalty in market segments. A questionnaire was developed ar d mailed to 600 Yonsei university faculty and staffs. A total of 385 questionnaires were usable; resulting in a 58.7% of faculty and a 69.7% of staff response rate, respectively. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS/Win 6.12 for descriptive Analysis, ANOVA, principal factor analysis, cluster analysis, reliability test and discriminant analysis. The results of the study are as below. Eighteen questions were selected for measuring respondents' lifestyle by AIO method and the seven lifestyle factors derived from factor analysis and aggregated distinct 4 clusters. Service quality attributes of the scenario were determined with 'food quality', 'menu variety', 'atmosphere', 'fast service', and 'clean and sanitation'. 'Food quality', 'menu variety', 'atmosphere', 'fast service', and 'clean and sanitation', in decreasing order, were identified as improving customer loyalty. However, most faculty and staffs were satisfied with the present meal price. The result of this study indicates that the relative value of service quality was differed significantly among the various market segments. 'Food quality', 'menu variety', and 'atmosphere' were determined as major service quality attributes. Thus, customer loyalty could be increased by improving food taste and quality, atmosphere, and service delivery.

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[English]
Setting Instructional Goals for Nutritional Education Program Through an Analysis of Problems Identified in Junior/senior High School Students: Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee, Hye Young Kim, Yeo Hwa Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):495-503. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: For the purpose of developing 'Web-Based Nutritional Education Program', this study analyzed nutritional problems of junior/senior high school students and set appropriate instructional goals for nutritional education program. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21,2002 to October 26, 2002 to a total of 564 students at three junior high schools and five senior high schools located in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. According to the survey results, three student groups (male and female students at junior high schools and female students at senior high schools) had lower than an ideal body weight. In case of their Basal Metabolic Indices (BMI), the female students and junior high school students showed a tendency to be underweight, while the other three student groups were within the normal range. The result of the survey showed that all four groups of students showed a deficiency in nutrient intake of calories, calcium and thiamin when compared with Korean RDA. Particularly, in the case of the female students at senior high schools, the deficiency of iron intake was a problem. The survey about food attitudes and food habits of the students showed that the senior high school students had more problems when compared with their junior high school counterparts (p < .001). Therefore, the instructional goals of nutritional education program were set as follows: 1) To improve the level of understanding and the perception of junior and senior high school students about the importance of a dietary lifestyle. 2) To change food attitudes and nutritional knowledge related to individual dietary 1ifestyle, so as to maintain good health through the enhancement of the students' physical activities. We found out that it is critically important to factor in the existing problems of food attitudes and food habits, as well as nutrient intake among junior and senor high school students when setting objectives for nutritional education programs.

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[English]
Development and Application of Menu Engineering Technique for University Residence Hall Foodservice: Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee, Seo Young Shin, Hyun Wook Do; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(1):62-70. Published online February 28, 2003

Abstract PDF: This article aims to summarize the development and application of menu engineering technique, 'Menu Engineering Modified by Preference (MEMP)'. The site selected for this project was a foodservice operation in Yonsei University residence hall. Sales and food costs data were collected from the daily sales reports for 1 month, and the survey of food preference was conducted during May, 1999. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS/Win 6.12 for descriptive analysis. The calculation for menu analysis were carried out with MS 2000 Excel spreadsheet program. This MEMP technique developed had 6 category criteria and 2 dimensions of the contribution margin (CM) and the menu mix modified% (MMM%). The MMM% was calculated by the sales volumes and also weighted by food preference. The CM and MMM% for each item were compared with a mean menu CM as well as a 70% rule. Four possible classifications by MEMP were turned out as 'STAR', 'PLOWHORSE', 'PUZZLE', 'DOG'. 'STAR' items were the most popular and profitable items and required to maintain rigid specifications for quality. The decision actions for 'PLOWHORSE' menu items which were relatively popular, but yield a low menu average CM included combining a plowhorse item with lower cost products and reducing the frequency of serving or serving size. There was a need for 'PUZZLE' items to be changed in the menu combination, improve recipe, and promote menu. The last 'DOG' items were desired to be deleted. This study demonstrates that menu information can be interpreted more easily with MEMP. The use of MEMP is therefore an effective way to improve management decisions about menu of university residence hall foodservice.

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[English]
A Review of the Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) of the U.S. Medicare System: Eun Cheol Park, Hyun Ah Kim, Hae Young Lee, Young Eun Lee, Il Sun Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(6):852-862. Published online December 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were 1) to review the Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) Act of the United States, 2) to introduce the efforts of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) to expand the Medicare coverage for MNT and 3) to provide information about the reimbursement under Medicare Part B for the cost of MNT. The MNT Act defined MNT services as "the nutritional diagnostic, therapeutic, and counseling services provided by a Registered Dietitian or nutritional professional for the purpose of managing diabetes or renal diseases". Also, the MNT Act defined "conditions for coverage of MNT", "limitations on coverage of MNT", and "qualifications of MNT service provider". To expand the coverage of Medicare to include MNT, the ADA realized the need for development of a protocol for MNT, as well as studies to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the MNT protocol developed. Therfore, the ADA supported the studies to develop a strong database of scientific investigations of nutritional services. Furthermore, the ADA needed credible data that could be used by policy makers, so the ADA contracted with the Lewin Group to carry out the study to gather the additional data needed to strengthen the ADA's position. In the report of the Lewin Group, which was entitled, "The Cost of Covering Medical Nutrition Therapy under Medicare: 1998 through 2004", it was concluded, that if coverage for MNT in the Part B portion of Medicare had begun in 1998, by 2004, approximately $ 2.3 billion would have been saved through reduced hospital spending under Part A of Medicare ($ 1.2 billion) and reduced physician visits under Part B ($ 1.1 billion). Effective January 1 2002, the US Congress extended Medicare coverage to include MNT to beneficiaries with diabetes or renal diseases. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) established the duration and frequency for the MNT based on published reports or generally accepted protocols (for example, protocols suggested by the ADA). The number of hours covered by Medicare is 3 hours for the initial MNT and 2 hours for a follow-up MNT. In 2002, a Medicare coverage policy was made to define the Physician's Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 97802, 97803, and 97804 for MNT.

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