Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Investigation on Influencing Environmental Factors on Health Status of Korean Septuagenarians Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):142-162. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.142

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea.
METHODS
We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (> or = 18.5 kg/m2), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin B1, B6, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake.
CONCLUSIONS
These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

Citations

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Development and Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Satisfaction (YLP-S) Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Kang-Hyun Park, Ickpyo Hong, Ji-Hyuk Park
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of dietary behavior and nutrient intake of elderly in urban and rural areas for development of “Village Lunch Table” program: Based on 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Youngmi Lee, Yourim Choi, Hae Ryun Park, Kyung Hee Song, Kyung Eun Lee, Chang Hee Yoo, Young Suk Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 171. CrossRef
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Lim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178. CrossRef
The Comparative Analysis of Health Risk Factor according to HbA1c Level of Elderly Women Dwelling in Jeonla Province - Blood Health Status, Food Habit and Nutrient Intake -
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(3): 392. CrossRef
Changes in the Nutrition Status of Elderly Females in Health Promotion Programs of Health Centers in Chungbuk Province
Myoung-Sook Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(2): 225. CrossRef
A Study on the Blood Health Status and Nutrient Intake in Elderly Women Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province according to Family Arrangement
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 940. CrossRef

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[English]
Anthropometric Index, Dietary Habits and Nutrient Intake of the Oldest-old Population Aged 95 and Over Living in Seoul: Chung Shil Kwak, Ji Hyun Cho, Miyong Yon, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):603-622. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.603

Abstract PDF PubReader

The population aged 95 years and older in Seoul approximately increased to five-fold over the past 10 years, while nationwide rates increased to three-fold. In order to examine the dietary habit and nutritional status of oldest-old population living in Seoul, we recruited 87 subjects (25 males and 62 females) aged 95 years and older. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) were 18.2% and 18.2% in males, and 20.8% and 9.4% in females, respectively. In self-assessment of health, only 25.3% answered to be unhealthy. More males exercised regularly and reported a wide range of activities than females. The average of %Kcal from carbohydrate, protein and fat (C : P : F) was 64.9 : 13.8 : 21.2 in males and 68.1 : 14.2 : 17.7 in females. The average daily energy intake was 1,307 kcal in males and 1,304 kcal in females. More than 75% of subjects were taking under estimated average requirements (EAR) for vitamin B1, B2 & C and Ca. The average of mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.66 in males and 0.70 in females, and 28.8% of males and 12.9% of females were in MAR < 0.50. Based on MAR, 32.0% of males and 14.5% females were classified as normal and 16.0% of males and 25.8% of females were classified as malnourished. Our subjects were taking more animal food, especially milk and its products, compared to those living, in rural areas. However, a significant proportion did not meet the EAR for vitamin B1, B2 & C and Ca.

Citations

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Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef
Commentary for the Elderly in the Pandemic Era
Asif Khattak, Badar Kanwar, Consolato Sergi, Chul Joong Lee, Jenny Balentine, Jong-Hoon Lee, Jungwuk Park, So Jeong Lee, Su-Hee Choi
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra.2021; 11(2): 168. CrossRef
Status of health and nutritional intake of the elderly in long-term care facilities: focus on Gwangju Metropolitan City
Gyusang Han, Eunju Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 27. CrossRef
Study on Energy and Nutrient Intake and Food Preference of the Elderly in Care Facilities
Jong-Sook Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Kang Min Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 200. CrossRef
A study on the Needs for Nutrition Management Program for Elderly Who use Welfare Facilities
Min-June Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ok-Jin Park, Young-Mi Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 65. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Obesity by Percentage of Body Fat, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index and Their Association with Prevalence of Chronic Diseases of Elderly in Seoul Area
Min Jeong Kang, Jung Young Park, Jung Yun Kim, Yeon Joo Lee, Min Hee Do, Sang Sun Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(3): 358. CrossRef

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[English]
Association between Risk Factors for Health and Taste Perceptions of Middle-aged and Elderly People Living in Rural Areas: Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):145-154. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.145

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between taste perceptions and risk factors for health of Korean elderly living in rural areas. Recognition thresholds for four basic tastes, drug consumption, BMI, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were assessed in 176 males and 312 females aged between 50 and 88 years. For the recognition threshold of the four basic tastes, alcohol drinking did not influence their sensitivities, but the alcohol drinking group preferred a higher pleasant concentration of NaCl than did the non-alcohol drinking group. However, smoking significantly decreased sensitivities of the four basic tastes. For the pleasant concentration of NaCl, the smoking group tended to prefer a higher concentration than the non-smoking group. Drug consumption, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides did not have a significant correlation to the sensitivity of the four basic tastes and preference of salty solution. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure may have been positively correlated with the pleasant concentration of NaCl but did not correlate with the recognition thresholds of NaCl and sucrose. Further, systolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with the recognition thresholds of caffeine, whereas diastolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with the recognition thresholds of caffeine and citric acid. The finding that the risk factors for health correlated with taste perception has diagnostic and practical implications for health promotion for the elderly.

Citations

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A Study on Eating Out Behavior and Recognition of Salinity in Restaurant Food in Jecheon Area
Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(1): 20. CrossRef
Appetite and Related Factors among Community Elders in Korea
Soojin Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2014; 43(9): 1431. CrossRef

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[English]
Assessment of Food Consumption, Dietary Diversity and Dietary Pattern during the Summer in Middle Aged Adults and Older Adults Living in Gugoksoondam Logevity Area, Korea: Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):536-549. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits.

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[English]
Anthropometric Index and Nutrient Intake in Korean Aged 50 Plus Years Living in Kugoksoondam Longevity-belt Region in Korea: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):308-328. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: As the older adult period (> or = 65 y) is increasing, it is needed to investigate the trend of aging-dependent anthropomeric index and nutrient intake, and establish the more specific dietary guide for the different stages of aging period. To find the difference in nutrient intake among the Koreans aged 50-64, 65-74 and 75 years and older, and also any characteristics of dwellers in longevity area, we recruited 1,083 subjects (385 male and 698 female) aged 50-95 years (mean age, 71.3 yrs) living in Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as a longevity-belt region in Jeonlaprovince, Korea. We measured some anthropometric index and collected 2 day-dietary record. Nutrient intakes were analyzed by using DW24 program. The mean height and weight of subjects aged 75 years and older were lower than Korean national reference. BMI and obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) prevalence were significantly decreasing with aging. Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) prevalence was also increasing with aging, especially in males, and it was slightly higher than national average, but similar to that in some other rural area. Obesity prevalence of male subjects was lower compared to national prevalence, but abdominal obesity prevalence (waist > or = 80 cm) was very high in females (about 89%). In both genders, the average proportional contribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat to energy intake was not different between 65-74 years and 75 years and older. On overall, nutrient intake and quality of diet of females were inferior to those of males so that many of females aged 75 years and older assumed to be at risk of malnourished status. Fiber, folate and vitamin E intakes were substantially higher compared to those in 2007 KNHNES and other some studies in rural area. While almost nutrient %EAR was significantly decreased with aging in females, there was no significant difference in %EAR for protein, vitamin A, B1, B6, B12, niacin, Ca and Zn between 65-74 years and 75 years and older in males. Vitamin B2 for male aged 50-64 years, vitamin B2 and Ca for male aged 65 years and over and female aged 50-74 years, and vitamin B2, vitamin C, Ca and folate intake for female aged 75 years and older were assessed to be at risk to undernutrition based on the prevalence of intake below EAR. MAR of 13 nutrients and the number of nutrients consuming below EAR were significantly decreasing with aging in both genders, however, the number of nutrients of INQ < 1 and the average mini-nutritional assessment score were not significantly different between 65-74 years and 75 years and older. Taken together, decreasing tendency of nutrients intake and the quality of diet with aging was more evident in females than in males, and it is unique that our subjects consumed substantially higher fiber, folate and vitamin E compared to not only urban but also some other rural areas.

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[English]
The Comparison in Daily Intake of Nutrients, Quality of Diets and Dietary Habits between Male and Female College Students in Daejeon: Mee Sook Lee, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):39-51. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the differences in daily nutrient intakes, dietary habits and nutrition knowledge between male and female college students. Male undergraduate students (104 subjects) and female undergraduate students (229 subjects), enrolled at H University in Daejeon, were recruited for this study. The mean age of the subjects was 22.9 year in male and 20.4 year in female students. Daily intakes of energy and nutrients were calculated from the records of one day of dietary food intakes by 24-hour recall method, and general information, dietary habits and attitudes, food intake frequency and food preferences and knowledge for food and nutrition were surveyed through a questionnaire. About 70.1% of male and 66.1% of female students were in the normal range of BMI (18.5 - 23), and 25.2% of male students were over-weighted in contrast to 27.7% of female students were underweight. Males and females were taking 77.2% and 77.9% of RDA for energy, respectively, and 54.8% of male and 48.0% of female students were taking energy under 75% of RDA. Many of them showed deficient intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin. Average of MAR was 0.75 in male and 0.72 in female students. NAR for calcium, iron, vitamin A and riboflavin in male students were 0.55, 0.69, 0.75 and 0.61, respectively, compared to 0.53, 0.51, 0.70 and 0.67 in female students. The nutrients, which have INQ less than 1, were calcium and riboflavin in male, compared to calcium, iron, and riboflavin in female students. There were no gender differences in meal regularity and meal skipping rates, but female students showed higher rates of skipping dinner than males (p < 0.001). About 50.8% of female students were ingesting snacks 1 - 2 time/day, compared to 27.1% of male students. For the food intake frequency, fruit group was significantly eating more for female than male students (p < 0.001). Though female students got higher scores for nutritional knowledge test (p < 0.01) than male students, they did not show better dietary habits or dietary attitudes than male students actually. Therefore, a more active and actual education program accustomed to the different genders and ages with focus on real changing of dietary behaviors needs to be developed and run in schools and local departments.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutritional Status among Obese, Overweight and Normal Subjects in Seoul: Mee Sook Lee, Chung Shil Kwak, In Soon Kwon; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):292-302. Published online June 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: The nutritional status of middle-aged overweight and control normal subjects were evaluated for the purpose of providing the background information of the degenerative disease control. A survey was conducted with 293 healthy subjects (121 males and 172 females) between the ages 40 - 64. The average BMI (body mass index) of male subjects was 24.5 +/- 2.75, and that of females was 23.5 +/- 2.87. The average values of WHR (waist-hip ratio) were 0.88 +/- 0.04 for males and 0.82 +/- 0.07 for females. The normal BMI group (BMI 18.5 - 22.9) comprised 28.9% of males and 47.1% of females. The percentage of overweight subjects (BMI 23 - 24.9) was 26.4% of males and 30.8% of females. The obese group (BMI > 25) was 44.6% of males and 22.1% of females, showing the greater rate of obese state among male subjects. The average energy intakes were 76.6 +/- 14.9% for males and 77.8 +/- 12.6% for females, protein intakes were 108.0 +/- 24.6% for males and 111.2 +/- 22.7% for females of the RDA levels. The average intakes of other nutrients were above the 75% of RDA levels except calcium. The average nutrient intakes of the three subgroups according to their BMI values were not different for both males and females. There were weak correlations between obesity and blood biochemical indices. There were positive correlations between BMI or WHR and hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST or ALT. There were negative correlations between BMI or WHR and HDLcholesterol. These results suggest that the obesity rate of middle-aged is an influential factor of chronic disease. The middle-aged subjects of this study with higher educational and socioeconomic background tend to have desirable nutrition knowledge and attitude, but the application of their knowledge or attitude was relatively poor.

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[English]
Reproducibility of Nutrient Intake Estimated by Three-Day 24-Hour Dietary Recall of Middle-Aged Subjects for 6 Month Intervals: Mee Sook Lee, Mee Kyung Woo, Sung Ae Kim, Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):603-609. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study examined the reproducibility of nutrient intakes estimated by the 24-hour recall method in a prospective cohort study (Longitudinal study of aging and health monitoring of Korean elderly) of middle-aged volunteer subjects (42 males and 49 females) in the Seoul area. The three-day 24-hour recall was administered twice at an interval of approximately 6 months. The first data were collected and a corrective procedure was performed by interviewing of the subjects and a trained dietitian. The second data were collected by mail from the subjects without the performance of any corrective procedure. The mean age of the subjects was 53.5+/-9.6 for the males and 52.2+/-8.9 for the females. The subjects who had above college education were 95% in the case of the males and 60% in the case of the females. The characteristics of the male subjects in this study were that they were highly educated and held professional jobs and were from the middle or upper class. Comparing the first and second 24-hour recall data, the second data showed relatively lower intakes of all nutrients, except vitamin A, vitamin Bi and cholesterol. There was no difference in the nutrients of the first and the second data with respect to vitamin A, vitamin B1 and cholesterol in the males and calcium, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and cholesterol in the females. This data may indicate that the 24 hour retail method without a dietitian's help may result in lower reporting of the subject's intakes. The men had a tendency to remember less than the women. Pearson's correlation coefficients with unadjusted nutrient intakes values were ranged from 0.24 to 0.66. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight increase (from 0.26 to 0.71). Intra-class correlation coefficients with nutrient-unadjusted values ranged from 0.22 to 0.66, and the energy-adjusted values were ranged from 0.23 to 0.69. The weighted Kappa statistical values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. On the average,46.3% of the subjects who were found in the lowest quartile of the nutrient intake levels based on the first 24-hour recall, were in the lowest quartile based on the second 24-hour recall. Therefore, there was a low reproducibility between the first and the second 24-hour recall. We should examine the factors influencing low reproducibility. Also, strategies should be developed to maximize the reliability of the assessment, with regard to portion-size training and telephone validation.

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[English]
The Effects of Smoking and Alcohol Drinking on Nutritional Status and Eating Habits in Adult Males: Chung Shil Kwak, Joung Won Lee, Wha Jin Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):161-171. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking and/or alcohol drinking on the nutrient intake, nutritional status, and eating habits of adult males. The subjects were 157 male adults aged 20-49 living in Daejon. Interviews with questionaire on smoking and alcohol drinking habits and eating habits, anthropometric measurement, biochemical blood test, and dietary assessment by one-day 24 hour recall and two-day diet record were carried out. The subjects were divided into four groups : control (non-smoking and non-drinking), drinking only, smoking only, and the both(drinking and smoking). The average numbers of smoked cigarettes were 17.8/d and 19.1/d in the smoking only group and the both group, respectively. The frequency of alcohol drinking was 8.3 times/month and 11.6 times/month in the drinking only group and the both group, respectively. Height was significantly higher(P 0.05) in the drinking only group than in the none and smoking only groups, while the other anthropometric indices were not different among the four groups. There were positive correlations between smoking and drinking or coffee intake. Alcohol drinking increased eating-out frequency and the intakes of energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, B1, B/sub 6/, Fe and P, while smoking decreased snack frequency and intakes of energy, protein and vitamin B/sub 6/. Blood pressure was not changed in the smoking only and drinking only groups compared to the none group, while systolic blood pressure was elevated in both group(P 0.05). Alcohol drinking significantly elevated(P 0.05) serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholestrol level, while smoking did not change the serum lipid and cholesterol levels. Hemoglobin nd MCHC levels were significantly elevated(P 0.05) by smoking. From these data, it is suggested that both smoking and drinking have influence on some eating habits and nutrient intakes, and especially alcohol drinking can induce hypercholesterolemia.

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