Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Relation of Nutritional Intake and Allergic Rhinitis in Infants: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013~2016: Eun Sil Her, Bo Young Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(4):321-330. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.321

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship between the presence of allergic rhinitis and the nutritional intake levels of Korean infants.
METHODS
The study involved a total of 1,214 infant subjects aged 1~5 months from the 2013~2016 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The Subjects were classified into two groups based on the presence of allergic rhinitis: Non-allergic rhinitis infants (NARI, n=1,088) and allergic rhinitis infants (ARI, n=126). The general characteristics and family history of allergies, nutrient intake status, nutrient supplement intake, and breast milk and baby food start period data of the two groups were compared. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and sampling weights.
RESULTS
The mean age was 0.5 years old in the ARI group compared to the NARI group. In the residence, the rate of urban was higher in ARI. The family history revealed a significant difference between the two groups, particularly those of mothers rather than fathers. The nutrient intake levels were high in energy, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, riboflavin, niacin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Breastfeeding was significantly higher in the ARI group than in the NARI group. The baby food start period was 0.3 months earlier in NARI group than in ARI group. The height, body weight, and birth weight were higher in ARI group than NARI group. The result of Odds ratio analysis showed that excess energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, and niacin intake increases the risk of allergic rhinitis.
CONCLUSIONS
These results can be used as data to develop nutrition guidelines for allergic rhinitis infants.

Citations

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Association between household income levels and nutritional intake of allergic children under 6 years of age in Korea: 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and application of machine learning
Seungpil Jeong, Yean Jung Choi
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge on complementary foods of mothers with young children and their perception of convenience complementary foods
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 16. CrossRef
Association between depression, anemia and physical activity using isotemporal substitution analysis
Hee-kyoung Nam, Jungmi Park, Sung-il Cho
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Food and dish group diversity on menus of daycare centers provided by Center for Children’s Foodservice Management in Korea: a descriptive study
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(6): 449. CrossRef

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[English]
Interrelations Among Snack Preference, Purchasing Behaviors and Intake in Upper Grade Elementary School Students: Compared by the Gender and TV Watching Time: Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(5):429-441. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.5.429

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power (R2) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected (R2= 0.108).

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The relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior for elementary school students in Gangneung, South Korea: cross-sectional study
Minji Kim, Meera Jang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 278. CrossRef
Association between eating habits, sweet taste assessment, and high-sugar food consumption among elementary school students in Daegu: a descriptive study
Min-Jung Kim, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 104. CrossRef
A Comparative Study of the Dietary Behavior of Adults Aged 20 and Over according to theMukbangViewing Time
Ha-Yan Nam, Bok-Mi Jung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(2): 93. CrossRef
A Study on the Development of the Goals and Contents System of Healthy Dietary Education Program for After-School Care in Lower Grade in Elementary School
Jung-Hyun Kim, Myoung Hee Lee, Okjin Park, Kyung Sook Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 24. CrossRef
Eating patterns of children's favorite foods and its related factors among elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea
YuJin Lee, Seungmin Lee, KyoungAe Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee, Inkyung Baik
Nutrition Research and Practice.2017; 11(6): 517. CrossRef
Lifestyle, Dietary Behavior and Snack Preference of Upper-grade Elementary School Students in Cheongju according to the Usage Time of Smartphones
Hayeon Kim, Munkyong Pae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(1): 40. CrossRef
Association of Interpersonal Relationships with Preference and Intake Frequency of Snack with a Focus on Obesity Index and Snack Preparations in Upper Grade Elementary School Students
Eun Sil Her
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(2): 178. CrossRef
Perceptions and Use of Premium Snacks and Associated Factors in School Aged Children and Their Mothers in Kyung-Ki Area
Hye-Young Yang, Hyo-Suk Lee, Jayong Chung
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2014; 14(3): 121. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of Dietary Life Education Textbook and Teaching Manual for Creative Activities in Elementary School: Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):203-212. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.203

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to develop a dietary life education textbook and teaching manual for creative activities of elementary school students in middle grade. First, we extracted dietary life related contents from textbooks for third and fourth grade and created systematization of contents involving educational objectives, goals, contents and activities. The development of textbook and teaching manual were based on systematization of contents. The textbook was composed of five major chapters, which were 'nutrition', 'cooking', 'environment and hygiene', 'food' and 'dietary culture'. Each major chapter having six to seven smaller chapters, adding up to a total of 34 smaller chapters. The textbook was in activity format so that can be readily and directly used in actual classes. The textbook had fun characters and various activities (particularly a lot of cooking activities) to deliver the main theme of each chapter. The teaching manual was composed of background, goal, teaching plan and teaching point. The smaller chapters had learning goal, teaching-learning resources, important points, teaching-learning process and reference material. In evaluation after operating the model school, the developed textbooks were suited for students' needs and cognitive level. This textbook can be utilized at creative activities consisting of ten to fifteen students.

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The Development of a Nutrition Education Program for Low-income Family Children by applying the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model
Saes-byoul Lee, Yu-Ri Jeong, Hyo-Jin Ahn, Min-Ji Ahn, Su-A Ryu, Nam-E Kang, Se-Young Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 165. CrossRef

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[English]
Eating Behavior, Nutrition knowledge, and Educational Needs of the Food and Nutrition of Elementary School Students in the Gyeungnam Province: Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):11-24. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.11

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to provide basic data for development of a dietary education textbook and guidebook by investigating and analyzing eating behavior, nutrition knowledge and educational needs in elementary school students. Most of the subjects were eating three meals a day (71.5%) and breakfast (75.3%). The percentage of students who consumed proper amount of meals (49.2%) was low. The percentage of students consuming salty food and fatty foods was 28.6% and 42.1%, respectively. The consumption of meat, fish, egg, bean and tofu was high, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and seaweed was low. The percentage of students consuming processed food was high, but the percentage reading nutrition labels (34.9%) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) mark (26.9%) when buying processed foods was very low. Total scores of eating behavior and nutrition knowledge were significantly higher in female students than in male students (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (60.5%). The most preferred educational method was 'experiment and cooking practice' (40.1%). The students wanted dietary information as 'cooking' (39.0%). As a result of this study, many problems were found in the eating behavior of students and nutritional knowledge was observed to be low as well. On the other hand, the demand for dietary education was very high. The findings of this study suggested the need for developing dietary education programs in order to encourage proper eating habits of students.

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Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary · Middle · High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents
Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 47. CrossRef
Eating disorders in musicians: a survey investigating self-reported eating disorders of musicians
Marianna Evangelia Kapsetaki, Charlie Easmon
Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity.2019; 24(3): 541. CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Life Application according to Preferred Dietary Life Education Type on Quality of Life : Focus on Participants of Dietary Life Education Programs in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
Suk-Hyun Park, Hee Sun Jeong
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(3): 268. CrossRef
Study on Sugar Consumption of Adult Workers According to Smoking Status
Jung-Yeon Yun, Boram Kim, Hee Sun Jeong, Nami Joo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 228. CrossRef
Status and Training Demand on Dietary Education of Kindergarten Teachers in Jeonbuk Province
Eun-Sook Park
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2015; 24(1): 137. CrossRef
Factors Predicting Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors Due to Cardiovascular Disease in Tehran University Students: Application of Health Belief Model
Fatemeh Rahmati Najarkolaei, Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian, Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki, Mohammad Reza Jafari
Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Education on Elementary Children in After-school Program in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 222. CrossRef
Operation and Training Demand on Dietary Life Education of Nutrition Teachers in Jeonbuk Province
Eunsook Park
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2014; 23(1): 149. CrossRef
Development of Dietary Life Education Textbook and Teaching Manual for Creative Activities in Elementary School
Eun Sil Her
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 203. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of Practical Dietary Education Textbook and Teaching Manual in Elementary School Students: Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):636-647. Published online October 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted for researching demand on dietary education of low-level elementary school students and to develop an activity based textbook and a teaching manual on the subject. For necessity of dietary education, 88.8% of subjects answered dietary education is needed. The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (65.7%). The most appropriate time for the education was "school lunch" (37.5%), "special activity" (29.9%), "regular class" (12.4%) and "after school activity" (12.1%). The most preferred educational method was "experiment and practice" (40.1%). The desirable educational materials were "computer materials" (20.7%), "actual objects" (20.1%), "videotapes" (16.5%), "photographs-pictures" (12.2%) and "fairy tales-cartoons" (12.2%). The students wanted dietary information as "cooking" (26.1%), "growth and nutrition" (23.7%) and "right food information" (20.1%). The textbook was composed of five major chapters, which were "Traditional Dietary Culture", "Food", "Dietary Habit", "Hygiene and Environment" and "Cooking". Each major chapter had five to six smaller chapters, adding up to total of 32 chapters. The textbook had fun characters, illustrations, photographs and cartoons to deliver the main theme of each chapter. The textbook was in activity format so that it coul be readily and directly used in actual classes. The teaching manual was composed of background, goals, teaching plans and teaching points. The smaller chapters had learning goals, teaching-learning resources, important points, teaching-learning processes and reference materials. Videos were produced to help cook five snacks in the cooking chapter. Also, "Healthy Song" was created to be used in classrooms. This textbook will be helpful in children's right dietary habits and growth.

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[English]
The Weight Control-Related Attitudes, Dietary Self-Efficacy and Eating Behaviors according to the Perception of Eating Disorder and Obesity Index in Dancing Major High School Girls: Hae Koung Seok, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):383-391. Published online August 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study was performed in order to compare the differences in dietary self-efficacy and eating behaviors as well as the relationship of weight control attitudes according to eating disorder perception and obesity index for high school girls majoring in dance. Almost half (45.5%) of the subjects perceived eating disorders, and the rate of underweight group was 45.7%. Forty-four percent of the group that perceived eating disorders were in modern dance, while 55.0% of the group that did not perceived eating disorders were in Korean dance (P <0.05). For the obesity index, a similar rate was shown between the different types of dance for the underweight group, but in the normal group, 54.5% were in Korean dance (P <0.05). Most (82.0%) of the group that perceived eating disorders had fears on obesity, while only 53.3% of the non-perceiving group had fears on obesity (P <0.01). Over half (58.3%) of the underweight group had fears on obesity, while 77.2% of the normal group showed fear in that (P <0.05). For necessity of weight loss to do dance performances, 25.0% of the underweight group and 57.9% of the normal group need that (P <0.05). Most of the group that perceived eating disorders (92.0%) answered that they had experience in very low calorie diets, while only 40.0% of the non-perceiving group had experience (P <0.001). For necessity of calorie education, 42.0% of the group that perceived eating disorders and only 20.0% of the non-perceiving group answered is needed (P <0.05). For eating behavior , the group that perceived eating disorders had lower total scores compared to the non-perceiving group (P <0.001), The group that perceived eating disorders showed lower scores for restraint eating (P <0.01) and emotional factors (P <0.001) except by external eating. This study showed that high school girls majoring in dance have high interest in weight control and problems with wrongful body images and eating behaviors, as well as need for calorie education were suggested. Thus, it is necessary to develop and execute a proper weight control education program for the subjects.

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[English]
Interrelations Among Beverage Intake, Food Behavior and Personality in Adolescents: Eun Sil Her, Kyung Hea Lee, Eun Young Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(2):189-198. Published online April 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the influences of the beverage intake on food behavior and personality for 1295 adolescents. The results were as follows. The favorite beverage was 'fruit juice', and preference of 'coffee' was the lowest. 'Milk and dairy product' was highest and 'milkshake' was lowest in intake frequency of beverage. The preference correlated positively(r = 0.391) with the intake frequency of beverage, especially high in 'green tea and black tea'(r = 0.622), 'coffee'(r = 0.581), 'carbonated drink'(r = 0.538), and 'milk and dairy product'(r = 0.501). The explanation power(R2) of beverage preference on beverage intake was 0.153. The explanation power(R(2)) of beverage intake on food behavior was 0.127, and 'carbonated drink' and 'coffee' as well as 'milkshake' had a negative influence on food behavior: however, 'milk and dairy product', 'green tea and black tea', and 'fruit juice' had a positive influence on food behavior. The relationship of beverage intake and sociality was very low(R(2)= 0.013), and 'isotonic drink' and 'green tea and black tea' had a positive influence on sociality. The relationship between beverage intake and anger expression was also very low. 'Coffee' showed a positive relationship with anger-in. 'Carbonated drink' and 'milkshake' showed a positive result with anger-out. 'Milkshake' showed a negative relation with anger-control, but 'green tea and black tea' and 'milk and dairy product' showed a positive relation. From these results, it was necessary to develop the practical nutritioneducation program on proper beverage choice for adolescents leading to better metal and physical status.

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[English]
Interrelations Among Fast Food Intake, Food Behavior, and Personality in Adolescents: Eun Sil Her, Kyung Hea Lee, Eun Young Bae, Eun Soon Lyu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):714-723. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: Especially, the teenage period, an important lifetime to develop both physically and mentally, needs to be helpful to promote the growth of the body and to keep a well-balanced mind through a balanced and nourishing diet. It is well known that the western style fast food is the most liked meal by teenagers. Wrong recognition about fast food and its frequent intake by adolescents can lead to unbalanced diet and food behaviors which may also connect with a poor impact on their personalities as well as their physical health. In this study, therefore, relationships between fast food intake frequency and food behavior, sociability, and personality, such as anger expression, were surveyed from 1,295 adolescents (666 in Seoul, 316 in Changwon, and 313 in rural communities), and then analyzed using SPSS program. The results are shown as follows. The fast food preference score and the fast food intake frequency score showed no differences between male students (22.9/30, 14.4/30 respectively) and female students (23.0/30, 14.0/30 respectively). But, the fast food preference score correlated positively with the intake frequency score (r = 0.304) significantly (p < 0.001). The more frequently eating of fast food group showed significantly lower scores (r = -0.233, p < 0.001) in food behaviors. The frequency of fast food intake had no relationships with sociability, but it had a significantly effect on anger expression (r = 0.213, p < 0.001) and control (r =-0.147, p < 0.001). From these results, we could see the necessity of various nutrition education programs to build proper eating-out habits and also more studies are needed to find the relationships between fast food intake and growth and personality.

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[English]
Development of the Computer-assisted Nutrition Education Program of Eating-out Guidance for Teenagers: Eun Young Bae, Kyung Hea Lee, Eun Soon Lyu, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):462-476. Published online August 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study aimed to develop a nutrition education internet program for correcting the eating-out behaviorial problems of youth. A survey was performed to investigate the eating-out behavior patterns of youth by questionnaires. A nutrition education program was developed on the basis of the survey results, and evaluated by teenagers. The results of the developed homepage are summarized as follows: The contents of this program (www.health14.net) consist of 'x Health (Teenager, My Health, Healthy life, Beautiful life)', '+ Nutrition (To find slow foods, Fast foods campaign, Selecting fast foods, The best menu for eating-out, Recipes for health, Golden bell nutrition quiz)', '/ Information (Diet mini-homepage, Q & A, My knowhow, Game, Community)' and 'Basic Menu (home, Log in, Information and news, Mini-homepage, Site map, Free bulletin board)'. It can be used as educational material for dietary behaviorial changes in school. Also teachers and parents could get information on eating-out menus. Through this site, we anticipate contributing to nutritional health promotion by correcting the eating-out habits of youth.

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[English]
Effect-Evaluation on Nutrition Education in Related Curriculums for Elementary School Children: Focused on Change of Dietary Habits: Eun Sil Her, Sang Gyun Lee, Hye Jin Park, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):795-804. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to develop of nutritional education activities and effect evaluation in related curriculums for all Dongbu Elementary School children in Jinhae by the teacher in charge. This educational purpose was to build a desirable dietary behavior for optimal growth and health in elementary school children. The educational program contents were developed according to 1) selection of content related curriculums 2) analysis of contents related on dietary habits by grade 3) preparation teaching plans to build desirable dietary habits 4) development of teaching manual by turns. Twelve hours of nutrition education at all school classes were done from March 2 to December 10 2004 in Dongbu Elementary School in Jinhae, Gyeongnam. The education effects were evaluated through the questionnaire surveys before and after the education and their comparative analysis. The results of this study were summarized as follows : Forty percent of the underweight group, 22.8% of the normal group, 42.2% of the obese group had the wrong perceptions on their body figures, but after nutrition education 80.5% of the underweight group, 94.3% of the normal group, 97.9% of the obese group gleaned the correct perceptions on their body figures (p<0.001). As the effects of the education, the subjects who exercise more than 3 times in a week increased in all groups (p<0.01 - 0.001), notably in the obese group. Meal regularity (p<0.001), skipping meals (p<0.001), eating rate and snack selection patterns (p<0.01 - p<0.001) also improved by nutrition education. We could also observe the effects of the nutrition education through the affirmative statements which appeared in their dietary records. These results showed a possibility of nutrition education activities in related curriculums to improve in dietary habits of school children. Next year, we will start with the system of nutrition teachers in elementary school, but nutrition teacher cannot undertake the task of teaching and food service management alone. Because of that, we intend to develop this program as an alternative proposal for the nutrition education in elementary schools.

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[English]
The Factors Associated with Weight Control Experiences among Adolescents: Based on Self-esteem, Body-cathexis, Attitudes toward the Body, Anthropometric Characteristics and Perceptions of Body Shape: Eun Sil Her, Hyun Jin Kang, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):658-666. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate among adolescents (total = 729) the relationship between their self-esteem, body-cathexis, their attitudes toward the importance of their bodies, their anthropometric characteristics, their perceptions of their body shapes and their experiences with weight control. The results are summarized as follows: The mean values for self-esteem and body-cathexis were generally low, but these values were significantly higher among boys than girls (p < 0.01 - 0.001). However the mean values for their attitudes toward the importance of their bodies were relatively high and were significantly higher among girls than boys (p < 0.01). The mean values for Percent Ideal Body Weight (PIBW) and Body Mass Index (BMI) were normal and no significant differences between the genders were observed. The distribution of the PIBW and the BMI values showed a higher rate for normal weights among the girlsand a higher rate for underweightedness and obesity among the boys (p < 0.01). With regard to their perception of their body image, among the boys, their current figures were almost identical with their idea of an ideal figure, but among the girls, their idea of an ideal figure was thinner than their current figure. The girls were more dissatisfied with their own body image than the boys (p < 0.001). Fifty-four percent of the subjects had previous weight control experience, and the girls had significantly more experience than the boys (p < 0.001). Their main reason for practising weight control was to lose weight (65.3%). Those who had more weight control experience had lower satisfaction with their body shapes, higher PIBW, higher BMIs or currently had fatter figures. Their standard image of their figures was influenced by TV (40.3%) and friends (36.9%). There was a weakly positive correlation between their self-esteem and their satisfaction with their body shapes, and a weakly negative correlation between their satisfaction with their body shapes and their attitudes toward the importance of their bodies. These results suggest the necessity for an educational program for adolescents as to foster a positive body image. Such a program should consider psychological factors such as selfesteem, satisfaction with body shape and attitudes toward the importance of the body

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[English]
The Status of the Utilization Internet and Dietary Information by Elementary School Dietitians in the Gyeongnam and Jeonbuk Areas: Eun Sil Her, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):595-602. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the status of the utilization of internet and dietary information by elementary school dietitians (total=201) The results were summarized as follows: All subjects used the internet regularly and the major purpose they mentioned for using it was "data search" (72.3%). Those having a frequency of using the internet 6 to 7 times per week were 46.7% of the subjects and the majority indicated the duration of their use of the internet was "<2 hours" (68.5%). They mainly used the internet at "school" (81.8%), and their favorite search engines were "Daum" (41.1%) and "Yahoo" (34.7%). They stated that the organization that offered reliable internet information were those "related to society and organizations" (36.9%) and "educational institutions" (33.8%). Ninety-five percent of the subjects searched for dietary information mainly "for public affairs" (80.0%) Their degree of satisfaction when searching for information was high (78.7%). Those dissatisfied with internet sites when searching for dietary information give the following reasons: "poor information" (39.1%) and "slow updates" (25.4%). They acquired information on nutrition and health management mainly through "the internet" (63.6%) The most frequently requested information about public affairs was on "Materials for nutritional education" (38.6%) and "up-to-date nutritional information" (16.0%) . The desirable update periods for websites was "1-3 months" (51.8%) and "<1 month" (30.6%), and the favorite site colors were "blue" (37.8%) and "green" (37.8%). The results of this study showed that, although the internet usage was high, the dietitians were dissatisfied with the information obtained. Therefore, the information donors should find out what kind of dietary information is needed by elementary school dietitians.

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[English]
Utilization Status of Internet and Dietary Information of School Children in Gyeongnam and Jeonbuk Areas: Eun Sil Her, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(1):15-25. Published online February 28, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the utilization status of internet and dietary information by gender (boys : 442, girls : 461) in school children (total : 903). The results were summarized as follows. The most of children used internet regularly (98.1%) and major purpose of using were mentioned as 'game (39.0%)' and 'social intercourse (49.5%)'. The duration of internet use was '< 2hours (80.9%)'. They used internet mainly at 'home (88.8%)', and favorite search engines were 'Yahoo (54.2%)' and 'Daum (31.1%)'. The searching experience on dietary information was from only 35.6% of subjects mainly 'for homework (39.6%)' and 'for health (36.9%)'. The satisfaction degree of searched information was 'high (79.5%)'. Dissatisfactory reasons of internet site for dietary information were pointed out to be 'bring little interest (28.9)', 'difficult contents (19.2%)', and 'poor information (18.2%)'. Only fifteen % of subjects had experience of nutrition counseling using internet, and purpose of counseling was mainly 'for homework (51.4%)' and 'for health problem (24.3%)'. The problems for nutritional counseling site were pointed out to be 'difficult answer content (31.7%)', 'insincere answer (28.6%)' and 'poor answer content (25.4%)'. They acquire information of nutrition and health management mainly through 'internet (43.7%)'. 'Growth and nutrition (28.3%)', 'improvement in studying ability (13.8%)', 'right weight control (13.3%)' and 'cooking (12.8%)' were most frequently asked information, They had a preference for 'game (40.5%)', 'animation (29.9%)' and 'quiz (18.1%)' as learning method tools. The favorite site color was 'green (51.3%)'. The results of this study showed that although the internet use was very high, they used internet to search dietary information very seldom. Therefore, the information donor should find out what is the optimal tool, what kind of dietary information was needed for school children.

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[English]
Nutritional Education Status and Recognition of the Importance of Elementary School Dietitians in the Gyeongnam Area: Eun Sil Her, Hal La Yang, Hyun Sook Yoon, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(6):781-793. Published online December 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the nutritional education status and the recognition of the importance of elementary school dietitians (N=183) in the Gyeongnam area. The results are summarized as follows. All subjects took part in nutritional education program, but the educational methods were passive, as in the case of "home correspondence" (80.8%) and "bulletin board poster" (16.4%), and the education frequency was very low as in "one time/month" (90.2%). The subjects thought "as an independent subject" (41.5%) and "as a related subjects" (35.1%) were suitable teaching venues for the nutritional education. They were very low in individual counseling (4.5%) for school children because of "lack of opportunity" (42.2%) and "heavy work load" (24.1%). However, most of the subjects wished that nutritional counseling could offered in the future (95.5%). The parents' experience of nutritional education was also low (34.3%). Information sources for nutritional education were mainly the "internet" (53.1%) and "re-educational materials" (25.0%). The available instructional materials included "printed materials" (96.7%), "exhibition bulletin materials" (70.3%) and "electronic materials" (46.4%). The preferred education materials were "exhibition bulletin materials" (32.2%), "printed materials" (29.2%), and "electronic materiaThis study was carried ls" (27.7%). However, materials they wished to purchase were "electronic materials" (54.5%) and "cubic materials" (26.0%). These results show a difference between the preferred materials and the possessed materials. Most school dietitians (98.4%) recognized the necessity of nutritional education with respect to "good table manners" (42.0%), "correction of food prejudices" (30.3%), and "proper nutrition for growth" (21.0%). Although they had a great interest in nutritional education, they had difficulty in cutting their learning into practice because of "heavy work load" (30.9%), "lack of a systematic curriculum" (25.2%), and "lack of a educational opportunity" (22.8%). Ninety five percent of subjects wished to have nutrition education taught as an independent subject. They pointed out "kindergarten" (60.0%) and "lower grades in elementary school" (33.9%) as the optimal starting times for nutritional education and "school dietitians" (91.3%) as suitable teachers for these programs. The required topics chosen by the subjects for nutritional education for children were "proper eating habits" (54.2%) and "nutritional problem" (31.5%). The dietitians thought "food prejudices" (44.7%), "eat too much processed and instant foods" (36.5%), and "obesity" (11.8%) were the most common nutritional problems among elementary school children. These results suggest the necessity of solving the nutritional problems in children by developing a nutritional education program. Along with this program, if dietitian assisted programs for parents were developed, the effects of nutritional education could definitely be increased.

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[English]
A Study on Body Image Recognition, Food Habits, Food Behaviors and Nutrient Intake according to the Obesity Index of Elementary Children in Changwon: Kyung Hae Lee, Kwon Jeung Hwang, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(4):577-591. Published online October 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education Program on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Diversity of Elementary School Children: Hyun Sook Yoon, Hal La Yang, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(3):513-521. Published online September 30, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to promote health for elementary school children. It was conducted with a 7 week program focused on the teaching of the food tower and evaluation of its educational effects. Subjects consisted of 75 boys and girls (control group : 37, treatment group : 38) in the 4th grade of elementary school. The results showed as follows. The proportion of boys was a little higher than that of girls. Of their mothers age, the thirties and forties were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. 61.3% of mothers had jobs and 86.7% of mothers prepared meals. The average of the anthropometric data of the 2 groups show were all in the normal range. The degree of nutritional knowledge in treatment group after education was significantly increased in all concepts, however, the degree of the control group appeared to show significant increase in only two concepts, such as "snack" and "one-sided diet". The diversity of dietary intake was investigated to evaluate the educational effect using food picture cards. The treatment group showed significant increase in all food groups except "cooked rice", "potatoes" and "fruits", but the control group showed no significant change. The level of nutrition knowledge has a significant correlation with the diversity of the food intake in the treatment group. The preferred lesson for children were "games", "doll playing" and "role playing". The impressive lesson contents were "diverse food intake without one-sided diet", "eating breakfast everyday", "choosing good snacks for health" and "eating less procesed food". These findings indicate that a well-designed program for nutrition education can help to change food habits, and that childrens education helps them to grow and to live as healthy adults. The performance of an educational program for preventive nutrition is more beneficial for children than for the adults based on the cost reduction and effect of this education.

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[English]
A Study on the Development of a Computer-Assisted Program for Elementary School Foodservice(II): Based on Foodservice Management: Kyung Hea Lee, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):217-224. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: No Abstract available.

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[English]
A Study on the Development of a Computer-Assisted Program for Elementary School Foodservice(I)-Based on Foodservice Management: Eun Sil Her, Kyung Hea Lee, Kyung Hwa Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):208-216. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: This study is a part of a software program which was developed for efficient foodservice management of elementary school foodservice. The foodservice management system consists of general information, manu planning, inventory management, and printing of results. Advantages of software programs developed in this study, compared with previous elementary school foodservice programs are as follows. 1) This program can be used to foodservice and nutrition management at the same time. 2) The screen is designed as a homepage for convenience. 3) This program is useful in cycle menu planning. 4) Seasonal menu could be reflected in menu. 5) This program has the results printing function. 6) Data can be revisable. 7) This program can be used to middle and high school.

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[English]
Study on Nutrition Education for Elementary Schools in the Kyungnam Area: Hyun Sook Yoon, Jung Suk Ro, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(1):63-73. Published online March 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of nutrition education at elementary schools. A total of 226 elementary school teachers within Changwon and Milyang city participated in this study . The results of this study are as follows. The average score on a test of nutrition knowledge was 4.40 out of 10, and teachers of Milyang districts type scored significantly higher on nutrition knowledge than teacher of Changwon rural and Milyang rural districts. Only 9.0% of the teachers had nutrition education training. 64.1% of th total had teaching experience in nutrition, 91.0% of that was being taught as a part of physical education and home economics. The information source for nutrition education was mainly guide books and magazine and newspaper articles. Current nutrition education was being taught mainly by lecture(85.0%) but the preferred methods of teaching in nutrition education were small group discussion(44.3%), role-playing(22.9%) and lecture(21.4%). Audio visuals aids were used by 45.5% of the teachers and the most common of them were VTR(43.1%) chart(22.4%) as preferred audio visuals aids of them were VTR(71.9%) adn actual model(14.1%).

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