Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[Korean]
Food and dish group diversity on menus of daycare centers provided by Center for Children’s Foodservice Management in Korea: a descriptive study: Youn-Rok Kang, Kyeong-Sook Lim, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(6):449-465. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.6.449

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to analyze menu patterns and food group diversity in daycare centers managed by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management in South Korea.
Methods
Data from 18 Center for Children's Foodservice Management centers across various provinces (excluding Jeju Island) were analyzed. We examined 8,796 meals served in February, May, August, and December 2021, focusing on seasonal lunch and snack menus for children aged 3-5. Foods were categorized into 19 groups for lunch and 21 for snacks. The frequency of food groups and dietary patterns were assessed using the Dietary Diversity Score. Analyses were conducted using Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 28.
Results
Most lunch menus (89%) included five menu items, with a ratio of grain, meat, and vegetables at 88%. Snack menus typically had one item (57%), with significantly more items in the afternoon compared to the morning (P < 0.001). Regarding snack patterns, 75.2% of morning snacks and 61.1% of afternoon snacks contained only one solid food and drink (P < 0.001). Fruit and milk (22.4%) was the most prevalent pattern in morning snacks, while grain and milk (31%) dominated afternoon snacks (P < 0.001). Only 48% of daycare center menus (all snacks and lunch) included all five food groups (grain, meat, vegetables, fruit, and milk). Notably, only 83% included milk and 57% included fruit.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to improve food variety and diversity in the Center for Children’s Foodservice Management-managed daycare center menus. Developing more detailed guidelines for menu structure and food composition is crucial to ensure children receive balanced and diverse nutrition.

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[Korean]
A comparison of serum lipid concentration by drinking habits based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII) : a cross-sectional study: Chang–Yun Park, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(5):404-413. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.5.404

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study compared serum lipid concentration according to drinking habits.
Methods
We analyzed data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). The study included 8,525 adults (3,651 males and 4,874 females), aged 30 – 59 years.
Results
There were differences in age, gender, education level, smoking status, physical activity, and waist circumference between drinkers and abstainers. The serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level of the drinkers was lower than those of the abstainers (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were highest in the group that consumed alcohol ‘more than twice a week’ relative to the other groups (P < 0.001). The LDL-C and atherogenic index (AI) levels were lowest in the ‘more than twice a week’ drinking group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum TG and HDL-C concentrations were the highest in the ‘7 glasses/ time’ group (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration was the lowest in the ‘7 glasses/ time’ group (P < 0.001). Notably, the higher the frequency of binge drinking (7 glasses or more), the higher the concentration of TG (P < 0.001). The serum HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the ‘no binge’ and ‘more than once a week’ groups compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration and AI score were the lowest in the ‘more than once a week’ group (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
As the quantity and frequency of drinking increased, the serum TC concentration increased. Moreover, an increase in the serum HDL-C concentration led to a decrease in AI. The factors exacerbating cardiovascular disease increased simultaneously due to drinking. Our results suggest that for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and patients with low HDL-cholesterolemia, separate guidelines based on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are warranted.

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[Korean]
Effects from the Use of Nutrition Labels and the Levels of Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge on the Consumption of Instant Noodles (Ramyeon) by Middle School Students in the Incheon Area: Yang-Hee Kwon, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):397-405. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.397

Objectives
This study examines the effect on the frequency of Ramyeon consumption based on who checks nutrition labels and on the levels of sodium-related nutrition knowledge among middle school students in the Incheon area.
Methods
Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 359 students (143 males and 216 females) from May to October 2021. General information as well as Ramyeon-eating behaviors were surveyed. The frequency of Ramyeon consumption was compared depending on who checks nutrition labels and on the amount of sodium-related nutrition knowledge students have. Both X ² tests and t-tests were conducted for categorical and mean comparisons.
Results
Regarding the consumption of Ramyeon, 46% of the students replied that they eat it alone at home. The criteria for choosing the kind of Ramyeon to eat were taste (79.4%), price (9.2%), brand and new products (4.5%), nutrition (2.2%), weight control (2.2%), and other factors (2.5%). When purchasing Ramyeon, more students replied that they did not read nutrition labels (66.0%) compared to those who did read labels (34.0%). Answers to questions on sodium-related nutrition earned an average of 6.84 out of nine points (males, 6.72 points, females, 6.91 points, ns). The average frequency of Ramyeon consumption was 1.67 times per week (males, 1.66, females, 1.68, ns). The frequency of Ramyeon consumption by students who checked nutrition labels was lower than for students who did not check labels (1.44 times per week vs. 1.79 times per week, P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Students who checked nutrition labels reported a lower frequency of Ramyeon consumption than students who did not check them. Education on checking nutrition labels may reduce the consumption of processed foods such as Ramyeon and may lead to making healthy choices when purchasing food.

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The frequency of convenience food consumption and attitude of sodium and sugar reduction among middle and high school students in Seoul: a descriptive study
Seoyeon Park, Yeonhee Shin, Seoyeon Lee, Heejung Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 269. CrossRef
A Study on the Adolescent’ Usage Patterns and Perception for Food Labeling in Adolescents
Hojin Lee, Da Bin Jang, Se Bin Jeong, Eun Ji Ha, Ye Eun Yoon, Ga Eul Eh Kim
Journal of Biotechnology and Bioindustry.2022; 10: 53. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake between Hypercholesterolemic and Normal groups based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyun-A Lee, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(5):396-405. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.5.396

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake of normal healthy adults with those having hypercholesterolemia. Methods We analyzed data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 12,636 adults (5,223 males and 7,413 females) aged 19 or older were included in the study. Results Males with hypercholesterolemia were older and had a higher waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations compared to the normal group. Females with hypercholesterolemia were older and had higher FBS levels and serum TG concentrations compared to the normal group. While comparing nutrient intake by the 24-hour recall method, the male normal group showed a higher intake of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), vitamin A and thiamin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. However, the male normal group had a lower intake of iron and vitamin C compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. The female normal group had a higher intake of energy, protein, fat, SFA, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, riboflavin, and niacin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group, but had a lower intake of iron compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. A comparison of nutrient intake by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) showed the following: There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the normal men and women and those with hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment for confounding factors, nutrient intake by FFQ of the male normal group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acid and vitamin C compared to the group with hypercholesterolemia. However, there was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the two groups of women. Conclusions The average intake of n-3 fatty acids and vitamin C of the male group with hypercholesterolemia was lower than that of the normal group. However, since KNHANES is a cross-sectional study, prospective cohort studies are required to analyze the risk factors of hypercholesterolemia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef
Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124. CrossRef

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