Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[Korean]
Dietary Iron Intake of Koreans Estimated using 2 Different Sources of Iron Contents are Comparable: Food & Nutrient Database and Iron Contents of Cooked Foods in the Korean Total Diet Study: Jeeyeon Lee, Sung Ok Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh, Min Jeong Seo, Gae Ho Lee, Cho-il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(3):245-253. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.3.245

Objectives
This study was conducted to find out if the dietary iron intake of Koreans estimated by 2 different methods (iron content sources) using the food intake data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) are comparable. One method was based on the KNHANES's Food & Nutrient Database (FND) derived mainly from the Korean Food Composition Table and the other used the iron content (IC) of food samples processed in the Korean Total Diet Study (KTDS).
Methods
Dietary intake data from the 2013-2016 KNHANES was used to select representative foods (RFs) in KTDS for iron analysis. Selection of the RFs and cooking methods for each RF (RF × cooking method pair) was performed according to the ‘Guidebook for Korean Total Diet Studies’ and resulted in a total of 132 RFs and 224 ‘RF × cooking method’ pairs. RFs were collected in 9 metropolitan cities nationwide once or twice (for those with seasonality) in 2018 and made into 6 composites each, based on the origin and season prior to cooking. Then, the RF composites prepared to a ‘table ready’ state for KTDS were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dietary iron intake of the Korean population was estimated using only RFs’ intake data based on the 2 sources of iron content, namely FND-KNHANES and IC-KTDS.
Results
RFs in KTDS covered 92.0% of total food intake of Koreans in the 2016-2018 KNHANES. Mean iron intake of Koreans was 7.77 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS vs 9.73 mg/person/day by FND-KNHANES. The major food groups contributing to iron intake were meats (21.7%), vegetables (20.5%), and grains & cereals (13.4%) as per IC-KTDS. On the other hand, the latter source (FND-KNHANES) resulted in a very different profile: grains & cereals (31.1%), vegetables (16.8%), and meats (15.3%). While the top iron source was beef, accounting for 8.6% in the former, it was polished rice (19.2%) in the latter. There was a 10-fold difference in the iron content of polished rice between 2 sources that iron intakes excluding the contribution by polished rice resulted in very similar values: 7.58 mg/person/day by IC-KTDS and 7.86 mg/person/day by FNDKNHANES.
Conclusions
This study revealed that the dietary iron intake estimated by 2 different methods were quite comparable, excluding one RF, namely polished rice. KTDS was thus proven to be a useful tool in estimating a ‘closer-to-real’ dietary intake of nutrients for Koreans and further research on various nutrients is warranted.

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Dietary sodium and potassium intake of Koreans estimated using 2 different sources of their contents in foods, Food & Nutrient Database and the Korean Total Diet Study: a comparative study
Jee Yeon Lee, Sung Ok Kwon, Soo Hyun Lee, Min Jeong Seo, Gae Ho Lee, Cho-il Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 235. CrossRef

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[English]
Qualitative Study on the Perception of Community Food-accessibility Environment among Urban Older Adults: Narae Yang, Kirang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):137-149. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.137

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study explored the community food environmental factors affecting food purchasing using a qualitative research methodology for the elderly as well as the various food environments under their socioeconomic diversity.
Methods
For the qualitative data collection, this study interviewed 20 elderly people aged 65 years or more, who participated in a public health program or lunch services operated by the senior welfare center in Seoul. Five dimensions, such as availability, physical accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and accommodation suggested in previous studies, were used to identify the community food environmental factors.
Results
The elderly participants showed overall similarities to the concepts derived from existing studies on the five dimensions of food accessibility environment. In addition, other important food accessibility environmental factors that were not present in previous studies, such as acceptability for a product of domestic origin, delivery service to home, and small-packaged food sales, were derived. On the other hand, the concept of some subjects differed depending on the household income and specifically for the physical accessibility concept. This showed that the close distance factor from a grocery store at home might not apply to older adults in low-income households in Korea.
Conclusions
This study found that five dimensions of the food environment suggested by previous studies could also be applied to vulnerable older adults in Korea. On the other hand, the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and households would affect the perspectives of their local food environments differently. The findings of this study could help in the development of tools for evaluating the community food environment.

Citations

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Spatial Disparity of Neighborhood Food Environment by Socioeconomic Status: Application of Urban Network Analysis
Taekyung Seong, Sugie Lee
Land.2024; 13(6): 865. CrossRef
Development and Validation of a Perceived Community Food Accessibility Measurement Questionnaire for Korean Older Adults
Jisoo Hong, Narae Yang, Kirang Kim
Nutrients.2023; 15(19): 4301. CrossRef
A relationship between food environment and food insecurity in households with immigrant women residing in the Seoul metropolitan area
Sung-Min Yook, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 264. CrossRef
Regional Difference in the Effect of Food Accessibility and Affordability on Vegetable and Fruit Acquisition and Healthy Eating Behaviors for Older Adults
Dong Eun Lee, Kirang Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(22): 14973. CrossRef
Analysis of Accessibility Changes to Neighborhood Food Environment and Food Desert Phenomenon in Seoul, Korea : Focused on the High-density Areas of Low-income Older Adults
Taekyung Seong, Sugie Lee
Journal of Korea Planning Association.2021; 56(1): 137. CrossRef
Effects of Perceived Food Store Environment on Malnutrition and Frailty among the Food-Insecure Elderly in a Metropolitan City
Yu-Mi Kim, Narae Yang, Kirang Kim
Nutrients.2021; 13(7): 2392. CrossRef
Analyzing Socio-Economic and Geographical Factors that Affect the Health of the Elderly
Zacharias Dermatis, Athina Lazakidou, Athanasios Anastasiou, Panagiotis Liargovas
Journal of the Knowledge Economy.2021; 12(4): 1925. CrossRef
Analysis of Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior about Food Hygiene·Safety Among the elderly
Mi Sook Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 200. CrossRef
Nutritional Status according to the Frailty Status of the Elderly at Home in Seo-gu, Gwangju, Korea
Ye Eun Kim, Young-Ran Heo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 382. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province: Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(4):290-299. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.290

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study examined the nutrition teachers' and parents' recognition of environmentally-friendly agricultural products (EAPs) used in school foodservice.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was given to 128 school foodservice nutrition teachers in Seongnam and 189 parents from Oct. 16 to Oct. 31, 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province. The survey included information on the recognition, satisfaction, and improvement of EAPs, and the results of the two groups were compared.
RESULTS
A comparison of the recognition of EAPs showed that nutrition teachers knew more about the EAPs and local government support in school foodservice than the parents. On the other hand, the parents were more aware than the nutrition teachers in that children have a higher affinity for EAPs than for general agricultural products in the school foodservice. A comparison of the level of satisfaction with the EAPs by nutrition teachers and parents revealed the nutrition teachers to be significantly more satisfied than parents in terms of the color, taste and nutrition of EAPs. Among the items that should be provided with EAPs, more than 50% of each group of nutrition teachers and parents answered that vegetables must be provided first. Some 70.9% of nutrition teachers and 84.5% of parents were aware of the certification standards of EAPs. The nutrition teachers had showed a slightly higher score than the parents in the certification system (3.51 vs. 3.25). In terms of improving the EAPs, 36.2% of nutrition teachers answered a reasonable price preferentially, whereas 56.4% of parents answered maintaining quality. In the expected effects of using EAPs, 57.9% of nutrition teachers answered an improvement of parents' satisfaction on the school foodservice. On the other hand, 38.0% of parents answered an improvement of children' satisfaction on school foodservice.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutrition teachers and parents need to be educated on the certification systems that would enhance the trust in EAPs.

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[English]
Relationship between the Intake of Children's Favorite Foods and Policy based on Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life: Taejung Woo, Jihye Yoo, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):106-116. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.106

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the status of children's favorite foods intake and the relationship with the policy environment based on the Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life for suggesting a supportive policy strategy.
METHODS
The subjects were 4th grade students (n=1,638) in elementary school from 45 schools collected from seven areas (Seoul, Daegu, Daejeon, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Gyeongnam). The children participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey in class under the supervision of the teacher. The questionnaire consisted of items, such as social demographic characteristics, frequency of intake of the children's favorite foods, and policy cognition. A t-test and ANOVA were applied to explore the relationship between the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy cognition. The survey was implemented from August 2016 to September 2016.
RESULTS
For the boys, the frequency of â€˜high-calorie low nutrient foods intakeâ€™ (HCLN) was significantly higher than that of the girls (p<0.01). For the children who received information on their favorite foods from the internet, the frequency of HCLN was higher than the other sources (p<0.01). The time of TV viewing and computer usage, and smartphone usage was associated with a higher frequency of HCLN, and a lower healthy favorite food intake (all p<0.001). The intake frequency of healthy favorite foods indicated a positive correlation with the policy cognition, including policy perception, usefulness, necessity and buying intention, and educational experience.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed a correlation with the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy. In particular, the frequency of children's healthy favorite foods intake indicated a meaningful relationship with the policy than the frequency of HCLN. This study also found that the consumption of children's healthy favorite foods was positively correlated with the educational experience. To develop a supportive policy for a good dietary environment for children, there is a need to focus on how to collaborate with multiple levels of influences, such as the national level, school level, and family.

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Correlation between adolescents’ dietary safety management competency and value recognition, efficacy, and competency of convergence using dietary area: a descriptive study
Yunhwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 317. CrossRef

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[English]
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi: Young Un An, Myung Hee Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(3):234-242. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.234

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was to investigate the perception of mothers of elementary school students regarding environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice.
METHODS
A total of 282 mothers whose children were receiving environment-friendly agricultural products during elementary school foodservice in Gyeonggi participated in this questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted to investigate respondents perception and satisfaction with environment-friendly agricultural products in their children's school meals from May 29 to June 9, 2017.
RESULTS
About 79% of the subjects were satisfied with school foodservice. The most important aspects of school foodservice were nutrition (35.8%) and sanitation (34.8%). Over 80% of the subjects were aware of environment-friendly agricultural products and about 54% of the subjects checked for a certification mark when purchasing environment-friendly agricultural products. Additionally, 72.3% of the subjects knew that environment-friendly agricultural products were used at school. The advantages of using environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice were safety (75.5%) and high food quality (16.3%). About 66% of the mothers knew the school was receiving support from the city or education office for using environment-friendly agricultural products. Additionally, 74.5% of the mothers responded that they are willing to pay for use of environment-friendly agricultural products when subsidies were not supported.
CONCLUSIONS
The positive perception and high support for use of environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice among elementary students' mothers can be used as basic data for expansion of the use of environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province
Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 290. CrossRef
When Agricultural Waste Transforms into an Environmentally Friendly Material: The Case of Green Concrete as Alternative to Natural Resources Depletion
Cătălina Mihaela Grădinaru, Adrian Alexandru Şerbănoiu, Danut Traian Babor, Gabriel Constantin Sârbu, Ioan Valentin Petrescu-Mag, Andrei Cristian Grădinaru
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics.2019; 32(1): 77. CrossRef
A Study on Satisfaction of School Food Service Using Environment-friendly Agricultural Products
Byeol Han, Ho Kim, Sung-Bum Yang
Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue.2018; 26(4): 559. CrossRef
Willingness-to-Pay on Increase of Usage for Environmental-friendly Agricultural Product in School Food Service
Sung-Bum Yang
Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue.2018; 26(4): 609. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of Nutrition Education Contents for Pregnant Women Based on Effective Communication Strategies: Taeksang Yoo, Young Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):115-126. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.115

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to develop communication strategies for effective nutrition education targeting pregnant women and to create nutrition education contents.
METHODS
The format and the contents of online resources on nutrition information for pregnant women provided by reliable institutions were analyzed. Possible solutions to overcome barriers of nutrition education as well as communication strategies for effective nutrition education were identified by a brainstorming process. Based on the communication strategies, contents for nutrition education were created. Understandability, level of interest, applicability to daily life, harmony of text and illustration, and overall satisfaction of the contents were evaluated by dietitians and pregnant women.
RESULTS
The four communication strategies were developed; (1) to focus on a few important messages, (2) to provide evidence-based information, (3) to create illustrations or infographics with a minimum amount of text, and (4) to provide tips on how to improve the current diet options. Based on these strategies, the contents were focused on three important nutrients for pregnant women, folate, iron, and calcium. The percentages of the recommended nutrient intakes of the three nutrients on selected menu and its improved version by adding a dish or changing a dish into another dish were calculated and provided. Finally, the contents were delivered as illustrations with a minimum amount of text. Overall, dietitians and pregnant women were satisfied with the contents.
CONCLUSIONS
The contents developed in this study can be used in a pamphlet or a pregnancy diary, or can be shared in social networking services. Further contents on other nutrients and various menu are expected to be developed using these communication strategies.

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Development of Education Materials as a Card News Format for Nutrition Management of Pregnant and Lactating Women
Young-Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taeksang Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 248. CrossRef

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[English]
The Development of â€˜Good Dietary Life Guideâ€™ Textbooks for Elementary School Students: Eun Young Sang, Jeong Weon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):74-83. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.74

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to develop dietary education textbooks for elementary school students by focusing on the three core values of environment, health and gratitude from the National Food Education Plan.
METHODS
The contents of textbooks and teacher's guidebooks were developed with brainstorming of the authors as well as consultation with experts and by considering not only the three core values of environment, health, and gratitude, but also the performance indicators of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competencies and creative convergence approach of the 2015 revised national curriculum.
RESULTS
A total of 12 different dietary education textbooks named â€˜Good Dietary Life Guideâ€™ and the teachers' guidebooks from the first to the sixth grade of elementary school were developed. The textbooks were fundamentally developed connecting the three core values, the outcome indices of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competences of the 2015 revised national curriculum. Various educational activities such as thinking, debate, writing, cooperative learning, experience, practice were included to promote students' participation. These books could be utilized in every field of dietary education targeting elementary students such as creative experiential activity, convergent classes (integrated subjects, Practical arts, Social studies, Science, Moral education and Korean), after school classes, rural experience, general agricultural education, after-school child care services and community child care centers.
CONCLUSIONS
The continuous and repetitive use of the textbooks from the first to the sixth grade would contribute to the improvement of food habits and the personalities of elementary school students, and consequently make the students grow up as healthy citizens.

Citations

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Development of Educational Board Game for Dietary Education; ‘Food-Bicycle’
Jung Hoon Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2018; 27(5): 411. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on Vitamin C Content of Nutrition Emphasized Products: Da Un Jeong, Heon Ok Lee, Young Kyoung Kim, Ae Son Om; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(6):574-579. Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.6.574

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
Vitamin C has various functions such as antioxidative effect and supporting absorption of iron (Fe). Aim of this present study was to provide vitamin C nutrition information and to briefly evaluate absorption interaction of vitamin C and Fe content of vitamin C emphasized products.
METHODS
Vitamin C emphasized foods including beverages, cereal, snacks, chocolate products, other cocoa products, and sugary products were examined by HPLC. Fe contents in samples after dry-ashing were examined by ICP.
RESULTS
Vitamin C content ranges in various products tested were the following: beverages (n=11) 20.15 Â± 0.08~845.41 Â± 6.07 mg, cereal (n=11) 52.50 Â± 0.23~262.50 Â± 0.07 mg, snacks (n=1) 50.00 Â± 0.25 mg, chocolate products (n=1) 311.73 Â± 2.44 mg, other cocoa products (n=1) 311.73 Â± 2.44 mg, other sugary products (n=2) 52.50 Â± 0.23~262.50 Â± 0.07 mg. Vitamin C (n=27) analysis values ranged from 82 to 450% of the labeled value. Vitamin C content in vitamin C emphasized food (n=6) was estimated 7.7 times~56.6 times more than Fe content.
CONCLUSIONS
Analyzed samples ranged more than 80% of the labeled value in vitamin C emphasized products, which complied with food labeling regulation. But, beverages (n=3), cereal (n=4), chocolate products (n=1) were 2 times more than the labeled value. To provide accurate nutrition information, food manufactures should supervise nutrition labeling and understand the interactions between nutrients. Also, consumer should decide about the adequate amount of nutrient intake by thoroughly checking nutrition labeling.

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Nutrition fact label (NFL) use is related to meeting the requirements for vitamins and minerals not listed on NFLs: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey VIII (2019–2021) for the prepandemic and pandemic periods
Jung Min Cho, Niravkumar Joshi
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(12): e0296268. CrossRef
Evaluation of Dietary Quality and Nutritional Status according to the Use of Nutrition Labeling and Nutrition Claims among University Students in Chungbuk Area: Based on Nutrition Quotient
Yun-Jung Bae, Seo Young Park, Hye-Rin Bak
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 179. CrossRef

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[English]
Associations between Exposure to Unhealthy Food Outlets Within Residential District and Obesity: Using Data from 2013 Census on Establishments and 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Yoonjung Kim, Sung Nim Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(5):463-476. Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.5.463

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments.
METHODS
Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged â‰¥ 19 years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity.
RESULTS
People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. 631.6 ÂµgRE/day) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599).
CONCLUSIONS
A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.

Citations

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Obesity-Related Factors in Adult Women with Early Menarche
Hunha Cho, Jeong-Won Han
Healthcare.2023; 11(4): 557. CrossRef
Associations between adolescent dietary habits, obesity and food environment around schools in Seoul
Hyun-Jae Woo, Hong Lim Lee, Hae-Young Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(5): 55. CrossRef
Relationship between the Intake of Children's Favorite Foods and Policy based on Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life
Taejung Woo, Jihye Yoo, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(2): 106. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of a Worksite-based Dietary Intervention Program for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome: Hye Jin Kim, Injoo Choi, Won Gyoung Kim, Kana Asano, Jeongmin Hong, Young Min Cho, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(3):237-246. Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.3.237

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of a worksite-based dietary intervention program for the management of metabolic syndrome (MS) among male employees.
METHODS
A dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was implemented targeting white-collar employees at a worksite located in Seoul for 10 weeks. Out of 104 employees having agreed to participate in the program, those having three or more out of five components of MS and having two components, including a waist circumference component were classified into "the high risk group" (n=41) and received group nutrition education and individual nutrition counseling three times each. The rest of the study subjects were considered as "the low risk group" (n=63). The food environment at the worksite, where both the high and low risk groups were exposed, was changed to promote healthy eating. Physical data including MS components were collected and a questionnaire on dietary behaviors was administered before and after the intervention. The data from the high risk group (n=17) and the low risk group (n=20), excluding the subjects ineligible for or failed to complete the study (n=67), were analyzed. The difference before and after intervention was tested for significance by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
RESULTS
Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, and HbA1c and the healthy dietary practice score improved significantly after intervention in the high risk group. The median number of MS components decreased significantly from 3.0 to 1.0 in the high risk group. In the low risk group, only HbA1c significantly decreased. Conclusions: The 10-week worksite-based dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was found to be effective for managing MS of male employees.
CONCLUSIONS
The 10-week worksite-based dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was found to be effective for managing MS of male employees.

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A cohort study of the effects of social support on cerebral cardiovascular disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Sung-Kyung Kim, Yong Whi Jeong, Dae Ryong Kang, Jang Young Kim, Hunju Lee, Sang-baek Koh, Yoshihiro Fukumoto
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0305637. CrossRef
Salutogenesis intervention improves cardio‐cerebrovascular health in at‐risk office workers: A quasi‐experimental study
Ji Hyun Moon, Hosihn Ryu
Public Health Nursing.2024; 41(4): 690. CrossRef
Process evaluation of a mobile healthcare program among employees with overweight and obesity: a 12-week intervention study investigating the role of engagement
Imhuei Son, Jiyoun Hong, Young Hee Han, Bo Jeong Gong, Meng Yuan Zhang, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(6): 466. CrossRef
Facilitators and barriers to achieving dietary and physical activity goals: focus group interviews with city bus drivers and counseling dietitians
Yongmin Jo, Suhyeun Cho, Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(5): 376. CrossRef
Effectiveness of a mobile health intervention on weight loss and dietary behavior changes among employees with overweight and obesity: a 12-week intervention study investigating the role of engagement
Imhuei Son, Jiyoun Hong, Young-Hee Han, Bo Jeong Gong, Meng Yuan Zhang, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 141. CrossRef
Predictors of Health Promotion Behaviors Among Working Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome
Sungwon Park, Min Kyeong Jang, Chang Gi Park, Oi Saeng Hong
Nursing Research.2022; 71(4): 275. CrossRef
Inverse association of improved adherence to dietary guidelines with metabolic syndrome: the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management program
Dongwoo Ham, YoungYun Cho, Mi-Suk Park, Yun-Sug Park, Sun-Young Kim, Hye-Min Seol, Yoo Mi Park, Sunok Woo, Hyojee Joung, Do-Sun Lim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 621. CrossRef
The Effect of Community-based Health Intervention Program to Improve Metabolic Disease in Jeju Island
Woo Jin Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, Shin Young Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2018; 50(3): 297. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of an Education Program on Sanitation Status at Centers for Children's Food Service Management: Focusing on Jung-gu and Dong-gu regions of Daejeon Metropolitan City: Yu Jin Seo, Min Sun Jeon; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(6):447-459. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.447

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the improvement of teachers' sanitation performance and food distribution environment at Centers for children's food service management after a sanitation education program.
METHODS
The subjects were 119 teachers working at child care centers registered in the Daejeon Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Dongu and Jung-gu, Daejeon. The sanitation education was provided three times from March to August in 2014, and the survey questionnaires were distributed before and after the education. The sanitation status of food service environment of the centers was examined by ATP(adenosine-5'- triphosphate) bioluminescence.
RESULTS
After the sanitation education, the teachers showed higher levels of sanitation knowledge. Also, sanitation performance and recognition level of the importance of it significantly improved after the education program. The mean variation scores of importance and performance after the education were 0.14 and 0.23. According to the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) results of 26 sanitation attributes about the food service environment, the selection attributes with relatively low performance and importance were mostly distributed in the children's and distributer's personal hygiene management area. However, all attributes except using a personal water bottle and cup were moved to high performance and importance level. Also, the ATP examination results showed that the sanitation status of the food service environment was improved after the education program.
CONCLUSIONS
The sanitation education program was effective in improving the recognition of the importance of sanitation and its performance with regard to food service management.

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Relationship with the Perception of Foodservice, Nutritional Knowledge, and Foodservice Guidance of Day-Care Center Teachers in Gangwon Area
Seung-Lim Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(3): 203. CrossRef
A Study of Food Safety Knowledge for Sustainable Foodservice Management of Childcare Centers in South Korea Using Importance–Performance Analysis
Jeong-Sil Choi, Se-Young Ju
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9668. CrossRef
Evaluation of Food Safety Management Status of Children’s Foodservice Facilities Using Sanitary Check Scores and ATP Bioluminescence Assay in Gyoengbuk Area
Kyung-A Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(2): 196. CrossRef
Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu
Na-Yeong Lee, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(1): 13. CrossRef
Research trends in obesity & obesogenic environments in Korea
Myoungsook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(6): 461. CrossRef
Effects of Periodic Visiting Education Support on the Sanitation Management of Foodservice Facilities for Children in the Local Small City: A Focus on the Yecheon-gun Area
Hye-Jin Pak, Chan-Ick Cheigh
Food Engineering Progress.2019; 23(3): 200. CrossRef
Analysis of Sanitary Safety Management Improvement for Children’s Food service in Chilgok-gun Area
Suk-Hyeon Park, Hyeon-A Jung
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(5): 345. CrossRef
The Effect of Personality Type and Job Performance on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction - Staff of the Center for Children's foodservice management -
Kyung-Min Lee, Min-Sun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(6): 496. CrossRef
A study on the optimal variable transformation method to identify the correlation between ATP and APC
Hye-Kyung Moon, Jae-Kyoung Shin, Yang Sook Kim
Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2016; 27(6): 1465. CrossRef
A Comparison of Hygiene and Safety Management Execution depending on the Characteristics of Children's Food Service Facilities
Jin-Young Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(4): 573. CrossRef

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[English]
Middle School Students' Perception of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products (EAPs) and the Degree of Confidence about the Certification Mark in Daegu: Ji Yeon Jang, Mi Kyung Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):324-332. Published online August 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.324

Abstract PDF PubReader: The purpose of this study was to investigate middle school students' perception of environment-friendly agricultural products (EAPs) and the degree of confidence about the certification mark. Questionnaires were distributed to 444 students of 6 middle schools located in Daegu, and a total of 416 responses were used for analysis. 28.6% of the respondents were using EAPs at home, and 62.0% of respondents didn't know whether to use EAPs at home. The 6 items representing the perception of EAPs were analyzed, resulting in 2 distinct dimensions-'benefits of EAPs' and 'attitude toward EAPs'. Regarding Benefits of EAPs, the score of 'EAPs better for health' was the highest, followed by 'EAPs have higher quality', 'EAPs were better for environmental protection', respectively. The proportion of students responded that 'the amount of pesticides should be reduced gradually' was 65.5% and only 3.4% for 'current level of pesticide use is not a problem'. There were significant differences between male and female students with regard to an interest in EAPs (p < 0.05) and opinion on the use of pesticides (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between groups with different education level of mothers. The respondents who use EAPs at home showed significantly higher scores with attitude toward EAPs (p < 0.001), and higher response rate for 'pesticides should not be used even if the price increases' (p < 0.05). Degree of confidence about the EAPs certification mark also affected students' perception of EAPs (p < 0.001). Our results indicate the importance of education for students on EAPs to enhance students' attitude towards EAPs and improve school meal satisfaction.

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The Association between Changes in Food and Nutrient Intakes and Changes in Bone Metabolic Indicators in Postmenopausal Women with Osteopenia after a 12-week Intervention of Nutrition Education and Aerobic Exercise: Seo Jin Kim, Suh Jung Kang, Yoon Jung Park, Ji Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):213-222. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.213

Abstract PDF PubReader

Few studies investigated the effects of nutrition education and exercises in women with osteopenia. This study examined the relationship between changes in dietary intakes and changes in indicators related to bone health in postmenopausal women with osteopenia (-2.5 < or = T-score < or = 1) after a 12-week intervention. Thirty-one postmenopausal women aged > 50 years residing in Seoul were recruited and participated in nutritional education regarding bone health and general nutrition practices and aerobic exercises (three times a week; 60 min per session). Twenty-five subjects completed the study and were eligible for the analysis. Bone mineral density (BMD) at femoral neck was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Serum calcium, osteocalcin, and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) were also measured. Dietary intake was estimated by using a one-day 24 recall by a clinical dietitian. After 12 weeks, meat consumption increased (P = 0.028) but vegetable intake decreased (P = 0.005). Intakes of animal protein (P = 0.024), vitamin B1 (P = 0.012) and vitamin B2 (P = 0.047) increased, and sodium intake decreased (P = 0.033). Intact PTH (P = 0.002) decreased and osteocalcin (P = 0.000) increased, however, BMD decreased (P = 0.000). Changes in mushroom consumption were positively correlated with femoral neck BMD (r = 0.673, P = 0.003). Changes in animal iron intake were negatively correlated with intact PTH (r = -0.488, P = 0.013) but were positively correlated with osteocalcin (r = 0.541, P = 0.005). These results suggested that the association between animal iron intake and biochemical markers of bone turnover may play an important role in bone metabolism. Further studies are needed to shed light on complicated mechanisms of diet, hormonal levels of bone metabolism, and bone density.

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A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea
Lin Jiang, Yun-Young Jung, Hyung-Sook Kim, Gi-Seon Nam, Jin-Sook Yun, Jong-Wook Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 109. CrossRef

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[English]
The Housewives' Purchase Behaviors on Environment-friendly Agricultural Products in Daejeon Area: In Jung Kim, Joon Ho Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(3):386-397. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.386

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was to investigate the housewives' purchase behaviors on the environment-friendly agricultural products (EFAP) by survey in Daejeon area housewives. 390 questionnaires were used and analysed. Most of the subjects were female (92.6%) distributed evenly in their 40's (55.4%), and graduated from high school (43.6%) or college (36.4%). Subjects' occupation was most housewives (64.1%) and 77.4% of the subjects had monthly family income of 2 million won or more. 76.9% of the subjects had purchased EFAP already. The reason of purchasing EFAP was mainly "good for health" (80.3%), and reason for non-purchasing was "high prices" (28%) or "not so trustworthy" (25.6%). The most purchasing frequency was "once a week" (29%). 46.7% of the subjects spent 20% of their agricultural product cost for EFAP and 38.7% of them spent less than 30,000 won per month for EFAP. On checking of EFAP labeling, the housewives scored 3.59 for the validate date, 3.25 for the place of origin, 2.8 for the quality certification mark by 4-point Likert scale. 65.1% of the subject had intention to increase purchasing of EFAP in future. To promote the consumption of EFAP, the improvement factors were price-cutting (47.9%), trust on producers (18.2%) and quality betterment (17.7%). Accordingly, the consumers prefer EFAP for wellbeing health of families; however, they hesitate to buy due to their high price and the low reliability on producers of EFAP. Thus the producers and the related organization of EFAP should contrive proper countermeasures to increase consumer's satisfaction level on their credibility and price of EFAP.

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Sustainability transitions in agri-food systems: insights from South Korea’s universal free, eco-friendly school lunch program
Jennifer E. Gaddis, June Jeon
Agriculture and Human Values.2020; 37(4): 1055. CrossRef
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi
Young-Un An, Myung-Hee Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 234. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products for Mothers with Elementary School Children
Xiang Li, Dong-Yean Park
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2018; 29(1): 97. CrossRef
Perception and Purchase Behavior on Environment-friendly Agricultural Products of College Students in Daejeon
Yu-Jin Cho, Nan-Sook Koo
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(3): 328. CrossRef
Perception of School Foodservice Using of Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Products of Elementary School Parents in Jeonnam
Hee-Sook Cho, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(6): 577. CrossRef
A Study of Food Habit and Food Purchase Behavior on Healthy Dietary Life by Housewives in Daejeon
Ji Hyun Yu, Nan Sook Koo
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(2): 375. CrossRef
Middle School Students' Perception of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products (EAPs) and the Degree of Confidence about the Certification Mark in Daegu
Ji-Yeon Jang, Mi-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(4): 324. CrossRef
A Study on the Pattern of Consumption Behavior of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products by Housewives and an Assessment of the Need for Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products in Childcare Centers in Jeonju
Jeong-Ok Rho, Hyun-Jin Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2012; 25(2): 215. CrossRef

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[English]
Satisfaction and Recognition Level of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products in Cheongju Area: Na Ra Kim, Young Sun Cho, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):75-85. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.75

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to investigate basic data on the degree of parents' recognition and satisfaction with the use of environment-friendly agricultural products. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The survey on the use of environment-friendly products in households showed that 68.7% of the respondents used environment-friendly products at home. The frequency of purchasing organic products by household consumers showed that 25.1% of the respondents bought organic products one to two times per week. The most popular items of the environment-friendly agricultural products used were vegetables, comprising 63.9%. The households with more than 3,000,000 won of monthly income tended to consume more domestic livestock products (p < 0.05). In comparison to general agricultural products, environment-friendly agricultural products users showed higher satisfaction level with a better quality in term of safety, quality, nutrition, taste, appearance, diversity and price. The degree of satisfaction with safety was the highest (3.8 +/- 0.68), and price showed the lowest (2.76 +/- 0.79). The degree of parents' recognition of the governmental support for environment-friendly agricultural products showed that those who were aware of the supporting policy were 44.5%, but 55.5% of them didn't know about the fact that 46.6% of the respondents agreed that environment-friendly agricultural products should be used in more than 50% of the foods used for school food service. The respondents pointed out that vegetables (45%) sprayed with pesticide are the most urgent food item that need to be replaced by environment-friendly farm products.

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An Integrated Assessment of Different Types of Environment-Friendly Technological Progress and Their Spatial Spillover Effects in the Chinese Agriculture Sector
Guang Chen, Yue Deng, Apurbo Sarkar, Zhengbing Wang
Agriculture.2022; 12(7): 1043. CrossRef
Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province
Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 290. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Purchase Intention of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products for Mothers with Elementary School Children
Xiang Li, Dong-Yean Park
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2018; 29(1): 97. CrossRef
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi
Young-Un An, Myung-Hee Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 234. CrossRef
Parents' Perception and Satisfaction of School Food Materials and Supplier -Performance in Mokpo, Korea-
Seok-In Lee, Pyong-Yon Kang, Hyun-Young Jung
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(11): 1741. CrossRef
A survey of eco-foodservice perception and satisfaction of elementary school parents in Jeju
Mi-Hui Jeong, In-Sook Chae
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(1): 105. CrossRef
Perception and Purchase Behavior on Environment-friendly Agricultural Products of College Students in Daejeon
Yu-Jin Cho, Nan-Sook Koo
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(3): 328. CrossRef
Perception of environment-friendly foods and satisfaction with school meals among students, their parents, and nutrition teachers at elementary schools in the Jindo area, Jeonnam
Moon-Hee Jung, Moon-Jeong Chang, Sun-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(4): 369. CrossRef
A Survey on the Use and Perception of Environmentally-friendly Organic Materials among Korean Farmers
Min-Kyoung Paik, Sung-Eun Park, Bong-Hoe Kim, Yong-Ki Kim, Jin-Ah Oh, Doo-Ho Kim, Je-Bong Lee
The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science.2013; 17(1): 41. CrossRef
Middle School Students' Perception of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products (EAPs) and the Degree of Confidence about the Certification Mark in Daegu
Ji-Yeon Jang, Mi-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(4): 324. CrossRef
Processing Factor of Matrine in Chilli Pepper
Hyun Ho Noh, Jae Yun Lee, Jin Chan Kim, Oh Seok Jeong, Hye Sung Kim, Yong Hun Lee, Ji Hee Choi, Ae Son Om, Su Myeong Hong, Min Kyoung Paik, Doo Ho Kim, Kee Sung Kyung
The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science.2013; 17(4): 244. CrossRef
Actual Status of School Dietitians' Recognition and Use of Superior Agricultural Products in Daegu
Jin A Jang, Sun Woo Ahn, Mi-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(3): 312. CrossRef
A Survey of Purchasing Management for School Foodservice Foods in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Province
Yun-Hwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2012; 19(3): 376. CrossRef
Parents' perception on middle school foodservice using environment friendly agricultural products (EFAP) in Masan area
Yoon-Soon Nam, Hyun-Ah Kim
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2012; 45(2): 181. CrossRef
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Yun-Hwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2012; 19(4): 611. CrossRef
The Housewives' Purchase Behaviors on Environment-friendly Agricultural Products in Daejeon Area
In-Jung Kim, Joon-Ho Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(3): 386. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparing School Lunch Program Served at Dining Room with Program at Classroom for Sanitation and Contentment at One Middle School: Hyun Jung Song, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):369-378. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: School lunch programs at middle schools have increased in quantity. However, the quality of them is in fact not enough to reach the satisfactory standard, especially in the aspect of environment of school meals. It is true that there seems to be little attention to the environment. In this study, degree of satisfaction about school lunch program was surveyed for students in one middle school. Focus of survey was sanitary condition about the dining room and classroom where they have lunch. First, in order to investigate the degree of satisfaction about their dining place, questionnaire was sent out to the students at one middle school in Seoul. Questionnaire was made with reference to previous research. Second, for the study on environmental sanitation, dropping bacteria (general bacteria) is measured in three parts of dining place (entrance, serving table, dining table). Petriplate film was exposed to the responsible places for 15 minutes and then cultivated at the temperature of 32degrees C for 48 hours before counting the number of bacteria formed. For the statistical analysis, SPSS 12.0 was used. The results of the study show that students had more satisfaction in dining room service than in classroom service. Important factors for the meal program such as "taste of food", "amount of food per student", "state of keeping warm", "appearance of food", "diversity of menu", and "kindliness of feeding staff" had more points in dining room than in classroom. For the environmental and sanitary aspect, the result of dropping bacteria (general bacteria) in dining room and classroom showed that table (5.00) and fooddistribution corner (8.67) of dining room were cleaner than those of classroom (P < 0.05). Making a good environment for school feeding will have a positive effect on the improvement of satisfaction and sanitation of school feeding. There should be expansion of dining room service for the students.

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A Survey on Use of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products for School Food Service by Dietitians in Chungnam Province: Yang Soon Lee, Nam Oak Lee, Sung Hee Ko; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):556-564. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to analyze the school dietitian's cognition, practical use of environment-friendly agricultural products to provide fundamental information for the qualitative improvement in the school food service. The results of the study are as follows: 1. It was clearly recognized that the subsidy for the school food service is generally insufficient, the amount of additional appropriate subsidy for the school food service was different according to type of school and roughly 300~600 won in each of foods needs to be supported. 2. The environmentfriendly agricultural products that were often used in the school food service were vegetables and grains. 3. In the analysis of cognition and problems toward using environment-friendly agricultural products, the dietitians recognized that environment-friendly agricultural products should be appropriately used. A reason that environmentfriendly agricultural products were better than general agricultural products was composed of a use of less additive, good ingredient, and good outer condition. 4. In the analysis of countermeasure on increasing environment-friendly agricultural products in the school meal service, the response to that more additional subsidy was necessary for the school food service. The highest and the most positive effects after using environment-friendly agricultural products were students' health improvement and improvement in parents' satisfaction with the school food service.

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[English]
The Use of Iron Supplements of Pregnant Women and Pregnancy Outcome: Ji Hyun Cho, Hong Seok Ahn, Hyun Sook Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(3):327-339. Published online June 30, 2009

Abstract PDF: It is known that Korean pregnant women take iron supplements at a higher than the recommended level. This study was designed to provide data on current iron intake levels both from food sources and supplement to better guide iron supplement use during pregnancy. We also explored associations of iron supplement intake levels with varioussociocultural factors and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of 510 pregnant women were assessed by a validated 102- item food frequency questionnaire, and information on types and amounts of nutritional supplement intakes were also attained. While dietary intake levels of most nutrients exceeded the KDRIs (Korea Dietary Reference Intakes: EAR: Estimated Average Requirements), folate fell short of the KDRIs. A total of 428 women (83.9%) reported to take iron supplement. The pregnant women were divided into the three groups (group I: Fe supplement intake < or = EAR, group II: EAR< Fe supplement intake < or = 3 times of EAR, group III: 3 times of EAR< Fe supplement intake). The mean dietary intake of iron was 24% of the total iron intake for pregnant women. Iron intake from food was not significantly different among I, II, and III. In case of iron intake from supplements, the most frequent dose (34.1%) was 90-100 mg/day, and the mean iron supplement intake was 362% of the EAR. The study findings showed that those with higher levels of iron supplements had better meal quality measured by NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) and INQ (Index of Nutrient Quality). In addition iron supplement intake levels were significantly related to age (20s: 66.5 +/- 38.6 mg/day, 30s: 77.3 +/- 47.8 mg/ day, p< 0.0116) and experience of childbirth (1st pregnancy: 70.9 +/- 41.2 mg/day, 2nd pregnancy: 64.5 +/- 39.5 mg/day, > or = 3rd pregnancy: 94.4 +/- 63.8 mg/day, p< 0.005). However, no significant difference was found between iron supplement intake levels and various pregnancy outcomes including birth weight, birth height, gestational age, weight gain during pregnancy, and jaundice. It is worrisome that iron intake by supplement use greatly exceeded the EAR, suggesting the need of appropriate guidelines for iron supplement intake during pregnancy. Thus iron overdose from supplements in pregnancy should be considered as a serious condition.

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[English]
The Perception for Management of School Foodservice Using of Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Products of Elementary School Children's Mothers in Gunsan: Hye Soon Chang, Mi Jung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(6):867-878. Published online December 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the degree of understanding about school foodservice management and environmentally friendly agricultural products between urban and rural elementary school children's mothers. The subjects were 280 elementary school children's mothers who lived in Gunsan city and the nearby countryside. The results are summarized as follows. The mothers in urban schools were higher on the degree of participation (p < 0.01) and interest (p < 0.01), but were lower on the degree of satisfaction (p < 0.001) for school foodservice than rural ones. The best improvement of school foodservice management was improving food tastes and qualities of the foodstuffs in urban schools and sanitation at the service area in the rural schools (p < 0.001). The school foodservice program contributed to cure the unbalanced diets and developing of bodies and minds; there was no difference of urban and rural schools. But eating habits in rural schools were more improved than urban schools (p < 0.001). The primary reason for using environmentally friendly agricultural products was to improve their health and in securing safe foods, there was no difference of urban and rural schools, but generating the farmer's income from the products in rural schools was higher than urban schools (p < 0.001). There are conflicting views between urban and rural schools for the additional costs brought by using the environmentally friendly agricultural products (p < 0.001). The order of preference on using environmentally friendly agricultural products was rice and various grains, vegetables, fruits, livestock, seasoning, etc. In conclusion, our central and local governments should change their roles in financially positive ways and reflect the issues in making the policy effective. Responsible administrators of school food suppliers run the system more faithfully with the above government support.

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[English]
The Utilization of Environment-Friendly Agricultural Products of College Students in the Seoul and Incheon Areas: Hyo Seon Choi, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):742-751. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of study was to investigate the utilization of environment-friendly agricultural products of the college students attending nutrition education. The subjects were 387 college students (male 53.2%, female 46.8%) at universities in the Seoul and Incheon areas. A cross-sectional study was conducted by a self-administered questionnaire. The percentage of subjects who purchased environment-friendly agricultural products was 37.2%. The most purchased environment-friendly agricultural products were vegetables. The main reason for preferring the environment-friendly agricultural products was good for health (53.7%). Also, the main motive of purchasing the environment-friendly agricultural products was for health (87.5%). For the quality of the environment-friendly agricultural products, they answered 'safety' (4.19), 'freshness' (4.03) and 'nutrition' (3.90), respectively. For college students' right choices of environment-friendly agricultural products, information and consumer education on these products are necessary.

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Counseling on Quality of Diet, Iron Status and Hematic Parameters in College Women Who Have Self-Recognized Anemic Symptoms: Sook Hyun Jeong, Jin Hee Park, Hye Ok Lee, Ryowon Choue; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):68-79. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional problem that affects people of all ages in both industrialized and developing countries. Especially, college women are the target population for dietary iron deficiency. Recent study showed that the nutritional status of college women was poor because of insufficient food consumption and repeatabled weight reduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition counseling on the diet quality, nutritional status of iron and hematic parameters in college women who have self-recognized anemic symptoms. Anthropometric and dietary assessments as well as blood analysis, were carried out before and after the 8 weeks of nutrition counseling. During the experimental period, the 31 subjects were given nutrition education by a clinical dietitian. Nutrition counseling consisted of pathology of anemia, nutrition information for iron deficient anemia, diet information of balanced meals and menu choices for eating out. As a result, the frequencies of consumption of legumen and vegetables significantly increased after nutrition counseling (p < 0.05). Daily intakes of protein, especially animal protein, vitamin E, niacin, heme iron, and zinc significantly increased (p < 0.05). After nutrition counseling, some self-reported clinical symptoms such as 'dizziness', 'fatigue', 'short of breath', 'headache', 'sleeplessness', and 'beating heart' were significantly improved. Serum levels of transferrin (p < 0.01) and total iron binding capacity levels (p < 0.05) significantly increased. It could be concluded that the 8 weeks of nutrition counseling might be effective on quality of diet as well as iron status and it might also improve the some hematic parameters in college women who have self-recognized anemic symptoms.

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[English]
Estimated Iron Intakes from Simulated Fortification to Selected Grain Products in the Korea Food Supply: Hae Rang Chung, Min Ji Hong, Rafael Perez Escamilla, Se Young Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(6):808-813. Published online December 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: Until now, South Korea does not have either fortification or enrichment program as intervention tools, although the addition of micronutrients to foods is for the most part not regulated. The aim of this study was to determine which scenario would most effectively reduce the proportion of the population with low iron intake while not putting other population groups at risk of excessive intakes. In order to investigate potential dietary consequences of iron fortification, we analyzed 2 day dietary record data (n=3,955) from the 2001 National Nutrition Surveys. The Proportion of the population consuming dietary iron less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) ranged from 12.4~87.5% depending upon gender and age group. Iron fortification at the level of 100% of Recommended Intake (RI) per 100g to breads and instant or dried noodles was estimated to result in a 15% decrease of proportion of those with iron less than EAR, while putting 1.4 % of the population greater than the Upper Limit (UL). Iron fortification appeared to be the most effective for the 15~19 year old age group, showing 39% reduction of iron intake insufficiency. The results suggest that carefully designed fortification or enrichment to staple foods may contribute to increase dietary iron intakes of Koreans, especially for the young population with a high prevalence of iron inadequacy. As the estimation in this study was based solely upon dietary intake data, iron intake from supplements should be considered in further studies.

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[English]
Iron Nutritional Status by ALAD Genotype and Intervention Study for Rural Area Residents: Hee Seon Kim, Min Kyung Kim, Sohee Kim, Sung Soo Lee, Byung Kook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(6):771-778. Published online December 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: Previous studies have suggested that delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) phenotype differently affect mineral metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 6-month iron supplementation as syrup of NaFeEDTA in improvement of iron status according to ALAD genotype. One hundred thirty adult women living in rural areas of Asan were provided NaFeEDTA syrup once a week for 6 months at the dose of 64mg Fe/week. Three hundred control subjects were observed during the study period. Fasting blood was obtained for analyzing hemoglobin (Hb) and zinc protophorphyrin (ZPP) and serum was analyzed for ferritin, iron and total iron capacity (TIBC) levels before and after iron supplementation. Ninety percent of ALAD 1-1 (ALAD1) and 10% of ALAD 1-2 (ALAD2) genotype were observed in the control group. However, in the intervention group, 98% showed ALAD1 while only 2% was ALAD2, which is significantly lower proportions of ALAD2 compared to the control group (p<0.01). The iron status of intervention group significantly improved except for ferritin and TIBC regardless of ALAD genotype, while the control group did not show any changes in iron status except for ZPP. ZPP concentration of the control group significantly increased in both ALAD1 and 2 while the intervention group showed significantly decreased ZPP after supplementation in ALAD1. Iron supplementation in the form of NaFeEDTA seems to be effective in reduction of ZPP levels although ALAD2 did not show significant changes due to the small number. However, it is difficult to make a conclusion from these results, and more specified further investigation is needed with more participants.

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[English]
Dietary Intakes and Serum Lipids and Iron Indices in Obese Children: Jin Yi Kim, Young Shin Han, Hyun Sook Bae, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(5):575-586. Published online October 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group (15th < or = BMI percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children (85th < or = BMI percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p < 0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p < 0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group (905.9 +/- 344.5 kcal, 210.9 +/- 166.4 kcal) were higher than those of normal weight girls (671.2 +/- 360.7 kcal, 184.0 +/- 103.5 kcal) (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys (52.7 +/- 6.3 mg/dL) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys (65.3 +/- 15.6 mg/dL). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: 79.4 +/- 32.6 mg/dL, girls: 98.3 +/- 16.2 mg/dL) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: 104.8 +/- 38.6 mg/dL, girls: 106.7 +/- 28.9 mg/dL) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.

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[English]
Serum Iron Concentration of Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood during Pregnancy: Hey Mi Jang, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):860-868. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: Anemia diagnosed early in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery. The purposes of this study were to assess the maternal iron status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationships between the iron indices of maternal-umbilical cord serum iron and ferritin levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum iron and ferritin levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord were measured at 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- trimester and delivery, respectively. The mean of maternal serum iron levels of the trimester and delivery were 124.27microgram/dl, 97.03microgram/dl, 94.32microgram/dl, and 145.53microgram/dl. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood (222.59microgram/dl). Serum ferritin levels of maternal trimester and delivery were 22.68microgram/l, 11.09microgram/l, 14.18microgram/l and 24.54microgram/l, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood (184.35microgram/l)(p<0.0001). This prevalence of anemia of total subjects was 30.3% by WHO criteria (Hb<11.0 g/dl, Hct<33%). Iron levels of 2nd-trimester was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. And ferritin levels of 3rd-trimester and delivery was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. Therefore, we suggest for successful pregnancy outcome and delivery differential iron supplementation programs will be carried out with individual pregnant women on the basis of pre-pregnancy nutrition.

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[English]
A Study of Mothers' Nutritional Knowledge on Weaning of Breast-fed Infants, the Age of 6 Months: Soon Ah Kang, Ho Jeung Shin, Yoong Ho Lim, Gye Ae Kim, Yean Hee Woo, Yong Hoon Jun, Soon Ki Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):453-461. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the mothers' nutritional knowledge on weaning of 101 infants (8 for 4 mo, 44 for 5 mo, 45 for 6 mo, 4 for 7 mo) at a public health center of Incheon. Informations on the mothers' nutritional knowledge were obtained by questionnaires. In this survey 41.6% of infants were breast-feeding, 43.6% of them were bottle-feeding, and 14.9% of them were mixed feeding right after birth. The rate of breast-feeding right after birth was significantly higher in mothers of high school graduate than mothers of college/university graduate (p < 0.05). The infants of mothers graduated high school began to be weaned significantly earlier than the infants of mothers graduated college/university (p < 0.05). 95.1% of infants (n = 101) began to be weaned 4 to 6 months. 83.1% of infants were fed home-made weaning foods. 66.7% of infants were fed rice gruel, 18.5% of them were fruit juice, 6.2% of them were mixed grain, and 4.9% of them were commercially prepared weaning foods as their first supplementary foods. As main supplementary foods, 32.8% of infants were fed vegetable, 30.5% of them were rice gruel, and 27.7% of them were fruit juice. Mothers' nutritional knowledge related to weaning was significantly higher among mothers of college/university graduate than mothers of high school graduate (p < 0.05). 86.1% of mothers disagreed with the questionnaire in which breast-fed infants aged over 4 months needed to be fed iron sufficient food. For the improvement of nutritional status especially iron nutritional status of infants, nutritional education for mothers with weaning aged infants has to be increased and related programs have to be operated effectively.

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[English]
A Study on the Changes of Maternal Dietary Iron Intakes, Its Bioavailability, and Iron Status during Pregnancy: Jeong A Lee, Jong Im Lee, Hyeon Sook Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(2):142-150. Published online April 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: To increase both iron and enhancers for iron absorption through diets should be a basic strategy to sufficiently provide increased iron for pregnancy. Previous studies reported that iron intakes of Korean pregnant women were short and their iron status deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. However, there is little data about the bioavailability of dietary iron during pregnancy. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes of dietary iron intakes, its bioa-vailability and iron status during pregnancy longitudinally in Korean women. A total of 151 pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy voluntarily participated. Among them, 72 women finished the research protocol during the second trimester and 55 did it during the third trimester. Dietary intakes of total iron, both non-heme and heme iron, as well as enhancers, both MPF (meat, poulty, and fish) and vitamin C, increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. As the results, bioavailability of dietary iron and iron absorbed increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. However, the amount of iron absorbed at each trimester did not meet considerably the iron needed during pregnancy. All five indices examined in the study, Hb level, Hct, serum concentrations of ferritin and sTfR (soluble transferrin receptor), and sTfR:ferritin ratio, showed that iron status of the subjects deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. The rate of anemia of the subjects increased as pregnancy progressed although more than 80% of the subjects took iron supplements after the 20th week of pregnancy. These results imply that it is needed to provide more iron especially, heme iron and dietary enhancers to prevent the deterioration of iron status during pregnancy. Future research on bioavaila-blility of supplemental iron should be performed to determine the iron balance precisely.

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[English]
The Iron Status and Diet Quality of Pregnant Women during the First Five Months of Pregnancy: Jin Sook Yoon, Jung A Park, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):803-813. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: Literature suggests that iron deficiency anemia is prevalent among pregnant women all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the iron status of pregnant women during the fist five months, with the intention of determining ways to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Korea. We collected dietary information and measured the biochemical status of iron in 171 pregnant women over 16 weeks of gestation (= 16.7 +/- 2.34 week). Dietary intakes for 3 days were collected using the 24 hour recall and food record methods. The daily Fe intake was measured using the food frequency method. The Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated by using the pre-pregnancy weight and height, indicated that 31.3% of subjects were under-weight. We divided the subjects into normal and anemic group by using the serum ferritin levels. It appeared that the mean dietary intake of iron was 52.3% of the recommended level for pregnant women. The dietary quality evaluation showed that pregnant women ate only 58% of the recommended amount in the food groups of meat, fish, eggs, beans and milk and dairy products. The hematological indices showed that the mean Hemoglobin (Hb) was 11.9 g/dl, Hematocrit (Hct) was 35.1%, ferritin was 23.9 ng/ml, and transferrin was 297.3 microgram/dl. The dietary intake of iron was significantly lower and the vitamin C intake was significantly higher in the anemic group. The pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly lower in the anemic group. Variables affecting iron intake were the Fe intake frequency index and the food group score. The Fe index showed significantly positive correlation with the pre-pregnancy food intake and the food group score. Hb showed a significantly positive correlation with the prepregnancy food intake. We concluded that strategies to improve iron status be implemented in the pre-pregnant stage so as to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency and that we should stress on the importance of an adequate diet as well as the maintenance of a heathy weight.

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[English]
The Effects of the Improvement of the Food Service Environment on Patients' Satisfaction with the Hospital Food Service: Focused on Case Studies: Seung Lim Lee, Yu Kyung Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):566-573. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess how the changes in the food services environment on patients satisfaction with the hospital food service. Statistical data analyses were completed using the SPSS 11.0 program. The results can be summarized as follows: The flow line and environment of the food services in the hospital were improved through remodeling, which included the replacement of all cooking utensils, ventilation facilities and material storages, the purchase of a combi steamer, and the change of meal carts and trays. After the remodeling, the hospital food service was improved so that it provided spoons at each meal, diversified the menu utilizing the combi steamer, served event meals three times a week as well as water boiled with burned rice in the morning twice a week. In addition, various types of tableware were used in the table settings to produce attractive visual effects. Among the 10 items included on the patient satisfaction questionnaire, "satisfaction with offered menus" (p<0.01) showed significantly higher scores before the remodeling. "cooking/seasoning of food", "amount of meals" and "taste of meals" were not statistically significant, but showed increased satisfaction after the remodeling. However "temperature of food", "cleanliness of clothes and features" and "satisfaction with meal times" were not statistically significant, but showed decreased satisfaction after the remodeling.

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[English]
Iron Status and Anemia of Middle School Girls in Ulsan Metropolitan City: Soon Myung Hong, Young Eun Seo, Hye Jin Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(1):26-32. Published online February 28, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to assess the nutritional iron status and anemia of middle school girls. Three-hundred-fiftythree female subjects in Ulsan metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 157.19 +/- 5.57 cm and 51.06 +/-9.42 kg, respectively. The average Body Mass Index (BMI, Kg/m2) was 20.63 +/-3.23, which was within the normal range. With regard to clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced 'decreased ability to concentrate'. The total caloric intake of each subject was 1743.28 +/- 343.47 kcal (83.01% of the Korean RDA) and the calcium intake was 634.98 +/- 201.43 mg (79.37% of the Korean RDA). The mean daily intake of iron was 14.76 +/- 4.36 mg (92.25% of the Korean RDA) and the heme iron intake was 6.12 +/- 2.30 mg, which was 41.5% of the total iron intake. The average hemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.24 +/- 1.01 g/dl, and the average hematocrit (Hct) level was 37.79 +/- 4.10%. The transferrin saturation {TS (%)} was 19.41 +/- 9.21%, and the ferritin level was 26.26 +/- 18.60 ng/ml. The iron deficiency anemia among the subjects was estimated at 6.1% by using Hb (< 12 g/dl), 20.5% by using Hct (< 36%), 30.8% by using TS (< 14%), and 23.1% by using ferritin (< 12 ng/ml). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) showed a negative correlation with the Hb, iron, ferritin and TS. With regard to the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with 'pale face' (p < 0.05). In addition, the level of iron was significantly and negatively correlated with 'poor memory' (p < 0.01) and the ferritin concentration was negatively correlated with 'no appetite' (p < 0.05), 'pale face (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency among middle school girls is very high; therefore, guidelines on dietary support and nutritional education to improve their dietary iron status should be provided.

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