Hwa-Jae Lim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215

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A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan: Hwa-Jae Lim^†; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2011;16(2):215-226.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215
Published online: January 18, 2011

Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea

†Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 995 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646 E-mail: hjlim@deu.ac.kr

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Abstract
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess calcium and sodium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship between urinary calcium excretion (UCa) and the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24 hr recall, 24 hr urinary calcium and sodium excretion (UNa) were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean calcium intake was 88.0% for men and 103.0% for women of Recommended Intake. The mean sodium intake was 283.4% for men and 250.5% for women of Adequate Intake (AI). The mean 24hr UCa was 127.4 mg in men and 107.3 mg in women. The mean 24 hr UNa was 3650.6mg in men and 3276.4mg in women. The intake and urinary excretion of calcium and sodium were not significantly different by gender. UCa showed significantly positive correlations with sodium intake and UNa in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) and with age, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and sodium density in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p<0.01). The UCa/creatinine showed significantly positive correlations with age, sodium intake, sodium density, and UNa in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). When UCa was stratified into quartile (Q1-Q4), age, SBP, UCa, UNa, sodium intake, and AI percentage of sodium (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) were significantly higher in Q4. The mean intake and AI percentage of sodium in Q4 were 4768.8mg and 329.0. Based on the results, UCa was related to age, SBP, UNa, and sodium intake. Therefore, nutritional education of decreasing sodium intake for decreasing UCa is needed. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 215~226, 2011)
Keywords: calcium and sodium intakes; urinary calcium and sodium excretion; men; women

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

Characteristics	Criteria	Male	Female
Age (yrs)	20 − 29	9 (821.4)¹⁾	12 (826.7)
	30 − 49	16 (838.1)	26 (857.8)
	50 − 59	17 (840.5)	7 (815.6)
	Total	42 (100.0)	45 (100.0)
Occupation	Public official	12 (828.6)	11 (824.4)
	Teacher	1 (882.4)	2 (884.4)
	Company employee	4 (889.5)	5 (811.1)
	Businessman	8 (819.0)	4 (888.9)
	Student	7 (816.7)	8 (817.8)
	Homemaker	1 (882.4)	5 (811.1)
	Services	3 (887.1)	4 (810.8)
	Inoccupation	4 (889.5)	3 (886.7)
	Profession	1 (882.4)	1 (882.2)
	Laborer	1 (882.4)	2 (884.4)
Education level	Elementary school	2 (884.8)	1 (882.2)
	Middle school	6 (814.3)	6 (813.3)
	High school	9 (821.4)	10 (822.2)
	Junior college	5 (811.9)	5 (811.1)
	College	17 (840.5)	22 (848.9)
	Graduate	3 (887.1)	1 (882.2)
Family income (10,000 won per month)	100	5 (811.9)	4 (888.9)
	101 − 200	9 (821.4)	12 (826.7)
	201 − 300	13 (831.0)	11 (824.4)
	301 − 400	8 (819.1)	8 (817.8)
	401	6 (814.3)	7 (815.6)
	Unknown	1 (882.4)	3 (886.7)

1) N (%)

Table 2.

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

	Male	Female	Total
	(n = 42)	(n = 45)	(N = 87)
Age (yrs)	642.0 ± 12.0¹⁾	638.2 ± 11.0	640.0 ± 11.6
Weight (kg)∗∗∗	669.5 ± 68.3	656.9 ± 68.8	663.0 ± 10.6
Height (cm)∗∗∗	171.3 ± 66.0	158.2 ±6 4.4	164.6 ± 68.4
BMI²⁾	623.7 ± 62.3	622.7 ± 63.2	623.2 ± 62.8
SBP (mmHg)³⁾∗∗∗	124.9 ± 12.1	114.9 ± 11.6	119.7 ± 12.8
DBP (mmHg)⁴⁾∗∗	678.6 ± 69.0	671.8 ± 10.1	675.1 ± 10.1

1) Mean ± SD 2) BMI = weight (kg)/height

²(m

²) 3) SBP = systolic blood pressure 4) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

∗∗ ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3.

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

Nutrient	Male (n = 42)	Female (n = 45)	Total (N = 87)
Energy (kcal)	2118.8 ± 682.9¹⁾ (90.2)²⁾	1998.3 ± 687.5 (103.5)	2056.5 ± 684.0 (97.1)
Protein (g)	87.1 ± 32.1 (164.7)³⁾	78.6 ± 39.3 (170.5)	82.7 ± 36.0 (167.7)
Animal	45.9 ± 23.3	36.6 ± 21.4	41.1 ± 22.7
Plant	41.2 ± 16.7	42.0 ± 29.1	41.6 ± 23.8
Calcium (mg)	641.2 ± 325.4 (88.0)³⁾	677.7 ± 398.9 (103.0)	660.1 ± 363.7 (95.8)
Animal	290.0 ± 227.9	299.4 ± 248.5	294.9 ± 237.4
Plant	351.2 ± 168.1	378.3 ± 347.7	365.2 ± 274.8
Ca density (mg/1,000 kcal)	314.5 ± 128.8	338.6 ± 139.5	327.0 ± 134.2
Ca/weight (mg/kg)∗	9.4 ± 4.9	12.1 ± 7.2	10.8 ± 6.3
Phosphorus (mg)	1230.5 ± 427.9 (175.8)³⁾	1150.6 ± 535.1 (164.4)	1189.1 ± 485.2 (169.9)
Ca/P ratio	0.5 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2
Sodium (mg)	4136.7 ± 1186.2 (283.4)⁴⁾	3708.9 ± 1306.2 (250.5)	3915.4 ± 1260.9 (266.4)
Na density (mg/1,000 kcal)	2084.0 ± 707.4	1988.5 ± 764.3	2034.6 ± 734.7

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^∗: significantly different at p < 0.05 by t-test

Table 4.

Mean daily urinary calcium and sodiuim excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

	Male (n = 42)	Female (n = 45)	Total (N = 87)
Urine volume (mL)	1409.3 ± 6646.1¹⁾	1222.5 ± 6397.5	1312.7 ± 6537.3
Creatinine (mg)∗∗∗	1068.2 ± 6288.5	6734.2 ± 6177.5	6895.5 ± 6289.8
Ca (mg)	6127.4 ± 6664.0	6107.3 ± 6673.8	6117.0 ± 6669.6
% of total ca intake	6623.9 ± 6617.6	6620.1 ± 6617.3	6621.9 ± 6617.4
Ca/cr ratio (mg/mg)	6660.1 ± 6660.1	6660.1 ± 6660.1	6660.1 ± 6660.1
Ca/weight (mg/kg)	6661.8 ± 6660.9	6661.9 ± 6661.4	6661.9 ± 6661.1
Na (mg)	3650.6 ± 1526.4	3276.4 ± 1390.6	3457.0 ± 1422.4

1) Mean ± SD, ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.001 by t-test

Table 5.

Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

Variables	Urinary calcium excretion			Urinary ca/creatinine
Variables	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
Age	0.064	0.370∗	0.243∗	−0.173	−0.303∗	−0.209
Weight	0.267	0.048	0.200	0.001	0.132	0.166
Height	0.155	0.049	0.177	0.051	0.077	0.144
BMI¹⁾	0.226	0.028	0.123	0.025	0.123	0.121
SBP²⁾	0.172	0.333∗	0.292∗∗	0.055	0.291	0.111
DBP³⁾	0.216	0.254	0.271∗	0.268	0.225	0.162
Urinary creatinine excretion	0.540∗∗∗	0.562∗∗∗	0.507∗∗∗	0.022	0.172	0.026
Urinary calcium excretion	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.823∗∗∗	0.890∗∗∗	0.810∗∗∗
Urinary ca/cr ratio	0.823∗∗∗	0.890∗∗∗	0.810∗∗∗	1.000	1.000	1.000
Urinary ca/weight	0.971∗∗∗	0.971∗∗∗	0.945∗∗∗	0.868∗∗∗	0.922∗∗∗	0.901∗∗∗
% of total ca intake	0.759∗∗∗	0.690∗∗∗	0.723∗∗∗	0.498∗∗∗	0.671∗∗∗	0.559∗∗∗
Urinary sodium excretion	0.360∗	0.621∗∗∗	0.509∗∗∗	0.135	0.455∗∗	0.295∗∗

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²),

2) SBP = systolic blood pressure,

3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

^∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 6.

Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and nutrient intakes

Variables	Urinary calcium excretion			Urinary ca/creatinine
Variables	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
Energy	0.213	0.043	0.130	0.150	0.036	0.015
Protein	0.235	0.097	0.166	0.249	0.043	0.085
Plant	0.143	0.057	0.004	0.177	0.092	0.023
Animal	0.221	0.255	0.260∗	0.215	0.206	0.159
Phosphorus	0.187	0.056	0.004	0.233	0.006	0.053
Calcium	0.101	0.151	0.003	0.198	0.075	0.119
Plant	0.147	0.151	0.039	0.219	0.106	0.136
Animal	0.036	0.032	0.050	0.121	0.029	0.025
Ca density	0.107	0.092	0.006	0.094	0.079	0.096
Calcium /weight	0.061	0.125	0.067	0.213	0.092	0.157
Ca/P ratio	0.112	0.079	0.034	0.074	0.067	0.097
Sodium	0.484∗∗	0.589∗∗∗	0.556∗∗∗	0.303	0.441∗∗	0.347∗∗
Na density	0.260	0.404∗∗	0.347∗∗∗	0.140	0.413∗∗	0.297∗∗

^∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 7.

Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine

	Urinary calcium excretion Quartile				Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile
	Q₁ (< 64.8)	Q₂ (64.8 ≤ < 99.0)	Q₃ (99.0 ≤ < 155.9)	Q₄ (155.9 ≤)	Q₁ (< 0.08)	Q₂ (0.08 ≤ < 0.12)	Q₃ (0.12 ≤ < 0.17)	Q₄ (0.17 ≤)
Age	40.0∗∗^ab	34.2^b	39.9^ab	46.0^a 5	39.8	36.5	39.5	44.4
Weight	55.9∗∗^b	65.8^a	66.2^a	63.8^a	61.1	66.4	64.6	59.8
Height	159.1∗∗^b	166.6^a	167.6^a	164.8^a	163.3	166.3	166.5	162.1
BMI¹⁾	22.1	23.7	23.4	23.4	22.8	24.0	23.2	22.6
SBP²⁾	114.8∗^c	116.2^bc	123.0^ab	124.7^a	119.9	116.7	119.0	123.4
DBP³⁾	71.0∗∗^b	71.7^b	78.9^a	78.5^a	73.9	73.1	75.8	77.6
Urinary calcium excretion	43.5∗∗∗^d	80.8^c	125.5^b	214.8^a	53.5∗∗∗^d	87.6^c	128.1^b	199.7^a
Urinary ca/weight	0.8∗∗∗^d	1.3^c	1.9^b	3.5^a	0.9∗∗∗^d	1.3^c	2.0^b	3.4^a
% of total ca intake	9.8∗∗∗^c	14.4^bc	21.8^b	41.2^a	10.6∗∗∗^c	15.1^c	24.7^b	37.6^a
Urinary sodium excretion	2864.9∗∗∗^b	2859.0^b	3977.9^a	4277.4^a	3090.8∗∗^b	3519.6^b	2950.9^b	4332.6^a

1) BMI = weight(kg)/height²(m²)

2) SBP = systolic blood pressure

3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

^∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8.

Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartile of urinary calcium excretion and urinary calcium excretion per milligram of creatinine

	Urinary calcium excretion Quartile				Urinary ca/creatinine Quartile
	Q₁ (< 64.8)	Q₂ (64.8 ≤ < 99.0)	Q₃ (99.0 ≤ < 155.9)	Q₄ (155.9 ≤)	Q₁ (< 0.08)	Q₂ (0.08 ≤ < 0.12)	Q₃ (0.12 ≤ < 0.17)	Q₄ (0.17 ≤)
Energy	2045.9	1999.0	1894.1	2286.5	2082.6	2072.2	2033.3	2038.9
Protein	78.7	79.2	80.1	92.5	83.7	80.1	81.0	86.1
Phosphorus	1115.0	1192.2	1185.0	1261.1	1186.8	1191.5	1186.8	1191.8
Calcium	599.98	651.4	680.7	705.6	631.1	646.1	682.8	679.5
Ca density	292.3	348.1	367.5	298.4	306.6	325.2	350.7	324.1
Ca/weight	10.9	10.1	10.8	11.3	10.5	89.9	11.1	11.6
Ca/P ratio	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sodium	3435.5∗∗∗^bc	3329.7^c	4105.9^ab	4768.8^a	3615.6∗∗^b	3902.4^b	3424.9^b	4779.7^a
Na density	1810.6∗^b	1780.8^b	2311.7^a	2225.1^ab	1865.8∗∗^b	1997.0^b	1820.2^b	2483.7^a
RNI¹⁾ of protein	167.1	156.6	157.2	189.9	170.3	160.4	161.1	179.7
RNI of calcium	90.3	83.3	96.4	102.7	91.6	83.8	97.6	100.1
AI²⁾of sodium	232.6∗∗∗^bc	224.0^c	278.4^b	329.0^a	245.3∗∗^b	264.4^b	232.7^b	327.4^a

1) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

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A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan

Korean J Community Nutr. 2011;16(2):215-226. Published online April 30, 2011

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.215

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A Study on the Calcium and Sodium Intakes and Urinary Calcium Excretion of Adults in Busan

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

Characteristics	Criteria	Male	Female
Age (yrs)	20 − 29	9 (821.4)¹⁾	12 (826.7)
	30 − 49	16 (838.1)	26 (857.8)
	50 − 59	17 (840.5)	7 (815.6)
	Total	42 (100.0)	45 (100.0)
Occupation	Public official	12 (828.6)	11 (824.4)
	Teacher	1 (882.4)	2 (884.4)
	Company employee	4 (889.5)	5 (811.1)
	Businessman	8 (819.0)	4 (888.9)
	Student	7 (816.7)	8 (817.8)
	Homemaker	1 (882.4)	5 (811.1)
	Services	3 (887.1)	4 (810.8)
	Inoccupation	4 (889.5)	3 (886.7)
	Profession	1 (882.4)	1 (882.2)
	Laborer	1 (882.4)	2 (884.4)
Education level	Elementary school	2 (884.8)	1 (882.2)
	Middle school	6 (814.3)	6 (813.3)
	High school	9 (821.4)	10 (822.2)
	Junior college	5 (811.9)	5 (811.1)
	College	17 (840.5)	22 (848.9)
	Graduate	3 (887.1)	1 (882.2)
Family income (10,000 won per month)	100	5 (811.9)	4 (888.9)
	101 − 200	9 (821.4)	12 (826.7)
	201 − 300	13 (831.0)	11 (824.4)
	301 − 400	8 (819.1)	8 (817.8)
	401	6 (814.3)	7 (815.6)
	Unknown	1 (882.4)	3 (886.7)

1) N (%)

Table 2.

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

	Male	Female	Total
	(n = 42)	(n = 45)	(N = 87)
Age (yrs)	642.0 ± 12.0¹⁾	638.2 ± 11.0	640.0 ± 11.6
Weight (kg)∗∗∗	669.5 ± 68.3	656.9 ± 68.8	663.0 ± 10.6
Height (cm)∗∗∗	171.3 ± 66.0	158.2 ±6 4.4	164.6 ± 68.4
BMI²⁾	623.7 ± 62.3	622.7 ± 63.2	623.2 ± 62.8
SBP (mmHg)³⁾∗∗∗	124.9 ± 12.1	114.9 ± 11.6	119.7 ± 12.8
DBP (mmHg)⁴⁾∗∗	678.6 ± 69.0	671.8 ± 10.1	675.1 ± 10.1

1) Mean ± SD 2) BMI = weight (kg)/height

²(m

²) 3) SBP = systolic blood pressure 4) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

∗∗ ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3.

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

Nutrient	Male (n = 42)	Female (n = 45)	Total (N = 87)
Energy (kcal)	2118.8 ± 682.9¹⁾ (90.2)²⁾	1998.3 ± 687.5 (103.5)	2056.5 ± 684.0 (97.1)
Protein (g)	87.1 ± 32.1 (164.7)³⁾	78.6 ± 39.3 (170.5)	82.7 ± 36.0 (167.7)
Animal	45.9 ± 23.3	36.6 ± 21.4	41.1 ± 22.7
Plant	41.2 ± 16.7	42.0 ± 29.1	41.6 ± 23.8
Calcium (mg)	641.2 ± 325.4 (88.0)³⁾	677.7 ± 398.9 (103.0)	660.1 ± 363.7 (95.8)
Animal	290.0 ± 227.9	299.4 ± 248.5	294.9 ± 237.4
Plant	351.2 ± 168.1	378.3 ± 347.7	365.2 ± 274.8
Ca density (mg/1,000 kcal)	314.5 ± 128.8	338.6 ± 139.5	327.0 ± 134.2
Ca/weight (mg/kg)∗	9.4 ± 4.9	12.1 ± 7.2	10.8 ± 6.3
Phosphorus (mg)	1230.5 ± 427.9 (175.8)³⁾	1150.6 ± 535.1 (164.4)	1189.1 ± 485.2 (169.9)
Ca/P ratio	0.5 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.2
Sodium (mg)	4136.7 ± 1186.2 (283.4)⁴⁾	3708.9 ± 1306.2 (250.5)	3915.4 ± 1260.9 (266.4)
Na density (mg/1,000 kcal)	2084.0 ± 707.4	1988.5 ± 764.3	2034.6 ± 734.7

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^∗: significantly different at p < 0.05 by t-test

Table 4.

Mean daily urinary calcium and sodiuim excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

	Male (n = 42)	Female (n = 45)	Total (N = 87)
Urine volume (mL)	1409.3 ± 6646.1¹⁾	1222.5 ± 6397.5	1312.7 ± 6537.3
Creatinine (mg)∗∗∗	1068.2 ± 6288.5	6734.2 ± 6177.5	6895.5 ± 6289.8
Ca (mg)	6127.4 ± 6664.0	6107.3 ± 6673.8	6117.0 ± 6669.6
% of total ca intake	6623.9 ± 6617.6	6620.1 ± 6617.3	6621.9 ± 6617.4
Ca/cr ratio (mg/mg)	6660.1 ± 6660.1	6660.1 ± 6660.1	6660.1 ± 6660.1
Ca/weight (mg/kg)	6661.8 ± 6660.9	6661.9 ± 6661.4	6661.9 ± 6661.1
Na (mg)	3650.6 ± 1526.4	3276.4 ± 1390.6	3457.0 ± 1422.4

1) Mean ± SD, ∗∗∗: significantly different at p < 0.001 by t-test

Table 5.

Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

Variables	Urinary calcium excretion			Urinary ca/creatinine
Variables	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
Age	0.064	0.370∗	0.243∗	−0.173	−0.303∗	−0.209
Weight	0.267	0.048	0.200	0.001	0.132	0.166
Height	0.155	0.049	0.177	0.051	0.077	0.144
BMI¹⁾	0.226	0.028	0.123	0.025	0.123	0.121
SBP²⁾	0.172	0.333∗	0.292∗∗	0.055	0.291	0.111
DBP³⁾	0.216	0.254	0.271∗	0.268	0.225	0.162
Urinary creatinine excretion	0.540∗∗∗	0.562∗∗∗	0.507∗∗∗	0.022	0.172	0.026
Urinary calcium excretion	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.823∗∗∗	0.890∗∗∗	0.810∗∗∗
Urinary ca/cr ratio	0.823∗∗∗	0.890∗∗∗	0.810∗∗∗	1.000	1.000	1.000
Urinary ca/weight	0.971∗∗∗	0.971∗∗∗	0.945∗∗∗	0.868∗∗∗	0.922∗∗∗	0.901∗∗∗
% of total ca intake	0.759∗∗∗	0.690∗∗∗	0.723∗∗∗	0.498∗∗∗	0.671∗∗∗	0.559∗∗∗
Urinary sodium excretion	0.360∗	0.621∗∗∗	0.509∗∗∗	0.135	0.455∗∗	0.295∗∗

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²),

2) SBP = systolic blood pressure,

3) DBP = diastolic blood pressure

^∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 6.

Correlation coefficients between urinary calcium excretion and nutrient intakes