1)경희대학교 동서의학대학원 의학영양학과 학생
2)경희대학교 동서의학대학원 의학영양학과 교수
3)아주대학교병원 영양팀장
4)경희대학교 동서의학대학원 노인학과 고령서비스-테크 융합전공 부교수
5)한양여자대학교 식품영양과 조교수
6)대구시 공공보건의료지원단 부단장
7)양산시 보건소 영양사
8)한국건강증진개발원 주임전문원
9)한국건강증진개발원 팀장
10)신구대학교 식품영양학과 조교수
1)Graduate Student, Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
2)Professor, Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
3)Team Leader, Clinical Nutrition Team, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
4)Associate Professor, AgeTech-Service Convergence Major, Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
5)Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
6)Vice-Director, Daegu Public Health Policy Institute, Daegu, Korea
7)Dietitian, Yangsan Public Health Center, Yangsan, Korea
8)Associate Officer, Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea
9)Team Manager, Health Promotion Institute, Seoul, Korea
10)Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Shingu College, Seongnam, Korea
© 2024 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This study was supported by a grant from the Korea Health Promotion and Development Institute.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available upon a reasonable request to the corresponding author.
Week | Section | Content | Method |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pre-assessment and evaluation | • Conducting a nutritional status assessment | Online |
• Subject basic information and dietary habits survey, etc. | |||
2 | ① Customized management | • Guidance for the first session of nutritional education | Online |
• Encouragement for participation, and the like | |||
31) | 1st basic nutrition education | • Implementation of basic education | Face to face |
[The Basic principles of dietary management for diabetic patients] | |||
- Diabetes mellitus etiology | |||
- The significance of dietary therapy | |||
- Diabetes and its complications | |||
- Eating a balanced diet regularly | |||
• Results of the first education and personalized management feedback | |||
4 | ② Customized management | • Guidance on the second session of nutritional education | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
51) | 2nd in-depth nutrition education | • Conduct in-depth training | Face to face |
[Blood glucose management in special circumstances] | |||
- When sick, when exercising, and blood sugar management | |||
- Symptoms and management of hypoglycemia | |||
- Considerations for popular folk remedies, etc. | |||
• Results feedback from the second session of education and personalized management | |||
6 | ③ Customized management | • Guidance on the third session of nutritional practicum education | Online |
• Education content reminding | |||
71) | 3rd practical training1) | • Guidance for the Third Session of nutritional practical training | Face to face |
[Diabetes taste testing event] | |||
- Portion control experiment with personal meal size | |||
- Exploring adequate meal portions for myself | |||
8 | ④ Customized management | • Personal consultation guide | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
9 | 4th individual consultation | • Conduct individual education and counseling | Online |
• Results feedback from the fourth session of counseling and personalized management | |||
10 | ⑤ Customized management | • Counseling content reminding | Online |
• Question and answer session | |||
11 | ⑥ Customized management | • Personal consultation guide | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
12 | 5th individual consultation | • Conducting individual education and counseling | Online |
• The end of the program | |||
• Final management results feedback |
Variable | Participant (n = 17) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 3 (17.6) |
Female | 14 (82.4) |
Age (year) | 62.71 ± 6.56 |
19–64 | 10 (58.8) |
≥ 65 | 7 (41.2) |
Classification of obesity1) | |
Normal | 1 (5.9) |
Overweight | 11 (64.7) |
Obesity | 5 (29.4) |
Variable |
Participant (n = 17) |
P-value1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Weight (kg) | 63.5 ± 10.3 | 63.7 ± 10.8 | 0.918 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 2.3 | 25.1 ± 2.5 | 0.850 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.3 ± 7.3 | 89.1 ± 8.1 | 0.582 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 21.8 ± 5.8 | 21.0 ± 5.6 | 0.231 |
Percent body fat (%) | 33.4 ± 3.9 | 33.1 ± 4.0 | 0.209 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 38.4 ± 6.2 | 38.7 ± 6.4 | 0.378 |
SBP (mm/Hg) | 117.7 ± 11.0 | 116.9 ± 13.5 | 0.850 |
DBP (mm/Hg) | 71.2 ± 7.8 | 71.2 ± 19.0 | 0.314 |
Variable |
Participant (n = 17) |
P-value1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 123.1 ± 21.0 | 119.8 ± 23.3 | 0.981 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 0.029 |
Cholesterol | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.4 ± 49.7 | 151.9 ± 37.7 | 0.047 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82.6 ± 38.8 | 56.9 ± 22.4 | 0.014 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.7 ± 16.3 | 61.1 ± 15.7 | 0.066 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 132.6 ± 64.4 | 175.6 ± 73.4 | 0.074 |
Nutrition knowledge |
Participant (n = 17) |
P-value1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Diabetes is caused by a deficiency or lack of insulin. | 7.7 ± 4.4 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.046 |
The medication is more crucial than diet or exercise in the treatment of diabetes. | 5.3 ± 5.1 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 0.008 |
If there are no specific symptoms, treatment may not be necessary for diabetes. | 8.2 ± 3.9 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.083 |
If blood sugar levels continue to rise, it can lead to visual impairment or impaired kidney function. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
If there is a high risk of low blood sugar, it is possible to consume a pre-exercise snack. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
After taking diabetes medication or receiving an insulin injection, if symptoms such as cold sweats, palpitations, hunger, fatigue, trembling hands, and headache occur, patients with diabetes should consume one tablespoon of sugar (15 g). | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.317 |
Maintaining a normal body weight is important for blood sugar control. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
Diabetic patients should not forego blood sugar monitoring and meals, as hypoglycemia may occur after alcohol consumption. | 7.7 ± 4.3 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.046 |
Fruits and vegetables contribute to lowering blood sugar levels. | 5.3 ± 5.1 | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 0.083 |
Mixed grain rice can be consumed in larger quantities compared to white rice. | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 0.046 |
Nutritional knowledge total score | 80.6 ± 15.2 | 95.9 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Component |
Participant (n = 17) |
P-value1) | |
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
I can adhere to dietary practices for blood pressure and blood sugar control. | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.157 |
I can control the amount of meals and keep it constant. | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
I can visit the clinic regularly to check the condition of the disease and get a complication check. | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 0.046 |
I can maintain normal blood pressure and blood sugar levels. | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.035 |
I can keep my body weight constant. | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | > 0.999 |
I can manage stress or anxiety just as effectively as during normal times. | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.070 |
I can ask my family for help when I have poor blood pressure/blood sugar control. | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.015 |
I can always practice eating blandly. | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 0.023 |
Self-efficacy total score | 29.7 ± 5.0 | 32.8 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
Week | Section | Content | Method |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Pre-assessment and evaluation | • Conducting a nutritional status assessment | Online |
• Subject basic information and dietary habits survey, etc. | |||
2 | ① Customized management | • Guidance for the first session of nutritional education | Online |
• Encouragement for participation, and the like | |||
3 |
1st basic nutrition education | • Implementation of basic education | Face to face |
[The Basic principles of dietary management for diabetic patients] | |||
- Diabetes mellitus etiology | |||
- The significance of dietary therapy | |||
- Diabetes and its complications | |||
- Eating a balanced diet regularly | |||
• Results of the first education and personalized management feedback | |||
4 | ② Customized management | • Guidance on the second session of nutritional education | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
5 |
2nd in-depth nutrition education | • Conduct in-depth training | Face to face |
[Blood glucose management in special circumstances] | |||
- When sick, when exercising, and blood sugar management | |||
- Symptoms and management of hypoglycemia | |||
- Considerations for popular folk remedies, etc. | |||
• Results feedback from the second session of education and personalized management | |||
6 | ③ Customized management | • Guidance on the third session of nutritional practicum education | Online |
• Education content reminding | |||
7 |
3rd practical training |
• Guidance for the Third Session of nutritional practical training | Face to face |
[Diabetes taste testing event] | |||
- Portion control experiment with personal meal size | |||
- Exploring adequate meal portions for myself | |||
8 | ④ Customized management | • Personal consultation guide | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
9 | 4th individual consultation | • Conduct individual education and counseling | Online |
• Results feedback from the fourth session of counseling and personalized management | |||
10 | ⑤ Customized management | • Counseling content reminding | Online |
• Question and answer session | |||
11 | ⑥ Customized management | • Personal consultation guide | Online |
• Blood sugar check | |||
12 | 5th individual consultation | • Conducting individual education and counseling | Online |
• The end of the program | |||
• Final management results feedback |
Variable | Participant (n = 17) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 3 (17.6) |
Female | 14 (82.4) |
Age (year) | 62.71 ± 6.56 |
19–64 | 10 (58.8) |
≥ 65 | 7 (41.2) |
Classification of obesity |
|
Normal | 1 (5.9) |
Overweight | 11 (64.7) |
Obesity | 5 (29.4) |
Variable | Participant (n = 17) |
P-value |
|
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Weight (kg) | 63.5 ± 10.3 | 63.7 ± 10.8 | 0.918 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.1 ± 2.3 | 25.1 ± 2.5 | 0.850 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 88.3 ± 7.3 | 89.1 ± 8.1 | 0.582 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 21.8 ± 5.8 | 21.0 ± 5.6 | 0.231 |
Percent body fat (%) | 33.4 ± 3.9 | 33.1 ± 4.0 | 0.209 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 38.4 ± 6.2 | 38.7 ± 6.4 | 0.378 |
SBP (mm/Hg) | 117.7 ± 11.0 | 116.9 ± 13.5 | 0.850 |
DBP (mm/Hg) | 71.2 ± 7.8 | 71.2 ± 19.0 | 0.314 |
Variable | Participant (n = 17) |
P-value |
|
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 123.1 ± 21.0 | 119.8 ± 23.3 | 0.981 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 6.4 ± 0.5 | 0.029 |
Cholesterol | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.4 ± 49.7 | 151.9 ± 37.7 | 0.047 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 82.6 ± 38.8 | 56.9 ± 22.4 | 0.014 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 58.7 ± 16.3 | 61.1 ± 15.7 | 0.066 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 132.6 ± 64.4 | 175.6 ± 73.4 | 0.074 |
Nutrition knowledge | Participant (n = 17) |
P-value |
|
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
Diabetes is caused by a deficiency or lack of insulin. | 7.7 ± 4.4 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.046 |
The medication is more crucial than diet or exercise in the treatment of diabetes. | 5.3 ± 5.1 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 0.008 |
If there are no specific symptoms, treatment may not be necessary for diabetes. | 8.2 ± 3.9 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.083 |
If blood sugar levels continue to rise, it can lead to visual impairment or impaired kidney function. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
If there is a high risk of low blood sugar, it is possible to consume a pre-exercise snack. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
After taking diabetes medication or receiving an insulin injection, if symptoms such as cold sweats, palpitations, hunger, fatigue, trembling hands, and headache occur, patients with diabetes should consume one tablespoon of sugar (15 g). | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.317 |
Maintaining a normal body weight is important for blood sugar control. | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | > 0.999 |
Diabetic patients should not forego blood sugar monitoring and meals, as hypoglycemia may occur after alcohol consumption. | 7.7 ± 4.3 | 10.0 ± 0.0 | 0.046 |
Fruits and vegetables contribute to lowering blood sugar levels. | 5.3 ± 5.1 | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 0.083 |
Mixed grain rice can be consumed in larger quantities compared to white rice. | 7.1 ± 4.7 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 0.046 |
Nutritional knowledge total score | 80.6 ± 15.2 | 95.9 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 |
Component | Participant (n = 17) |
P-value |
|
---|---|---|---|
Before | After | ||
I can adhere to dietary practices for blood pressure and blood sugar control. | 3.9 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.157 |
I can control the amount of meals and keep it constant. | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
I can visit the clinic regularly to check the condition of the disease and get a complication check. | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 0.046 |
I can maintain normal blood pressure and blood sugar levels. | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 0.035 |
I can keep my body weight constant. | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.7 | > 0.999 |
I can manage stress or anxiety just as effectively as during normal times. | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.9 | 0.070 |
I can ask my family for help when I have poor blood pressure/blood sugar control. | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 0.7 | 0.015 |
I can always practice eating blandly. | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 0.023 |
Self-efficacy total score | 29.7 ± 5.0 | 32.8 ± 5.2 | 0.002 |
The weeks indicate the “nutrition education program” included in the dietary management program.
n (%) or Mean ± SD. Normal, 18.5 kg/m2–22.9 kg/m2; overweight, 23 kg/m2–24.9 kg/m2; obesity, > 25 kg/m2.
Mean ± SD. BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. Significance as determined by Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test (
Mean ± SD. HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein. Significance as determined by Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test (
Mean ± SD. Significance as determined by Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test (
Mean ± SD. Significance as determined by Wilcoxon’s signed-ranks test (