, 김우정3)
, 김소영4)
, 박영미5)
, 윤화영6)
, 전민선2),7),†
, Woo-jeong Kim3)
, So-young Kim4)
, Young-mi Park5)
, Hwa-young Yoon6)
, Min-Sun Jeon2),7),†
1)충남대학교 식품영양학과 및 글로컬라이프케어 융합전공 박사과정생
2)충남대학교 글로컬라이프케어 혁신인재교육단
3)세브란스병원 영양팀장
4)국립암센터 부속병원 임상영양실장
5)분당서울대학교병원 영양실장
6)보바스기념병원 임상영양팀장
7)충남대학교 식품영양학과 교수
1)Ph.D. Student, Department of Food and Nutrition•Major of Glocal Life-Care Convergence, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
2)Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
3)Head, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
4)Head, Department of Clinical Nutrition, National Cancer Center Hospital, Goyang, Korea
5)Head, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), Seongnam, Korea
6)Head, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
7)Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
© 2025 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This research was supported by a grant from Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2022 (Grant No. 22192MFDS067).
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available upon request to the corresponding author.
| Categories | Variables | Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respondents | Sex | Female | 181 (72.7) |
| Male | 68 (27.3) | ||
| Age (year) | 20–29 | 13 (5.2) | |
| 30–39 | 69 (27.7) | ||
| 40–49 | 110 (44.2) | ||
| 50–59 | 51 (20.5) | ||
| 60–69 | 6 (2.4) | ||
| Facility | Dietitian employment status | Yes | 61 (24.5) |
| No | 188 (75.5) | ||
| Operation type of meal service | On-site (self-operated/home-style) | 185 (74.3) | |
| On-site (contracted) | 18 (7.2) | ||
| Off-site (delivered meal) | 46 (18.5) | ||
| Residents/users1) | Type of disability | Developmental disabilities | 468 (78.7) |
| Physical disabilities | 44 (7.4) | ||
| Multiple disabilities (developmental + physical) | 83 (13.9) | ||
| Frequent disease | Obesity | 204 (34.3) | |
| Intellectual and developmental disabilities | 103 (17.3) | ||
| Hypertension | 100 (16.8) | ||
| Diabetes | 95 (16.0) | ||
| Swallowing disorders | 35 (5.9) | ||
| Underweight | 22 (3.7) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 15 (2.5) | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 5 (0.8) | ||
| Others | 16 (2.7) | ||
| Total | 595 (100) | ||
| Categories | Variables | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrition counseling manual | Inclusion of necessary topics | 4.30 ± 0.691) |
| Appropriateness of content | 4.13 ± 0.61 | |
| Intention to use | 4.13 ± 0.80 | |
| Level of utilization | 3.96 ± 0.86 | |
| Satisfaction level | 3.87 ± 0.74 | |
| Effectiveness in improving nutritional status | 3.74 ± 0.99 | |
| Convenience of checking the information | 3.70 ± 0.95 | |
| (Average) | 3.98 ± 0.80 |
| Participant ID | Sex | Age group | Type of facility | Job title | Length of employment at facility | Length of employment in the health and welfare field |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | F | 50s | Residential facility for persons with disabilities | Cook | ≤ 1 year | ≤ 5 year |
| 2 | F | 60s | Residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (facility director) | ≥ 10 years | ≥ 20 years |
| 3 | F | 40s | Residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (facility director) | ≥ 10 years | ≥ 20 years |
| 4 | F | 40s | Residential facility for persons with disabilities | Nutritionist | 6–10 years | 5–10 years |
| 5 | M | 40s | Residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (department head) | ≥ 10 years | 16–20 years |
| 6 | F | 40s | Short-term residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (facility director) | ≥ 10 years | ≥ 20 years |
| 7 | F | 50s | Short-term residential facility for persons with disabilities | Cook | 3–5 years | 5–10 years |
| 8 | F | 30s | Day activity center for persons with disabilities | Manager (department head) | 3–5 years | ≤ 5 year |
| 9 | F | 40s | Short-term residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (facility director) | 1–2 years | ≥ 20 years |
| 10 | M | 50s | Short-term residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (facility director) | ≥ 10 years | ≥ 20 years |
| 11 | F | 40s | Short-term residential facility for persons with disabilities | Manager (deputy director) | ≥ 10 years | 11–15 years |
| Theme | Sub-theme | Constructed meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Education topics | - Various education topics | - Individuals with brain lesions cannot participate in education |
| - Nutrition education on various topics is needed for facility staff | ||
| - Educaion on stimulating eating interest and providing meal support | - Education is needed to guide healthy eating habits | |
| - Methods to stimulate interest in meals | ||
| - Professional training is required to support individuals with chewing or swallowing difficulties | ||
| - Basic nutrition education and fundamental cooking skills | - Basic nutrition education should be provided | |
| - Basic cooking training for male employees is recommended | ||
| - Food allergy management methods | - Guidance on providing alternative meals for food allergies is required | |
| - Training in food allergy management should be offered | ||
| Education media | - Customized materials for facility staff | - In-person training for facility staff is required |
| - Remote training with simple material distribution is ineffective | ||
| - Group sessions using PowerPoint materials are preferred | ||
| - Online and offline educational materials | - Materials should be usable independently within the facility | |
| - Materials should provide information for guardians | ||
| - Educational materials should be simple and accessible (e.g., card news, infographics, videos) |
| Categories | Variables | Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Respondents | Sex | Female | 181 (72.7) |
| Male | 68 (27.3) | ||
| Age (year) | 20–29 | 13 (5.2) | |
| 30–39 | 69 (27.7) | ||
| 40–49 | 110 (44.2) | ||
| 50–59 | 51 (20.5) | ||
| 60–69 | 6 (2.4) | ||
| Facility | Dietitian employment status | Yes | 61 (24.5) |
| No | 188 (75.5) | ||
| Operation type of meal service | On-site (self-operated/home-style) | 185 (74.3) | |
| On-site (contracted) | 18 (7.2) | ||
| Off-site (delivered meal) | 46 (18.5) | ||
| Residents/users |
Type of disability | Developmental disabilities | 468 (78.7) |
| Physical disabilities | 44 (7.4) | ||
| Multiple disabilities (developmental + physical) | 83 (13.9) | ||
| Frequent disease | Obesity | 204 (34.3) | |
| Intellectual and developmental disabilities | 103 (17.3) | ||
| Hypertension | 100 (16.8) | ||
| Diabetes | 95 (16.0) | ||
| Swallowing disorders | 35 (5.9) | ||
| Underweight | 22 (3.7) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 15 (2.5) | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 5 (0.8) | ||
| Others | 16 (2.7) | ||
| Total | 595 (100) | ||
| Category | Item | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| Provision of nutrition counseling | Yes | 71 (28.5) |
| No | 178 (71.5) | |
| Total | 249 (100) | |
| Frequency of nutrition counseling | Twice a month | 1 (1.4) |
| Once a month | 15 (21.1) | |
| Once every 2–3 months | 6 (8.5) | |
| Once or twice a year | 8 (11.3) | |
| Once a year | 10 (14.1) | |
| On an irregular basis | 27 (38.0) | |
| Others | 4 (5.6) | |
| Total | 71 (100) | |
| Provider of nutrition counseling | In-house facility staff | 62 (87.3) |
| External agencies (e.g., local government, organizations) | 3 (4.2) | |
| Hospitals | 3 (4.2) | |
| Public health centers | 3 (4.2) | |
| Total | 71 (100) | |
| Reasons for not providing nutrition counseling | Lack of educational materials and guidelines | 49 (27.5) |
| Difficulties in direct counseling with residents/users | 44 (24.7) | |
| Limited knowledge about counseling | 38 (21.3) | |
| Heavy administrative workload of staff | 29 (16.3) | |
| Lack of awareness of the need for counseling | 7 (3.9) | |
| Low perceived effectiveness of counseling | 2 (1.1) | |
| Others | 9 (5.1) | |
| Total | 178 (100) |
| Categories | Variables | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Perceptions of staff on nutrition counseling | Improvement in the health of residents/users | 4.04 ± 0.89 |
| Enhancement of residents’/users’ life satisfaction | 4.01 ± 0.93 | |
| Dependence on nutrition counseling services | 4.00 ± 0.91 | |
| Necessity of nutrition counseling for caregivers | 3.86 ± 1.02 | |
| (Average) | 3.98 ± 0.94 | |
| Educational topic needs | Personal hygiene | 4.44 ± 0.71 |
| Accident prevention | 4.41 ± 0.72 | |
| Obesity management | 4.34 ± 0.74 | |
| Food poisoning prevention | 4.23 ± 0.82 | |
| Convenience food management | 4.18 ± 0.90 | |
| Sugar intake management | 4.02 ± 0.89 | |
| Safe food choices | 4.00 ± 0.87 | |
| Healthy snacking | 3.92 ± 0.87 | |
| Processed food awareness | 3.87 ± 0.85 | |
| Low-sodium diet | 3.86 ± 0.90 | |
| Dietary supplement | 3.69 ± 0.98 | |
| Hydration | 3.68 ± 1.00 | |
| Digestive disorders | 3.43 ± 1.00 | |
| Bowel disorders | 3.40 ± 1.06 | |
| Management of preference foods | 3.24 ± 1.26 | |
| Dysphagia | 3.22 ± 1.22 | |
| Underweight | 2.98 ± 1.20 | |
| (Average) | 3.82 ± 0.88 |
| Categories | Variables | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Working period | Less than 1 year | 3 (11.5) |
| 1 year or more to less than 5 years | 13 (50.0) | |
| 5 years or more | 10 (38.5) | |
| Type of license | Clinical dietitian | 9 (34.6) |
| Dietitian | 17 (65.4) |
| Categories | Variables | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrition counseling manual | Inclusion of necessary topics | 4.30 ± 0.69 |
| Appropriateness of content | 4.13 ± 0.61 | |
| Intention to use | 4.13 ± 0.80 | |
| Level of utilization | 3.96 ± 0.86 | |
| Satisfaction level | 3.87 ± 0.74 | |
| Effectiveness in improving nutritional status | 3.74 ± 0.99 | |
| Convenience of checking the information | 3.70 ± 0.95 | |
| (Average) | 3.98 ± 0.80 |
| Categories | Variables | Detailed content |
|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ. General understanding of nutrition counseling | Pre-counseling guide for understanding nutritional needs of persons with disabilities | - Communication strategies by disability type (cognitive impairment, speech difficulty) |
| - Nutrition intervention rationale (undernutrition, obesity, metabolic risk) | ||
| - Eating behavior traits (food selectivity, sensory issues, disordered eating) | ||
| Ⅱ. Procedures and methods | Field-ready counseling guidelines with simplified tools | - Disability-specific tools (MNA-SF, PNST) |
| - Practical templates for documentation | ||
| Ⅲ–Ⅳ. Counseling for Specific Issues | Summary of nutrition strategies and interventions for key conditions | - Counseling by nutrition issues (chewing, enteral feeding, diet balance) |
| - Counseling by disease (diabetes, obesity, food allergy) | ||
| Ⅴ-Ⅶ. Reference materials | Organized resources for efficient counseling | - Growth charts, height estimation, essential forms |
| - Useful websites and educational handouts | ||
| Ⅷ. References | Supporting scientific validity and reliability | - Reference list used in manual development |
M, male; F, female.
n (%). Multiple responses.
n (%).
Mean ± SD. 5-point Likert scale (1: not at all, 5: very much).
n (%).
Mean ± SD. 5-point Likert scale (1: not at all, 5: very much). Out of 5.0.
MNA-SF, Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form; PNST, Paediatric Nutrition Screening Tool.
