, 황지윤2)
, 박소현3)
, 유현주4)
, 오지은5),†
, Ji-Yun Hwang2)
, Sohyun Park3)
, Hyun Joo Ryou4)
, Jieun Oh5),†
1)이화여자대학교 식품영양학과 석사과정생
2)상명대학교 식품영양학전공 교수
3)한림대학교 식품영양학과 교수
4)사단법인 식생태문화협회 기획이사
5)이화여자대학교 신산업융합대학 교수
1)Master Student, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
2)Professor, Major of Foodservice Management and Nutrition, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
3)Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
4)Director, The Ecological Eating and Culture Association, Seoul, Korea
5)Professor, College of Science and Industry Convergence, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
© 2025 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We sincerely thank all caregivers who generously participated in the survey.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Research data is available from the corresponding author upon request.
| Variables | Categories | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 408 (48.2) |
| Female | 438 (51.8) | |
| Age (year) | Under 30 | 8 (0.9) |
| 30–39 | 180 (21.3) | |
| 40–49 | 600 (70.9) | |
| 50–59 | 58 (6.9) | |
| Relationship | Father | 408 (48.2) |
| Mather | 437 (51.7) | |
| Grandparents (excluding others) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Region | Urban | 628 (74.2) |
| Rural | 59 (7.0) | |
| No response | 159 (18.8) | |
| Education level | High school | 95 (11.2) |
| University | 645 (76.2) | |
| Graduate | 106 (12.5) | |
| Occupation | Office worker | 430 (50.8) |
| Sale or service | 72 (8.5) | |
| Professional | 71 (8.4) | |
| Self-employed business | 52 (6.1) | |
| Housewives | 191 (22.6) | |
| Students and others | 30 (3.6) | |
| Family income1) | Low | 201 (23.8) |
| Middle | 310 (36.6) | |
| Upper | 335 (39.6) | |
| Food literacy2) | Lower | 272 (32.2) |
| Lower middle | 183 (21.6) | |
| Upper middle | 237 (28.0) | |
| Upper | 154 (18.2) |
| Variables | Cronbach’s α | Number of items |
|---|---|---|
| Food literacy | 0.939 | 25 |
| Social support | 0.727 | 4 |
| Food environment | 0.853 | 5 |
| NQ-C | 0.631 | 19 |
| Variables | Total (n = 846) | Household income | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 201) | Middle (n = 310) | Upper (n = 335) | |||
| FL1) | 61.8 ± 13.9 | 58.5 ± 12.1a | 60.7 ± 13.9a | 64.8 ± 14.4b | < 0.0012) |
| Production | 52.4 ± 21.7 | 48.6 ± 20.0a | 51.2 ± 21.0a | 55.9 ± 22.8b | < 0.001 |
| Selection | 59.1 ± 16.8 | 56.5 ± 14.8a | 57.7 ± 17.0a | 61.8 ± 17.5b | < 0.001 |
| Preparation and cooking | 68.2 ± 14.4 | 65.6 ± 13.6a | 67.1 ± 14.3a | 70.8 ± 14.5b | < 0.001 |
| Intake | 62.5 ± 16.2 | 58.5 ± 14.7a | 61.4 ± 16.2b | 65.9 ± 16.4c | < 0.001 |
| Disposal | 68.2 ± 16.0 | 64.9 ± 14.7a | 67.4 ± 15.8a | 71.0 ± 16.6b | < 0.001 |
| FL grade3) | < 0.0014) | ||||
| Lower | 272 (32.2) | 82 (40.8) | 105 (33.9) | 85 (25.4) | |
| Lower middle | 183 (21.6) | 42 (20.9) | 72 (23.2) | 69 (20.6) | |
| Upper middle | 237 (28.0) | 64 (31.8) | 78 (25.2) | 95 (28.4) | |
| Upper | 154 (18.2) | 13 (6.5) | 55 (17.7) | 86 (25.7) | |
| Social support5) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.7a | 3.9 ± 0.6a | 4.1 ± 0.6b | 0.0162) |
| Food environment6) | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6a | 3.7 ± 0.6b | 3.8 ± 0.7c | < 0.0012) |
Mean ± SD or n (%).
FL, food literacy.
1)This score encompasses the production, selection, preparation and cooking, intake, disposal dimensions of FL.
2)P-values for FL, social support, and food environment were determined by one-way ANOVA.
3)FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74).
4)P-values for FL grade were determined by Chi-square test.
5)Measured using a 5-point Likert scale (never = 1, always = 5).
6)Measured using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree = 1, strongly agree = 5).
a–cValues with different superscripts within each row are significantly different at P < 0.05, as determined by Duncan's multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
| Variables | Categories | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | Boys | 426 (50.4) |
| Girls | 420 (49.6) | |
| Grade1) | Lower grades | 421 (49.8) |
| Upper grades | 425 (50.2) | |
| Weight status2) | Underweight | 78 (9.2) |
| Normal weight | 579 (68.4) | |
| Overweight | 91 (10.8) | |
| Obesity | 98 (11.6) | |
| NQ-C3) | NQ-C | 58.9 ± 13.3 |
| Balance | 43.5 ± 15.1 | |
| Moderation | 44.1 ± 13.2 | |
| Practice | 67.0 ± 19.5 | |
| NQ-C grade | ||
| NQ-C4) | Low | 299 (35.3) |
| Middle | 351 (41.5) | |
| High | 196 (23.2) | |
| Balance5) | Low | 245 (29.0) |
| Middle | 389 (46.0) | |
| High | 212 (25.0) | |
| Moderation6) | Low | 581 (68.7) |
| Middle | 225 (26.6) | |
| High | 40 (4.7) | |
| Practice7) | Low | 247 (29.2) |
| Middle | 340 (40.2) | |
| High | 259 (30.6) |
n (%) or Mean ± SD.
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children.
1)Grade: low grades (grades 1–3; approximately ages 6–9), high grades (grades 4–6; approximately ages 9–12).
2)Weight status: underweight (< 5th percentile), normal weight (5–85th percentile), overweight (85–95th percentile), obese (≥ 95th percentile).
3)This score encompasses the balance, moderation, practice dimensions of NQ-C.
4)NQ grade: low (≤ 53.307), middle (53.308–70.729), high (≥ 70.730).
5)Balance grade: low (≤ 35.049), middle (35.050–52.549), high (≥ 52.550).
6)Moderation grade: low (≤ 49.999), middle (50.000–66.762), high (≥ 66.763).
7)Practice grade: low (≤ 54.449), middle (54.450–79.949), high (≥ 79.950).
| Total (n = 846) | Household income | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 201) | Middle (n = 310) | Upper (n = 335) | |||
| BMI | 0.0821) | ||||
| Underweight | 78 (9.2) | 18 (9.0) | 28 (9.0) | 32 (9.6) | |
| Normal weight | 579 (68.4) | 124 (61.7) | 217 (70.0) | 238 (71.0) | |
| Overweight | 91 (10.8) | 28 (13.9) | 37 (11.9) | 26 (7.8) | |
| Obesity | 98 (11.6) | 31 (15.4) | 28 (9.0) | 39 (11.6) | |
| NQ-C2) grade | |||||
| NQ-C overall3) | 0.3141) | ||||
| Low | 299 (35.3) | 78 (38.8) | 115 (37.1) | 106 (31.6) | |
| Middle | 351 (41.5) | 78 (38.8) | 131 (42.3) | 142 (42.4) | |
| High | 196 (23.2) | 45 (22.4) | 64 (20.6) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Balance4) | < 0.0011) | ||||
| Low | 245 (29.0) | 61 (30.3) | 97 (31.3) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Middle | 389 (46.0) | 102 (50.8) | 150 (48.4) | 137 (40.9) | |
| High | 212 (25.0) | 38 (18.9) | 63 (20.3) | 111 (33.1) | |
| Moderation5) | 0.1991) | ||||
| Low | 581 (68.7) | 150 (74.6) | 209 (67.4) | 222 (66.3) | |
| Middle | 225 (26.6) | 41 (20.4) | 89 (28.7) | 95 (28.4) | |
| High | 40 (4.7) | 10 (5.0) | 12 (3.9) | 18 (5.3) | |
| Practice6) | 0.2531) | ||||
| Low | 247 (29.2) | 62 (30.9) | 98 (31.6) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Middle | 340 (40.2) | 73 (36.3) | 129 (41.6) | 138 (41.2) | |
| High | 259 (30.6) | 66 (32.8) | 83 (26.8) | 110 (32.8) | |
n (%).
Values with different superscripts within each row are significantly different at P < 0.05, as determined by Duncan’s multiple comparison test.
BMI, body mass index; NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children.
1)P-values for categorical variables (BMI, NQ-C grade, balance grade, moderation grade, and practice grade) were determined by Chi-square test.
2)This score encompasses the balance, moderation, practice dimensions of NQ-C.
3)NQ grade: low (≤ 53.307), middle (53.308–70.729), high (≥ 70.730).
4)Balance grade: low (≤ 35.049), middle (35.050–52.549), high (≥ 52.550).
5)Moderation grade: low (≤ 49.999), middle (50.000–66.762), high (≥ 66.763).
6)Practice grade: low (≤ 54.449), middle (54.450–79.949), high (≥ 79.950).
| NQ-C | Balance | Moderation | Practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income1) | ||||
| Low | 57.9 ± 13.8 | 41.3 ± 13.3a | 43.1 ± 13.4 | 66.2 ± 20.6 |
| Middle | 58.5 ± 12.8 | 42.4 ± 14.9a | 44.1 ± 12.7 | 66.6 ± 18.7 |
| Upper | 59.9 ± 13.4 | 45.9 ± 15.9b | 44.7 ± 13.6 | 67.9 ± 19.6 |
| P-value2) | 0.170 | < 0.001 | 0.397 | 0.577 |
| FL3) | ||||
| Lower | 52.4 ± 12.4a | 38.1 ± 13.1a | 45.8 ± 11.8 | 57.8 ± 18.1a |
| Lower middle | 57.0 ± 12.6b | 40.1 ± 12.0a | 44.1 ± 13.8 | 64.9 ± 19.4b |
| Upper middle | 62.5 ± 11.6c | 46.1 ± 14.4b | 43.0 ± 12.2 | 72.3 ± 17.5c |
| Upper | 66.9 ± 12.2d | 53.0 ± 17.1c | 42.7 ± 16.0 | 77.6 ± 17.1d |
| P-value2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.056 | < 0.001 |
| Social support4) | ||||
| Low | 51.3 ± 11.9a | 38.3 ± 13.1a | 46.2 ± 12.4b | 55.9 ± 17.5a |
| Middle | 60.0 ± 12.5b | 43.8 ± 14.6b | 43.5 ± 13.7a | 68.9 ± 18.5b |
| High | 67.5 ± 11.5c | 51.0 ± 16.2c | 42.5 ± 12.9a | 79.0 ± 16.5c |
| P-value2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.013 | < 0.001 |
| Food environment4) | ||||
| Low | 55.5 ± 13.1a | 40.8 ± 13.4a | 43.4 ± 12.4 | 62.6 ± 19.7a |
| Middle | 60.2 ± 13.0b | 44.5 ± 15.3b | 44.7 ± 13.6 | 68.6 ± 18.9b |
| High | 63.8 ±13.0c | 47.5 ± 17.2c | 43.3 ± 14.2 | 73.9 ± 18.8c |
| P-value2) | < 0.0 01 | < 0.001 | 0.329 | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD.
Values with different superscripts (a-d) within each column are significantly different at P < 0.05, as determined by Duncan’s multiple comparison test.
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children; FL, food literacy.
1)Household income: low (≤399), middle (400-599), upper (≥600).
2)P-values for continuous variables were determined by one-way ANOVA.
3)FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74).
4)Social support and food environment groups were categorized based on quartile values (low: < 25th percentile, middle: 25th–75th percentile, high: > 75th percentile).
a–dValues with different superscripts within each column are significantly different at P < 0.05, as determined by Duncan’s multiple comparison test.
| NQ-C | Balance | Moderation | Practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FL1) | ||||
| Lower | 52.4 ± 0.7 | 38.3 ± 0.9 | 45.9 ± 0.8 | 57.6 ± 1.1 |
| Lower-middle | 57.0 ± 0.9 | 40.1 ± 1.0 | 44.1 ± 1.0 | 64.9 ± 1.3 |
| Upper-middle | 62.5 ± 0.8 | 46.1 ± 0.9 | 43.1 ± 0.9 | 72.3 ± 1.2 |
| Upper | 67.0 ± 1.0 | 52.6 ± 1.1 | 42.4 ± 1.1 | 77.9 ± 1.5 |
| P-value2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.029 | < 0.001 |
| Social support3) | ||||
| Low | 51.4 ± 0.8 | 38.5 ± 0.9 | 46.3 ± 0.9 | 55.9 ± 1.2 |
| Middle | 60.0 ± 0.6 | 43.7 ± 0.7 | 43.5 ± 0.6 | 68.9 ± 0.8 |
| High | 67.5 ± 1.0 | 50.9 ± 1.2 | 42.5 ± 1.1 | 79.1 ± 1.5 |
| P-value2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.010 | < 0.001 |
| Food environment3) | ||||
| Low | 55.5 ± 0.7 | 41.0 ± 0.8 | 43.5 ± 0.8 | 62.6 ± 1.1 |
| Middle | 60.2 ± 0.6 | 44.4 ± 0.7 | 44.7 ± 0.6 | 68.6 ± 0.9 |
| High | 63.7 ± 1.3 | 47.0 ± 1.5 | 43.1 ± 1.3 | 73.8 ± 1.9 |
| P-value2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.263 | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SE.
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children; FL, food literacy.
1)FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74).
2)P-values for continuous variables were determined by one-way ANCOVA after adjusting for household income.
3)Social support and food environment groups were categorized based on quartile values (low: < 25th percentile, middle: 25th–75th percentile, high: > 75th percentile).
| NQ-C | Food literacy | Social support | Food environment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NQ-C | 1 | |||
| Food literacy | 0.425*** | 1 | ||
| Social support | 0.471*** | 0.510*** | 1 | |
| Food environment | 0.235*** | 0.428*** | 0.403*** | 1 |
| Variables | Categories | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 408 (48.2) |
| Female | 438 (51.8) | |
| Age (year) | Under 30 | 8 (0.9) |
| 30–39 | 180 (21.3) | |
| 40–49 | 600 (70.9) | |
| 50–59 | 58 (6.9) | |
| Relationship | Father | 408 (48.2) |
| Mather | 437 (51.7) | |
| Grandparents (excluding others) | 1 (0.1) | |
| Region | Urban | 628 (74.2) |
| Rural | 59 (7.0) | |
| No response | 159 (18.8) | |
| Education level | High school | 95 (11.2) |
| University | 645 (76.2) | |
| Graduate | 106 (12.5) | |
| Occupation | Office worker | 430 (50.8) |
| Sale or service | 72 (8.5) | |
| Professional | 71 (8.4) | |
| Self-employed business | 52 (6.1) | |
| Housewives | 191 (22.6) | |
| Students and others | 30 (3.6) | |
| Family income |
Low | 201 (23.8) |
| Middle | 310 (36.6) | |
| Upper | 335 (39.6) | |
| Food literacy |
Lower | 272 (32.2) |
| Lower middle | 183 (21.6) | |
| Upper middle | 237 (28.0) | |
| Upper | 154 (18.2) |
| Variables | Cronbach’s α | Number of items |
|---|---|---|
| Food literacy | 0.939 | 25 |
| Social support | 0.727 | 4 |
| Food environment | 0.853 | 5 |
| NQ-C | 0.631 | 19 |
| Variables | Total (n = 846) | Household income | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 201) | Middle (n = 310) | Upper (n = 335) | |||
| FL |
61.8 ± 13.9 | 58.5 ± 12.1a | 60.7 ± 13.9a | 64.8 ± 14.4b | < 0.001 |
| Production | 52.4 ± 21.7 | 48.6 ± 20.0a | 51.2 ± 21.0a | 55.9 ± 22.8b | < 0.001 |
| Selection | 59.1 ± 16.8 | 56.5 ± 14.8a | 57.7 ± 17.0a | 61.8 ± 17.5b | < 0.001 |
| Preparation and cooking | 68.2 ± 14.4 | 65.6 ± 13.6a | 67.1 ± 14.3a | 70.8 ± 14.5b | < 0.001 |
| Intake | 62.5 ± 16.2 | 58.5 ± 14.7a | 61.4 ± 16.2b | 65.9 ± 16.4c | < 0.001 |
| Disposal | 68.2 ± 16.0 | 64.9 ± 14.7a | 67.4 ± 15.8a | 71.0 ± 16.6b | < 0.001 |
| FL grade |
< 0.001 |
||||
| Lower | 272 (32.2) | 82 (40.8) | 105 (33.9) | 85 (25.4) | |
| Lower middle | 183 (21.6) | 42 (20.9) | 72 (23.2) | 69 (20.6) | |
| Upper middle | 237 (28.0) | 64 (31.8) | 78 (25.2) | 95 (28.4) | |
| Upper | 154 (18.2) | 13 (6.5) | 55 (17.7) | 86 (25.7) | |
| Social support |
4.0 ± 0.6 | 4.0 ± 0.7a | 3.9 ± 0.6a | 4.1 ± 0.6b | 0.016 |
| Food environment |
3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6a | 3.7 ± 0.6b | 3.8 ± 0.7c | < 0.001 |
| Variables | Categories | Value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | Boys | 426 (50.4) |
| Girls | 420 (49.6) | |
| Grade |
Lower grades | 421 (49.8) |
| Upper grades | 425 (50.2) | |
| Weight status |
Underweight | 78 (9.2) |
| Normal weight | 579 (68.4) | |
| Overweight | 91 (10.8) | |
| Obesity | 98 (11.6) | |
| NQ-C |
NQ-C | 58.9 ± 13.3 |
| Balance | 43.5 ± 15.1 | |
| Moderation | 44.1 ± 13.2 | |
| Practice | 67.0 ± 19.5 | |
| NQ-C grade | ||
| NQ-C |
Low | 299 (35.3) |
| Middle | 351 (41.5) | |
| High | 196 (23.2) | |
| Balance |
Low | 245 (29.0) |
| Middle | 389 (46.0) | |
| High | 212 (25.0) | |
| Moderation |
Low | 581 (68.7) |
| Middle | 225 (26.6) | |
| High | 40 (4.7) | |
| Practice |
Low | 247 (29.2) |
| Middle | 340 (40.2) | |
| High | 259 (30.6) |
| Total (n = 846) | Household income | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 201) | Middle (n = 310) | Upper (n = 335) | |||
| BMI | 0.082 |
||||
| Underweight | 78 (9.2) | 18 (9.0) | 28 (9.0) | 32 (9.6) | |
| Normal weight | 579 (68.4) | 124 (61.7) | 217 (70.0) | 238 (71.0) | |
| Overweight | 91 (10.8) | 28 (13.9) | 37 (11.9) | 26 (7.8) | |
| Obesity | 98 (11.6) | 31 (15.4) | 28 (9.0) | 39 (11.6) | |
| NQ-C |
|||||
| NQ-C overall |
0.314 |
||||
| Low | 299 (35.3) | 78 (38.8) | 115 (37.1) | 106 (31.6) | |
| Middle | 351 (41.5) | 78 (38.8) | 131 (42.3) | 142 (42.4) | |
| High | 196 (23.2) | 45 (22.4) | 64 (20.6) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Balance |
< 0.001 |
||||
| Low | 245 (29.0) | 61 (30.3) | 97 (31.3) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Middle | 389 (46.0) | 102 (50.8) | 150 (48.4) | 137 (40.9) | |
| High | 212 (25.0) | 38 (18.9) | 63 (20.3) | 111 (33.1) | |
| Moderation |
0.199 |
||||
| Low | 581 (68.7) | 150 (74.6) | 209 (67.4) | 222 (66.3) | |
| Middle | 225 (26.6) | 41 (20.4) | 89 (28.7) | 95 (28.4) | |
| High | 40 (4.7) | 10 (5.0) | 12 (3.9) | 18 (5.3) | |
| Practice |
0.253 |
||||
| Low | 247 (29.2) | 62 (30.9) | 98 (31.6) | 87 (26.0) | |
| Middle | 340 (40.2) | 73 (36.3) | 129 (41.6) | 138 (41.2) | |
| High | 259 (30.6) | 66 (32.8) | 83 (26.8) | 110 (32.8) | |
| NQ-C | Balance | Moderation | Practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household income |
||||
| Low | 57.9 ± 13.8 | 41.3 ± 13.3a | 43.1 ± 13.4 | 66.2 ± 20.6 |
| Middle | 58.5 ± 12.8 | 42.4 ± 14.9a | 44.1 ± 12.7 | 66.6 ± 18.7 |
| Upper | 59.9 ± 13.4 | 45.9 ± 15.9b | 44.7 ± 13.6 | 67.9 ± 19.6 |
| P-value |
0.170 | < 0.001 | 0.397 | 0.577 |
| FL |
||||
| Lower | 52.4 ± 12.4a | 38.1 ± 13.1a | 45.8 ± 11.8 | 57.8 ± 18.1a |
| Lower middle | 57.0 ± 12.6b | 40.1 ± 12.0a | 44.1 ± 13.8 | 64.9 ± 19.4b |
| Upper middle | 62.5 ± 11.6c | 46.1 ± 14.4b | 43.0 ± 12.2 | 72.3 ± 17.5c |
| Upper | 66.9 ± 12.2d | 53.0 ± 17.1c | 42.7 ± 16.0 | 77.6 ± 17.1d |
| P-value |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.056 | < 0.001 |
| Social support |
||||
| Low | 51.3 ± 11.9a | 38.3 ± 13.1a | 46.2 ± 12.4b | 55.9 ± 17.5a |
| Middle | 60.0 ± 12.5b | 43.8 ± 14.6b | 43.5 ± 13.7a | 68.9 ± 18.5b |
| High | 67.5 ± 11.5c | 51.0 ± 16.2c | 42.5 ± 12.9a | 79.0 ± 16.5c |
| P-value |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.013 | < 0.001 |
| Food environment |
||||
| Low | 55.5 ± 13.1a | 40.8 ± 13.4a | 43.4 ± 12.4 | 62.6 ± 19.7a |
| Middle | 60.2 ± 13.0b | 44.5 ± 15.3b | 44.7 ± 13.6 | 68.6 ± 18.9b |
| High | 63.8 ±13.0c | 47.5 ± 17.2c | 43.3 ± 14.2 | 73.9 ± 18.8c |
| P-value |
< 0.0 01 | < 0.001 | 0.329 | < 0.001 |
| NQ-C | Balance | Moderation | Practice | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FL |
||||
| Lower | 52.4 ± 0.7 | 38.3 ± 0.9 | 45.9 ± 0.8 | 57.6 ± 1.1 |
| Lower-middle | 57.0 ± 0.9 | 40.1 ± 1.0 | 44.1 ± 1.0 | 64.9 ± 1.3 |
| Upper-middle | 62.5 ± 0.8 | 46.1 ± 0.9 | 43.1 ± 0.9 | 72.3 ± 1.2 |
| Upper | 67.0 ± 1.0 | 52.6 ± 1.1 | 42.4 ± 1.1 | 77.9 ± 1.5 |
| P-value |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.029 | < 0.001 |
| Social support |
||||
| Low | 51.4 ± 0.8 | 38.5 ± 0.9 | 46.3 ± 0.9 | 55.9 ± 1.2 |
| Middle | 60.0 ± 0.6 | 43.7 ± 0.7 | 43.5 ± 0.6 | 68.9 ± 0.8 |
| High | 67.5 ± 1.0 | 50.9 ± 1.2 | 42.5 ± 1.1 | 79.1 ± 1.5 |
| P-value |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.010 | < 0.001 |
| Food environment |
||||
| Low | 55.5 ± 0.7 | 41.0 ± 0.8 | 43.5 ± 0.8 | 62.6 ± 1.1 |
| Middle | 60.2 ± 0.6 | 44.4 ± 0.7 | 44.7 ± 0.6 | 68.6 ± 0.9 |
| High | 63.7 ± 1.3 | 47.0 ± 1.5 | 43.1 ± 1.3 | 73.8 ± 1.9 |
| P-value |
< 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.263 | < 0.001 |
| NQ-C | Food literacy | Social support | Food environment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NQ-C | 1 | |||
| Food literacy | 0.425 |
1 | ||
| Social support | 0.471 |
0.510 |
1 | |
| Food environment | 0.235 |
0.428 |
0.403 |
1 |
| Independent variable | B | SE | β | t | P-value | VIF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NQ-C | (constant) | 15.349 | 2.978 | 5.155 | < 0.001 | ||
| Food literacy | 0.245 | 0.035 | 0.256 | 7.082 | < 0.001 | 1.496 | |
| Social support | 7.297 | 0.742 | 0.348 | 9.832 | < 0.001 | 1.437 | |
| Food environment | –0.264 | 0.677 | –0.013 | –0.391 | 0.696 | 1.311 | |
| Income (High = ref.) | |||||||
| Low | 0.310 | 1.040 | 0.010 | 0.298 | 0.766 | 1.271 | |
| Middle | 0.488 | 0.909 | 0.018 | 0.537 | 0.592 | 1.244 | |
| F = 61.682 (P < 0.001), R2 = 0.269, adjR2 = 0.264, D-W = 1.981 | |||||||
n (%). Family income: low (≤ 3,990,000 won/month), middle (4,000,000–5,990,000 won/month), high (≥ 6,000,000 won/month). Food literacy: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74).
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children.
Mean ± SD or n (%). FL, food literacy. This score encompasses the production, selection, preparation and cooking, intake, disposal dimensions of FL. FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74). Measured using a 5-point Likert scale (never = 1, always = 5). Measured using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree = 1, strongly agree = 5). a–cValues with different superscripts within each row are significantly different at
n (%) or Mean ± SD. NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children. Grade: low grades (grades 1–3; approximately ages 6–9), high grades (grades 4–6; approximately ages 9–12). Weight status: underweight (< 5th percentile), normal weight (5–85th percentile), overweight (85–95th percentile), obese (≥ 95th percentile). This score encompasses the balance, moderation, practice dimensions of NQ-C. NQ grade: low (≤ 53.307), middle (53.308–70.729), high (≥ 70.730). Balance grade: low (≤ 35.049), middle (35.050–52.549), high (≥ 52.550). Moderation grade: low (≤ 49.999), middle (50.000–66.762), high (≥ 66.763). Practice grade: low (≤ 54.449), middle (54.450–79.949), high (≥ 79.950).
n (%). Values with different superscripts within each row are significantly different at BMI, body mass index; NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children. This score encompasses the balance, moderation, practice dimensions of NQ-C. NQ grade: low (≤ 53.307), middle (53.308–70.729), high (≥ 70.730). Balance grade: low (≤ 35.049), middle (35.050–52.549), high (≥ 52.550). Moderation grade: low (≤ 49.999), middle (50.000–66.762), high (≥ 66.763). Practice grade: low (≤ 54.449), middle (54.450–79.949), high (≥ 79.950).
Mean ± SD. Values with different superscripts (a-d) within each column are significantly different at NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children; FL, food literacy. Household income: low (≤399), middle (400-599), upper (≥600). FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74). Social support and food environment groups were categorized based on quartile values (low: < 25th percentile, middle: 25th–75th percentile, high: > 75th percentile). a–dValues with different superscripts within each column are significantly different at
Mean ± SE. NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children; FL, food literacy. FL grade: lower (< 55), lower middle (55–63), upper middle (63–74), upper (≥ 74). Social support and food environment groups were categorized based on quartile values (low: < 25th percentile, middle: 25th–75th percentile, high: > 75th percentile).
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children.
NQ-C, Nutrition Quotient for Children; B, unstandardized coefficient; SE: standard errors; β: standardized coefficient; t: t-statistic testing; VIF, variance inflation factor; D-W, Durbin-Watson.
