Estimation of Usual Meat Intake Distribution Considering Meat Content in Processed Foods: Based on the KNHANES 2009

Yun-Jung Shin; Ae-Jung Kim; Dong Woo Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.150

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Research Article
Estimation of Usual Meat Intake Distribution Considering Meat Content in Processed Foods: Based on the KNHANES 2009: Yun-Jung Shin, Ae-Jung Kim, Dong Woo Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2020;25(2):150-158.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.150
Published online: April 30, 2020

¹Major of Nutrition Therapy, The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyonggi University, Seoul, Korea, Graduate Student

²Major of Nutrition Therapy, The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyonggi University, Seoul, Korea, Professor

³Major of Food and Nutrition, Department of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea, Professor

Corresponding author: Dong Woo Kim,
Email: kimdow@knou.ac.kr

Received: 24 March 2020 • Revised: 21 April 2020 • Accepted: 27 April 2020

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Abstract

Objectives
This study was conducted to estimate usual meat intake distribution, which may have been over/underestimated when estimations were made using only the third food codes of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).
Methods
For this purpose, 24-hour recall data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which conducted a partial 2-day survey of food intake, were used. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of red and processed meats.
Results
The results of this study show that the mean intake of red meat was 45.07 g while that of processed meat was 4.33 g. These results are slightly higher than the consumption calculated using only tertiary food code, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, characteristics of the estimated usual intake distribution were a smaller standard deviation, increased lower percentiles, and decreased upper percentiles compared to the 2- day mean intake distribution for both red and processed meats. The proportion of individuals not consuming red meat decreased substantially from approximately 37% to 0.7%. The proportion of consumption that exceeded 90 g, which is the upper limit of red meat intake recommended by the National Health Service (NHS), was only approximately 10% in the distribution of usual intake.
Conclusions
As the consumption of processed foods is expected to continuously increase, caution is needed regarding the processes used to calculate food (group) intake to avoid over/underestimation. Moreover, use of KNHANES data to calculate the proportion of the population at risk of insufficiency or excess intake of certain nutrients or food (group), based on one day intake that does not address within-individual variation, may lead to biased estimates.

Keywords: red meat; processed meat; usual intake; KNHNAES; food code

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020 Apr;25(2):150-158. Korean.
Published online Apr 30, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.150

Original Article

Estimation of Usual Meat Intake Distribution Considering Meat Content in Processed Foods: Based on the KNHANES 2009

Yun-Jung Shin

,¹ Ae-Jung Kim

,² and Dong Woo Kim

Author information

Author notes

- ¹Major of Nutrition Therapy, The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyonggi University, Seoul, Korea, Graduate Student.
- ²Major of Nutrition Therapy, The Graduate School of Alternative Medicine, Kyonggi University, Seoul, Korea, Professor.
- ³Major of Food and Nutrition, Department of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, Seoul, Korea, Professor.
Corresponding author: Dong Woo Kim. Major of Food and Nutrition, Department of Human Ecology, Korea National Open University, 86, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03087, Korea. Tel: (02) 3668-4643, Fax: (02) 2088-4306, Email: kimdow@knou.ac.kr

Received March 24, 2020; Revised April 21, 2020; Accepted April 27, 2020.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was conducted to estimate usual meat intake distribution, which may have been over/underestimated when estimations were made using only the third food codes of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES).

Methods

For this purpose, 24-hour recall data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which conducted a partial 2-day survey of food intake, were used. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of red and processed meats.

Results

The results of this study show that the mean intake of red meat was 45.07 g while that of processed meat was 4.33 g. These results are slightly higher than the consumption calculated using only tertiary food code, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, characteristics of the estimated usual intake distribution were a smaller standard deviation, increased lower percentiles, and decreased upper percentiles compared to the 2-day mean intake distribution for both red and processed meats. The proportion of individuals not consuming red meat decreased substantially from approximately 37% to 0.7%. The proportion of consumption that exceeded 90 g, which is the upper limit of red meat intake recommended by the National Health Service (NHS), was only approximately 10% in the distribution of usual intake.

Conclusions

As the consumption of processed foods is expected to continuously increase, caution is needed regarding the processes used to calculate food (group) intake to avoid over/underestimation. Moreover, use of KNHANES data to calculate the proportion of the population at risk of insufficiency or excess intake of certain nutrients or food (group), based on one day intake that does not address within-individual variation, may lead to biased estimates.

Keywords

red meat; processed meat; usual intake; KNHNAES; food code

Figures

Fig. 1
Comparison between usual and 2-day mean intake distribution of red meat (n=9,391).

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Tables

Table 1
Comparison of meat intake considering meat content of processed foods (n=9,391)

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Table 2
Usual and 2-day mean intake distribution of red meat and processed meat (n=9,391)

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Korea National Open University Research Fund.

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