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Original Article
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014;19(1):1-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.1.1
Published online: January 20, 2014

Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea

†Corresponding author: Jung Hee Kim, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, 623 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea Tel: (02) 970-5646, Fax: (02) 976-4049 E-mail: jheekim@swu.ac.kr
∗

This work was supported by a research grant from Seoul Women's University (2012)

• Received: January 27, 2014   • Revised: February 11, 2014   • Accepted: February 14, 2014

Copyright © 2014 Journal of the Korean Society of Community Nutrition

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • The objectives of this study were to assess food behavior and nutritional status of preschool children by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children and children's growth index. The subjects for this study were 424, 5-year old children, who enrolled in child-care centers (n = 219) and kindergartens (n = 205) in Nowon-gu, Seoul. The NQ was examined by NQ questionnaire which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. Their items were grouped into 5 categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Children's anthropometric measurements were performed by using InBody J05. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS 9.3 and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and X2-test. The rates of overweight and obesity for subjects were 11.1% and 3.3%, respectively. Total NQ score of the subjects was 65.1, which was within medium grade. The NQ score of kindergartens (66.1) was higher than that of child-care center (64.2), showing significant difference by institution type. In addition, the NQ score of obesity was significantly lower than that of normal weight subjects. The scores of balance (p < 0.05) and regularity factor (p < 0.001) were higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Particularly, the frequency of consumption of white milk and Ramyeon was higher (p < 0.001) and lower (p < 0.05) respectively in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Frequencies of meal regularity (P < 0.01) and breakfast eating (p < 0.001) were also higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. These results indicate that kindergarten's children had better eating habits than those of child-care center. Overall analysis of items for food behavior checklists implies that children in Nowon-gu are short of vegetables consumption. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and to improve their nutritional status.
  • Keywords: nutrition quotient; eating behavior; preschool children; nutritional status
Table 1.
General characteristics and anthropometric measurement of the study subjects
Variable Total Child-care center Kindergarten χ² or t-value
(n = 424) (n = 219) (n = 205)
Age (years) 5 424 219 (51.7)1) 205 (48.3)  
Sex Boys 219 (51.7) 119 (54.3) 100 (48.8) 1.312)
  Girls 205 (48.3) 100 (45.7) 105 (51.2)
Growth index Height (cm) 118.1 ± 5.73) ) 117.9 ± 6.1 118.4 ± 5.3 0.924)
  Weight (kg) 522.3 ± 3.9 522.3 ± 3.9 522.4 ± 3.8 0.27
  BMI (kg/m2) 515.7 ± 1.9 515.7 ± 1.9 515.6 ± 1.9 0.31
Obeity index5) Underweight 540 (59.4) 520 (59.1) 520 (59.8)  
  Normal weigh t 323 (76.2) 167 (76.3) 156 (76.1) 1.082)
  Overweight 547 (11.1) 523 (10.5) 524 (11.7)
  Obesity 514 (53.3) 559 (54.1) 555 (52.4)  

1) N (%), 2) χ²-value, 3) Mean ± SD, 4) t-value

5) Based on growth charts for Korean children and adolescents (2007)

Underweight: BMI percentile < 5, Normal weight 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95, Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

Table 2.
NQ1) score of study subjects
Factor Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) t-value
Balance 60.5 ± 15.22) 60.0 ± 15.7 62.1 ± 14.5 2.1∗
Diversity 61.5 ± 22.9 62.0 ± 22.7 60.9 ± 23.1 0.53
Moderation 81.6 ± 11.7 80.5 ± 11.8 82.7 ± 11.5 1.88
Regularity 70.1 ± 17.6 66.3 ± 20.3 74.1 ± 13.0 4.75∗∗∗
Practice 62.2 ± 18.9 62.9 ± 19.0 61.4 ± 18.7 0.82
NQ 65.1 ± 11.5 64.2 ± 12.3 66.1 ± 10.4 1.74

1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Mean ± SD, ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by t-test

Table 3.
The distribution of 5 grade criterion of NQ1)
NQ grade2) Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ2
Excellent 32 (97.5)3) 16 (97.3) 16 (97.8)  
Good 67 (15.8) 28 (12.8) 39 (19.0)  
So-so 227 (53.5) 122 (55.7) 105 (51.2) 9.69∗
No good 68 (16.0) 31 (14.2) 37 (18.0)  
Bad 30 (97.1) 22 (10.0) 8 (93.9)  

∗1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Excellent: 80.9 ≤ NQ score ≤ 100, good: 73.8 ≤ NQ score ≤ 80.8, so-so: 56.5 ≤ NQ score ≤ 73.7, no good: 47.6 ≤ NQ score ≤ 56.4, bad: 0 ≤ NQ score ≤ 47.5, 3) N (%),: p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

Table 4.
Scores of NQ1) and its factors according to BMI2) percentile grade
  NQ factors Underweight3) Normal weight4) Overweight5) Obesity6) F-value
(n = 40) (n = 323) (n = 47) (n = 14)
Total Balance 57.5 ± 17.17) 61.1 ± 15.0 59.7 ± 14.0 57.0 ± 19.2 0.99
Diversity 59.3 ± 23.3 62.3 ± 22.5 60.6 ± 25.3 53.5 ± 25.0 0.84
Moderation 83.5 ± 12.1a 82.0 ± 11.1a 79.2 ± 14.0ab 75.0 ± 12.3b 2.65∗
Regularity 72.4 ± 17.1 70.5 ± 17.5 66.8 ± 17.1 64.6 ± 22.8 1.27
Practice 61.5 ± 21.7ab 63.8 ± 18.5a 54.0 ± 18.0b 57.1 ± 19.2b 4.17∗
NQ 64.4 ± 12.6ab 65.9 ± 11.7a 62.1 ± 11.0ab 59.7 ± 14.7b 2.74∗
    Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obesity F-value
    (n = 20) (n = 167) (n = 23) (n = 9)
Child-care center Balance 56.1 ± 14.0 59.9 ± 15.7 57.3 ± 15.9 52.7 ± 18.9 0.98
Diversity 58.7 ± 18.0 62.9 ± 22.9 59.9 ± 27.0 58.6 ± 21.9 0.37
Moderation 81.1 ± 89.1 81.3 ± 11.5 76.7 ± 14.7 75.4 ± 15.6 1.69
Regularity 70.3 ± 20.5 66.9 ± 20.2 61.5 ± 19.0 58.3 ± 25.3 1.18
Practice 61.8 ± 19.6 64.7 ± 19.0 54.6 ± 17.3 55.6 ± 21.8 2.44
NQ 63.3 ± 89.6 65.2 ± 12.3 60.5 ± 12.6 58.0 ± 15.2 1.86
    Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obesity F-value
    (n = 20) (n = 156) (n = 24) (n = 5)
Kindergarten Balance 58.9 ± 20.0 62.4 ± 14.0 62.0 ± 11.9 64.8 ± 19.2 0.41
Diversity 59.8 ± 28.1 61.5 ± 22.1 61.2 ± 24.1 44.4 ± 30.4 0.90
Moderation 86.0 ± 14.4 82.7 ± 10.6 81.7 ± 13.1 74.2 ± 14.9 1.53
Regularity 74.6 ± 13.0 74.3 ± 13.2 71.9 ± 13.5 76.0 ± 12.8 0.29
Practice 61.1 ± 24.2 62.9 ± 18.0 53.3 ± 19.0 60.0 ± 15.3 1.81
NQ 65.6 ± 15.1 66.8 ± 89.7 63.7 ± 89.4 62.8 ± 14.8 0.82

1) Nutrition Quotient

2) BMI (Body mass index) = Weight (kg) / Height (m2)

3) Underweight: 0 < BMI percentile < 5

4) Normal weight: 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

5) Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95

6) Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

7) Mean ± SD

∗: p < 0.05 by ANOVA

ab: Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05

Table 5.
Comparison of checklist items for balance factor by institution type
Check list items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ-value
  More than once a day 45 (10.6)1) 17 (97.8) 28 (13.7)  
Bean/Bean products Once every other day 124 (29.3) 67 (30.6) 57 (27.8) 94.66
  1∼2 times per week 218 (51.4) 113 (51.6) 105 (51.2)
  Never 37 (98.7) 22 (10.0) 15 (97.3)  
  More than two times a day 83 (19.6) 40 (18.2) 43 (21.0)  
  Once a day 241 (56.8) 120 (54.8) 121 (59.0)  
Fruit Once every other day 55 (13.0) 35 (16.0) 20 (99.8) 93.98
  1∼2 times per week 39 (99.2) 21 (99.6) 18 (98.8)  
  Never 6 (91.4) 3 (91.4) 3 (91.4)  
  More than two times a day 125 (29.5) 51 (23.3) 74 (36.1)  
  Once a day 214 (50.5) 108 (49.3) 106 (51.7)  
White milk Once every other day 31 (97.3) 20 (99.1) 11 (95.4) 19.28∗∗∗
  1∼2 times per week 42 (99.9) 32 (14.6) 10 (94.9)  
  Never 12 (92.8) 8 (93.7) 4 (91.9)  
  More than one a day 84 (19.8) 40 (18.2) 44 (21.5)  
Eggs Once every other day 188 (44.3) 104 (47.5) 84 (41.0) 92.56
1∼2 times per week 139 (32.8) 70 (32.0) 69 (33.6)
  Never 13 (93.1) 5 (92.3) 8 (93.9)  
  Always 102 (22.9) 55 (25.1) 47 (22.9)  
Whole grain Often 151 (34.6) 80 (36.5) 71 (34.6) 92.43
Seldom 112 (29.8) 51 (23.3) 61 (29.8)
  Never 59 (12.7) 33 (15.1) 26 (12.7)  
1) N (%)

∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

Table 6.
Comparison of checklist items for diversity factor by institution type
Checklist items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
Diverse side dishes Always 55 (13.0)1) 32 (14.6) 23 (11.2) 5.57
Often 185 (43.6) 89 (40.6) 96 (46.8)
Seldom 124 (29.3) 72 (32.9) 52 (25.4)
Never 60 (14.1) 26 (11.9) 34 (16.6)
Vegetables (except Kimchi) Over 3 65 (15.3) 35 (16.0) 30 (14.6) 1.65
2∼1 181 (42.7) 94 (42.9) 87 (42.5)
1 142 (33.5) 75 (34.2) 67 (32.7)
Never 36 (98.5) 15 (96.9) 21 (10.2)
Kimchi Eat in each meal 244 (57.6) 128 (58.5) 116 (56.6) 5.05
Once a day 122 (28.8) 59 (26.9) 63 (30.7)
Once every other day 13 (93.1) 9 (94.1) 4 (92.0)
1∼2 times per week 15 (93.5) 5 (92.3) 10 (94.9)
Never 30 (97.0) 18 (98.2) 12 (95.8)
Table 7.
Comparison of checklist items for moderation factor by institution type
Checklist items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
Fast food More than once a day 1 (90.2)1) 1 (90.5) 0 (90.0) 5.16
Once every other day 16 (93.8) 7 (93.2) 9 (94.4)
2 times per week 142 (33.5) 83 (37.9) 59 (28.8)
Once per week 265 (62.5) 128 (58.4) 137 (66.8)
Never 0 (90.0) 0 (90.0) 0 (90.0)
Ramyeon More than once a day 2 (90.5) 0 (90.0) 2 (91.0) 9.51∗
Once every other day 4 (90.9) 4 (91.8) 0 (90.0)
2 times per week 38 (98.9) 25 (11.4) 13 (96.3)
Once per week 208 (49.1) 106 (48.4) 102 (49.8)
Never 172 (40.6) 84 (38.4) 88 (42.9)
Late-night snacks Every day 4 (90.9) 3 (91.4) 1 (90.5) 5.68
Once every other day 11 (92.6) 5 (92.3) 6 (92.9)
1∼2 times a week 91 (21.5) 56 (25.5) 35 (17.1)
Never 318 (75.0) 155 (70.8) 163 (79.5)
Street food Every day 2 (90.5) 2 (90.9) 0 (90.0) 2.74
Once every other day 12 (92.8) 5 (92.3) 7 (93.4)
1∼2 times a week 170 (40.1) 91 (41.6) 79 (38.5)
Never 240 (56.6) 121 (55.2) 119 (58.1)
Sweet Food More than once a day 53 (12.5) 30 (13.7) 23 (11.2) 6.88
Once every other day 81 (19.1) 34 (15.5) 47 (22.9)
2 times per week 122 (28.8) 66 (30.2) 56 (27.3)
Once per week 107 (25.2) 62 (28.3) 45 (22.0)
Never 61 (14.4) 27 (12.3) 34 (16.6)

1)N (%)

∗: p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

Table 8.
Comparison of checklist items for regularity factor by institution type
Checklist items Frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
Meal regularity Always 108 (25.5)1) 56 (25.6) 52 (25.4) 15.54∗∗
Often 276 (65.1) 131 (59.8) 145 (70.7)
Seldom 29 (96.8) 22 (10.0) 7 (93.4)
Never 11 (92.6) 10 (94.6) 1 (90.5)
Break fast Every day 339 (79.9) 157 (71.7) 182 (88.8) 21.44∗∗∗
Once every other day 41 (99.7) 28 (12.8) 13 (96.3)
1∼2 times a week 22 (95.2) 15 (96.8) 7 (93.4)
Never 22 (95.2) 19 (98.7) 3 (91.5)
Watch TV/ play computer game Over 2 hours 82 (19.4) 51 (23.3) 31 (15.1) 97.35
1∼2 hours1 154 (36.3) 80 (36.5) 74 (36.1)
Under 1 hour 143 (33.7) 71 (32.4) 72 (35.1)
Never 45 (10.6) 17 (97.8) 28 (13.7)

1)N (%)

∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

Table 9.
Comparison of checklist items for practice factor by institution type
Checklist items Frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
Check nutrition labeling Always 65 (15.3)1) 36 (16.4) 29 (14.1) 3.61
Often 121 (28.5) 61 (27.9) 60 (29.3)
Seldom 139 (32.8) 78 (35.6) 61 (29.8)
Never 99 (23.4) 44 (20.1) 55 (26.8)
Chewing well Always 116 (27.4) 62 (28.3) 54 (26.4) 0.39
Often 215 (50.7) 109 (49.8) 106 (51.7)
Seldom 77 (18.1) 39 (17.8) 38 (18.5)
Never 16 (93.8) 9 (94.1) 7 (93.4)
Wash hands before meal Always 169 (39.9) 95 (43.4) 74 (36.1) 5.37
Often 190 (44.8) 87 (39.7) 103 (50.2)
Seldom 60 (14.1) 35 (16.0) 25 (12.2)
Never 5 (91.2) 2 (90.9) 3 (91.5)
Exercise time Over 1 hour 106 (25.0) 49 (22.4) 57 (27.8) 4.32
30 min∼1 hour 144 (33.9) 70 (31.9) 74 (36.1)
Under 30 minutes 158 (37.3) 90 (41.1) 68 (33.2)
Never 16 (93.8) 10 (94.6) 6 (92.9)

1)N (%)

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      Evaluation of Food Behavior and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Nowon-gu of Seoul by Using Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
      Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(1):1-11.   Published online February 28, 2014
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.1.1
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    Evaluation of Food Behavior and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Nowon-gu of Seoul by Using Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
    Evaluation of Food Behavior and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Nowon-gu of Seoul by Using Nutrition Quotient (NQ)

    General characteristics and anthropometric measurement of the study subjects

    Variable Total Child-care center Kindergarten χ² or t-value
    (n = 424) (n = 219) (n = 205)
    Age (years) 5 424 219 (51.7)1) 205 (48.3)  
    Sex Boys 219 (51.7) 119 (54.3) 100 (48.8) 1.312)
      Girls 205 (48.3) 100 (45.7) 105 (51.2)
    Growth index Height (cm) 118.1 ± 5.73) ) 117.9 ± 6.1 118.4 ± 5.3 0.924)
      Weight (kg) 522.3 ± 3.9 522.3 ± 3.9 522.4 ± 3.8 0.27
      BMI (kg/m2) 515.7 ± 1.9 515.7 ± 1.9 515.6 ± 1.9 0.31
    Obeity index5) Underweight 540 (59.4) 520 (59.1) 520 (59.8)  
      Normal weigh t 323 (76.2) 167 (76.3) 156 (76.1) 1.082)
      Overweight 547 (11.1) 523 (10.5) 524 (11.7)
      Obesity 514 (53.3) 559 (54.1) 555 (52.4)  

    1) N (%), 2) χ²-value, 3) Mean ± SD, 4) t-value

    5) Based on growth charts for Korean children and adolescents (2007)

    Underweight: BMI percentile < 5, Normal weight 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

    Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95, Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

    NQ1) score of study subjects

    Factor Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) t-value
    Balance 60.5 ± 15.22) 60.0 ± 15.7 62.1 ± 14.5 2.1∗
    Diversity 61.5 ± 22.9 62.0 ± 22.7 60.9 ± 23.1 0.53
    Moderation 81.6 ± 11.7 80.5 ± 11.8 82.7 ± 11.5 1.88
    Regularity 70.1 ± 17.6 66.3 ± 20.3 74.1 ± 13.0 4.75∗∗∗
    Practice 62.2 ± 18.9 62.9 ± 19.0 61.4 ± 18.7 0.82
    NQ 65.1 ± 11.5 64.2 ± 12.3 66.1 ± 10.4 1.74

    1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Mean ± SD, ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by t-test

    The distribution of 5 grade criterion of NQ1)

    NQ grade2) Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ2
    Excellent 32 (97.5)3) 16 (97.3) 16 (97.8)  
    Good 67 (15.8) 28 (12.8) 39 (19.0)  
    So-so 227 (53.5) 122 (55.7) 105 (51.2) 9.69∗
    No good 68 (16.0) 31 (14.2) 37 (18.0)  
    Bad 30 (97.1) 22 (10.0) 8 (93.9)  

    ∗1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Excellent: 80.9 ≤ NQ score ≤ 100, good: 73.8 ≤ NQ score ≤ 80.8, so-so: 56.5 ≤ NQ score ≤ 73.7, no good: 47.6 ≤ NQ score ≤ 56.4, bad: 0 ≤ NQ score ≤ 47.5, 3) N (%),: p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Scores of NQ1) and its factors according to BMI2) percentile grade

      NQ factors Underweight3) Normal weight4) Overweight5) Obesity6) F-value
    (n = 40) (n = 323) (n = 47) (n = 14)
    Total Balance 57.5 ± 17.17) 61.1 ± 15.0 59.7 ± 14.0 57.0 ± 19.2 0.99
    Diversity 59.3 ± 23.3 62.3 ± 22.5 60.6 ± 25.3 53.5 ± 25.0 0.84
    Moderation 83.5 ± 12.1a 82.0 ± 11.1a 79.2 ± 14.0ab 75.0 ± 12.3b 2.65∗
    Regularity 72.4 ± 17.1 70.5 ± 17.5 66.8 ± 17.1 64.6 ± 22.8 1.27
    Practice 61.5 ± 21.7ab 63.8 ± 18.5a 54.0 ± 18.0b 57.1 ± 19.2b 4.17∗
    NQ 64.4 ± 12.6ab 65.9 ± 11.7a 62.1 ± 11.0ab 59.7 ± 14.7b 2.74∗
        Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obesity F-value
        (n = 20) (n = 167) (n = 23) (n = 9)
    Child-care center Balance 56.1 ± 14.0 59.9 ± 15.7 57.3 ± 15.9 52.7 ± 18.9 0.98
    Diversity 58.7 ± 18.0 62.9 ± 22.9 59.9 ± 27.0 58.6 ± 21.9 0.37
    Moderation 81.1 ± 89.1 81.3 ± 11.5 76.7 ± 14.7 75.4 ± 15.6 1.69
    Regularity 70.3 ± 20.5 66.9 ± 20.2 61.5 ± 19.0 58.3 ± 25.3 1.18
    Practice 61.8 ± 19.6 64.7 ± 19.0 54.6 ± 17.3 55.6 ± 21.8 2.44
    NQ 63.3 ± 89.6 65.2 ± 12.3 60.5 ± 12.6 58.0 ± 15.2 1.86
        Underweight Normal weight Overweight Obesity F-value
        (n = 20) (n = 156) (n = 24) (n = 5)
    Kindergarten Balance 58.9 ± 20.0 62.4 ± 14.0 62.0 ± 11.9 64.8 ± 19.2 0.41
    Diversity 59.8 ± 28.1 61.5 ± 22.1 61.2 ± 24.1 44.4 ± 30.4 0.90
    Moderation 86.0 ± 14.4 82.7 ± 10.6 81.7 ± 13.1 74.2 ± 14.9 1.53
    Regularity 74.6 ± 13.0 74.3 ± 13.2 71.9 ± 13.5 76.0 ± 12.8 0.29
    Practice 61.1 ± 24.2 62.9 ± 18.0 53.3 ± 19.0 60.0 ± 15.3 1.81
    NQ 65.6 ± 15.1 66.8 ± 89.7 63.7 ± 89.4 62.8 ± 14.8 0.82

    1) Nutrition Quotient

    2) BMI (Body mass index) = Weight (kg) / Height (m2)

    3) Underweight: 0 < BMI percentile < 5

    4) Normal weight: 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

    5) Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95

    6) Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

    7) Mean ± SD

    ∗: p < 0.05 by ANOVA

    ab: Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05

    Comparison of checklist items for balance factor by institution type

    Check list items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ-value
      More than once a day 45 (10.6)1) 17 (97.8) 28 (13.7)  
    Bean/Bean products Once every other day 124 (29.3) 67 (30.6) 57 (27.8) 94.66
      1∼2 times per week 218 (51.4) 113 (51.6) 105 (51.2)
      Never 37 (98.7) 22 (10.0) 15 (97.3)  
      More than two times a day 83 (19.6) 40 (18.2) 43 (21.0)  
      Once a day 241 (56.8) 120 (54.8) 121 (59.0)  
    Fruit Once every other day 55 (13.0) 35 (16.0) 20 (99.8) 93.98
      1∼2 times per week 39 (99.2) 21 (99.6) 18 (98.8)  
      Never 6 (91.4) 3 (91.4) 3 (91.4)  
      More than two times a day 125 (29.5) 51 (23.3) 74 (36.1)  
      Once a day 214 (50.5) 108 (49.3) 106 (51.7)  
    White milk Once every other day 31 (97.3) 20 (99.1) 11 (95.4) 19.28∗∗∗
      1∼2 times per week 42 (99.9) 32 (14.6) 10 (94.9)  
      Never 12 (92.8) 8 (93.7) 4 (91.9)  
      More than one a day 84 (19.8) 40 (18.2) 44 (21.5)  
    Eggs Once every other day 188 (44.3) 104 (47.5) 84 (41.0) 92.56
    1∼2 times per week 139 (32.8) 70 (32.0) 69 (33.6)
      Never 13 (93.1) 5 (92.3) 8 (93.9)  
      Always 102 (22.9) 55 (25.1) 47 (22.9)  
    Whole grain Often 151 (34.6) 80 (36.5) 71 (34.6) 92.43
    Seldom 112 (29.8) 51 (23.3) 61 (29.8)
      Never 59 (12.7) 33 (15.1) 26 (12.7)  
    1) N (%)

    ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Comparison of checklist items for diversity factor by institution type

    Checklist items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
    Diverse side dishes Always 55 (13.0)1) 32 (14.6) 23 (11.2) 5.57
    Often 185 (43.6) 89 (40.6) 96 (46.8)
    Seldom 124 (29.3) 72 (32.9) 52 (25.4)
    Never 60 (14.1) 26 (11.9) 34 (16.6)
    Vegetables (except Kimchi) Over 3 65 (15.3) 35 (16.0) 30 (14.6) 1.65
    2∼1 181 (42.7) 94 (42.9) 87 (42.5)
    1 142 (33.5) 75 (34.2) 67 (32.7)
    Never 36 (98.5) 15 (96.9) 21 (10.2)
    Kimchi Eat in each meal 244 (57.6) 128 (58.5) 116 (56.6) 5.05
    Once a day 122 (28.8) 59 (26.9) 63 (30.7)
    Once every other day 13 (93.1) 9 (94.1) 4 (92.0)
    1∼2 times per week 15 (93.5) 5 (92.3) 10 (94.9)
    Never 30 (97.0) 18 (98.2) 12 (95.8)

    Comparison of checklist items for moderation factor by institution type

    Checklist items Consumption frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
    Fast food More than once a day 1 (90.2)1) 1 (90.5) 0 (90.0) 5.16
    Once every other day 16 (93.8) 7 (93.2) 9 (94.4)
    2 times per week 142 (33.5) 83 (37.9) 59 (28.8)
    Once per week 265 (62.5) 128 (58.4) 137 (66.8)
    Never 0 (90.0) 0 (90.0) 0 (90.0)
    Ramyeon More than once a day 2 (90.5) 0 (90.0) 2 (91.0) 9.51∗
    Once every other day 4 (90.9) 4 (91.8) 0 (90.0)
    2 times per week 38 (98.9) 25 (11.4) 13 (96.3)
    Once per week 208 (49.1) 106 (48.4) 102 (49.8)
    Never 172 (40.6) 84 (38.4) 88 (42.9)
    Late-night snacks Every day 4 (90.9) 3 (91.4) 1 (90.5) 5.68
    Once every other day 11 (92.6) 5 (92.3) 6 (92.9)
    1∼2 times a week 91 (21.5) 56 (25.5) 35 (17.1)
    Never 318 (75.0) 155 (70.8) 163 (79.5)
    Street food Every day 2 (90.5) 2 (90.9) 0 (90.0) 2.74
    Once every other day 12 (92.8) 5 (92.3) 7 (93.4)
    1∼2 times a week 170 (40.1) 91 (41.6) 79 (38.5)
    Never 240 (56.6) 121 (55.2) 119 (58.1)
    Sweet Food More than once a day 53 (12.5) 30 (13.7) 23 (11.2) 6.88
    Once every other day 81 (19.1) 34 (15.5) 47 (22.9)
    2 times per week 122 (28.8) 66 (30.2) 56 (27.3)
    Once per week 107 (25.2) 62 (28.3) 45 (22.0)
    Never 61 (14.4) 27 (12.3) 34 (16.6)

    1)N (%)

    ∗: p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Comparison of checklist items for regularity factor by institution type

    Checklist items Frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
    Meal regularity Always 108 (25.5)1) 56 (25.6) 52 (25.4) 15.54∗∗
    Often 276 (65.1) 131 (59.8) 145 (70.7)
    Seldom 29 (96.8) 22 (10.0) 7 (93.4)
    Never 11 (92.6) 10 (94.6) 1 (90.5)
    Break fast Every day 339 (79.9) 157 (71.7) 182 (88.8) 21.44∗∗∗
    Once every other day 41 (99.7) 28 (12.8) 13 (96.3)
    1∼2 times a week 22 (95.2) 15 (96.8) 7 (93.4)
    Never 22 (95.2) 19 (98.7) 3 (91.5)
    Watch TV/ play computer game Over 2 hours 82 (19.4) 51 (23.3) 31 (15.1) 97.35
    1∼2 hours1 154 (36.3) 80 (36.5) 74 (36.1)
    Under 1 hour 143 (33.7) 71 (32.4) 72 (35.1)
    Never 45 (10.6) 17 (97.8) 28 (13.7)

    1)N (%)

    ∗∗: p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Comparison of checklist items for practice factor by institution type

    Checklist items Frequency Total (n = 424) Child-care center (n = 219) Kindergarten (n = 205) χ²-value
    Check nutrition labeling Always 65 (15.3)1) 36 (16.4) 29 (14.1) 3.61
    Often 121 (28.5) 61 (27.9) 60 (29.3)
    Seldom 139 (32.8) 78 (35.6) 61 (29.8)
    Never 99 (23.4) 44 (20.1) 55 (26.8)
    Chewing well Always 116 (27.4) 62 (28.3) 54 (26.4) 0.39
    Often 215 (50.7) 109 (49.8) 106 (51.7)
    Seldom 77 (18.1) 39 (17.8) 38 (18.5)
    Never 16 (93.8) 9 (94.1) 7 (93.4)
    Wash hands before meal Always 169 (39.9) 95 (43.4) 74 (36.1) 5.37
    Often 190 (44.8) 87 (39.7) 103 (50.2)
    Seldom 60 (14.1) 35 (16.0) 25 (12.2)
    Never 5 (91.2) 2 (90.9) 3 (91.5)
    Exercise time Over 1 hour 106 (25.0) 49 (22.4) 57 (27.8) 4.32
    30 min∼1 hour 144 (33.9) 70 (31.9) 74 (36.1)
    Under 30 minutes 158 (37.3) 90 (41.1) 68 (33.2)
    Never 16 (93.8) 10 (94.6) 6 (92.9)

    1)N (%)
    Table 1. General characteristics and anthropometric measurement of the study subjects

    1) N (%), 2) χ²-value, 3) Mean ± SD, 4) t-value

    5) Based on growth charts for Korean children and adolescents (2007)

    Underweight: BMI percentile < 5, Normal weight 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

    Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95, Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

    Table 2. NQ1) score of study subjects

    1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Mean ± SD, ∗: p < 0.05, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by t-test

    Table 3. The distribution of 5 grade criterion of NQ1)

    1) Nutrition Quotient, 2) Excellent: 80.9 ≤ NQ score ≤ 100, good: 73.8 ≤ NQ score ≤ 80.8, so-so: 56.5 ≤ NQ score ≤ 73.7, no good: 47.6 ≤ NQ score ≤ 56.4, bad: 0 ≤ NQ score ≤ 47.5, 3) N (%),: p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Table 4. Scores of NQ1) and its factors according to BMI2) percentile grade

    1) Nutrition Quotient

    2) BMI (Body mass index) = Weight (kg) / Height (m2)

    3) Underweight: 0 < BMI percentile < 5

    4) Normal weight: 5 ≤ BMI percentile < 85

    5) Overweight: 85 ≤ BMI percentile < 95

    6) Obesity: BMI percentile ≥ 95 or BMI ≥ 25

    7) Mean ± SD

    ∗: p < 0.05 by ANOVA

    ab: Means with the different superscripts are significantly different at p < 0.05

    Table 5. Comparison of checklist items for balance factor by institution type

    : p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Table 6. Comparison of checklist items for diversity factor by institution type

    Table 7. Comparison of checklist items for moderation factor by institution type

    N (%)

    : p < 0.05 Significantly different between child-care center and Kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Table 8. Comparison of checklist items for regularity factor by institution type

    N (%)

    : p < 0.01, ∗∗∗: p < 0.001 Significantly different between child-care center and kindergarten by Chi-square test

    Table 9. Comparison of checklist items for practice factor by institution type

    N (%)

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

    Table 4.

    Table 5.

    Table 6.

    Table 7.

    Table 8.

    Table 9.

    Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
    © The Korean Society of Community Nutrition.
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