Ji-Myung Kim; Hye Jeong Song; Young Ji Ahn

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216

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Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Ji-Myung Kim, Hye Jeong Song, Young Ji Ahn; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018;23(3):216-225.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216
Published online: June 30, 2018

¹Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Korea.

²Dongducheon Center for Children's Foodservice Management, Dongducheon, Korea.

Corresponding author Ji-Myung Kim. Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, 95, Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do 480-701, Korea. Tel: (031) 870-3515, Fax: (031) 870-3519, kjm@shinhan.ac.kr

• Received: May 30, 2018 • Revised: June 21, 2018 • Accepted: June 21, 2018

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the associations between obesity and the children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and to further examine the relationships between NQ and mini dietary assessment (MDA) of their parents.
Methods
The subjects were 355 children aged 3 to 5 years and their parents in Dongducheon. We collected parental-reported NQ questionnaires for children and MDA of parents. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight and BMI by BIA were measured in children. Overweight and obesity were determined according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentile from the 2007 Korean national growth chart. Statistical analyses consisted of the chi-squared test, ANOVA, partial correlations and logistic regression analysis adjustments for parents BMI.
Results
Approximately 20.8% of preschool children were classified as overweight or obese. Underweight children showed a significantly higher score for balance than overweight children. The NQ of the children was 61.9 ± 11.6, and NQ scores and their parents' MDA did not exhibit any significant differences according to degree of obesity. After adjusting for parent's BMI, children's BMI was significantly correlated with balance and moderation among NQ factors. Parent's MDA showed significant correlation with their children's NQ, balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, practice and NQ grade, except for diversity of father. Additionally, NQ grade had a significantly increased (150.1%) odds ratio (OR) of being overweight (95% CI 1.008–2.234).
Conclusions
These results show that NQ for children is influenced by their parents' MDA and BMI. Furthermore, our findings support the association between overweight prevention and improvement of NQ grade among preschool children.
Keywords: preschool children; nutrition quotient (NQ); obesity; parent; mini dietary assessment (MDA)

REFERENCES

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Table 1

General characteristics of preschool children and their parents according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) n (%)

4) p value from ANOVA

5) p value for chi-square test by each variable

Table 2

NQ scores and NQ factor scores of children according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) p value from ANOVA

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

5) n (%)

6) Statistical tests were not conducted.

Table 3

The score of mini dietary assessment index¹⁾ of parents according to degree of obesity

1) Variables using mini dietary assessment (MDA) index : Minimum & maximum score for each question is 1–5 and that for total score is 10–50. 1=seldom, 3=sometimes, 5=usually. Higher score means having better dietary quality.

2) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

3) mean ± SD

4) p value from ANOVA

5) Reverse coding. 1=usually, 3=sometimes, 5=seldom

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between BMI of infants and related parameters

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 5

Correlation coefficents between NQ and MDA

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 6

Crude and adjusted odds ratios for overweight and obesity by NQ and MDA

1) Values are not adjusted

2) Values are adjusted by BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(3):216-225. Published online June 30, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216

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Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)

Table 1

General characteristics of preschool children and their parents according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) n (%)

4) p value from ANOVA

5) p value for chi-square test by each variable

Table 2

NQ scores and NQ factor scores of children according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) p value from ANOVA

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

5) n (%)

6) Statistical tests were not conducted.

Table 3

The score of mini dietary assessment index¹⁾ of parents according to degree of obesity

2) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

3) mean ± SD

4) p value from ANOVA

5) Reverse coding. 1=usually, 3=sometimes, 5=seldom

Table 4

Correlation coefficients between BMI of infants and related parameters

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 5

Correlation coefficents between NQ and MDA

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 6

Crude and adjusted odds ratios for overweight and obesity by NQ and MDA

1) Values are not adjusted

2) Values are adjusted by BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 1 General characteristics of preschool children and their parents according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) n (%)

4) p value from ANOVA

5) p value for chi-square test by each variable

Table 2 NQ scores and NQ factor scores of children according to degree of obesity

1) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

2) mean ± SD

3) p value from ANOVA

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

5) n (%)

6) Statistical tests were not conducted.

Table 3 The score of mini dietary assessment index1) of parents according to degree of obesity

2) Underweight: age- and sex-specific BMI <5 percentile; Normal weight: 5 percentile≤ <85 percentile; Overweight: 85 percentile≤ <95 percentile; Obesity: 95 percentile≤ or 25≤BMI

3) mean ± SD

4) p value from ANOVA

5) Reverse coding. 1=usually, 3=sometimes, 5=seldom

Table 4 Correlation coefficients between BMI of infants and related parameters

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 5 Correlation coefficents between NQ and MDA

1) Pearson's correlation coefficients

2) Partial correlation coefficients adjusted for BMI of parents

3) ^**: p<0.01, ^***: p<0.001

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)

Table 6 Crude and adjusted odds ratios for overweight and obesity by NQ and MDA

1) Values are not adjusted

2) Values are adjusted by BMI of parents

3) ^*: p<0.05, ^**: p<0.01

4) NQ grade: Highest (1st, 100 – 80.9), High (2nd, 73.8 – 80.8), Medium (3rd, 56.5 – 73.7), Low (4th, 47.6 – 56.5), Lowest (5th, 0 – 47.5)