Validity of Estimating Sodium Intake using a Mobile Phone Application of 24-hour Dietary Recall with Meal Photos

Seo-Yoon Kim; Sang-Jin Chung

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.317

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Validity of Estimating Sodium Intake using a Mobile Phone Application of 24-hour Dietary Recall with Meal Photos: Seo-Yoon Kim, Sang-Jin Chung; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2020;25(4):317-328.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.317
Published online: August 31, 2020

¹Student, Department of Foods & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea

²Professor, Department of Foods & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Sang-Jin Chung,
Email: schung@kookmin.ac.kr

Received: 13 July 2020 • Revised: 23 August 2020 • Accepted: 24 August 2020

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Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to verify the validity of a mobile phone application (app) that applies a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos, as a means of being a more accurate method of estimating dietary sodium intake.
Methods
Of the 203 subjects enrolled, 172 subjects (84 males and 88 females) were selected for the final analysis, excluding those with an intake less than 500 kcal and urine output less than 500 ml. Dietary sodium assessment methods used for comparing with the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion are as follows: 1) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall, 2) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app, 3) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall considering liquid intakes from soup, stew, water kimchi and noodle, etc (liquid-based dishes), 4) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app considering liquid intakes from liquid-based dishes, and 5) food frequency questionnaire. Repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni method was used for comparing the average sodium intake, and Pearson’s correlation was applied to correlate the methods used.
Results
In women, no significant difference was observed in the average sodium intake between all methods. Moreover, analysis in men and total adults revealed no significant difference between the 24-hour urinary sodium secretion, and 24-hour dietary recall using the app and 24-hour dietary recall using the app considering liquid intakes. Sodium intake by food frequency questionnaire was significantly different when compared with the intake determined from 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium intake from all methods (except food frequency questionnaire) significantly correlated with values obtained from 24-hour urine sodium excretion.
Conclusions
Results of this study validated a mobile phone app using a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos to better estimate dietary sodium intakes. It is believed that further studies in the future will enable the application as a tool to more accurately determine sodium intake.

Keywords: 24-hour dietary recall; mobile app; meal photos; sodium intake; validation; 24-hour urine analysis

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020 Aug;25(4):317-328. Korean.
Published online Aug 31, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.317

Original Article

Validity of Estimating Sodium Intake using a Mobile Phone Application of 24-hour Dietary Recall with Meal Photos

Seo-Yoon Kim

,¹ and Sang-Jin Chung

Author information

Author notes

- ¹Student, Department of Foods & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea.
- ²Professor, Department of Foods & Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea.
Corresponding author: Sang-Jin Chung. Department of Foods & Nutrition, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Korea. Tel: (02) 910-4777, Fax: (02) 910-5249, Email: schung@kookmin.ac.kr

Received July 13, 2020; Revised August 23, 2020; Accepted August 24, 2020.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to verify the validity of a mobile phone application (app) that applies a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos, as a means of being a more accurate method of estimating dietary sodium intake.

Methods

Of the 203 subjects enrolled, 172 subjects (84 males and 88 females) were selected for the final analysis, excluding those with an intake less than 500 kcal and urine output less than 500 ml. Dietary sodium assessment methods used for comparing with the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion are as follows: 1) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall, 2) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app, 3) face-to-face 24-hour dietary recall considering liquid intakes from soup, stew, water kimchi and noodle, etc (liquid-based dishes), 4) 24-hour dietary recall using the mobile app considering liquid intakes from liquid-based dishes, and 5) food frequency questionnaire. Repeated ANOVA with Bonferroni method was used for comparing the average sodium intake, and Pearson's correlation was applied to correlate the methods used.

Results

In women, no significant difference was observed in the average sodium intake between all methods. Moreover, analysis in men and total adults revealed no significant difference between the 24-hour urinary sodium secretion, and 24-hour dietary recall using the app and 24-hour dietary recall using the app considering liquid intakes. Sodium intake by food frequency questionnaire was significantly different when compared with the intake determined from 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium intake from all methods (except food frequency questionnaire) significantly correlated with values obtained from 24-hour urine sodium excretion.

Conclusions

Results of this study validated a mobile phone app using a 24-hour dietary recall with meal photos to better estimate dietary sodium intakes. It is believed that further studies in the future will enable the application as a tool to more accurately determine sodium intake.

Keywords

24-hour dietary recall; mobile app; meal photos; sodium intake; validation; 24-hour urine analysis

Figures

Fig. 1
Diagram of the study procedure sequence.

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Fig. 2
Diagram of estimation of sodium intakes using 24-hr dietary recall methods

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Tables

Table 1
Subject's characteristics

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Table 2
Comparison of daily sodium intakes estimated by different methods

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Table 3
Correlations among estimated sodium intakes of total adults by different methods

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Table 4
Correlations among estimated sodium intakes of men by different methods

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Table 5
Correlations among estimated sodium intakes of women by different methods

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2013R1A1A2059985).

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