Hwa-Jae Lim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

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Original Article
A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan: Hwa-Jae Lim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2012;17(6):737-751.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737
Published online: December 31, 2012

Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 176 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea. Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646, hjlim@deu.ac.kr

• Received: October 4, 2012 • Revised: December 13, 2012 • Accepted: December 17, 2012

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Abstract
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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (UNa/UK) to the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24-h recall, 24-h UNa/UK were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean intakes of sodium and potassium were 3915.4 mg and 3093.9 mg, respectively. The mean 24-h UNa/UK was 3457.0/1680.4 mg. UNa showed significant positive correlations with sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), sodium/potassium ratio (p < 0.001, p < 0.01), UK (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and UNa/UK ratio (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) in men and women and with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The UK showed significant positive correlations sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), UNa (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) in men and women and with sodium density in men (p < 0.001) and with age, intakes of protein and potassium in women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Mean SBP was lowest in the second quartile and highest in the fourth quartile of UNa. Mean UNa in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 2821.1 mg, 3621.3 mg, and 5456.4 mg, respectively. Mean SBP in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 115.8 mmHg, 120.7 mmHg, and 125.9 mmHg, respectively. Based on the results, UNa was related to sodium intake, UK, and SBP. We conclude that nutritional education for the reduction of high sodium intake is needed in the general population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.
Keywords: sodium and potassium intakes; urinary sodium and potassium excretion; men; women; blood pressure

NOTES

This work was supported by Dong-eui University Foundation Grant (2009).

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Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4

Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8

Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(6):737-751. Published online December 31, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

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A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan

Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4

Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8

Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 1 General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2 Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3 Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4 Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5 Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6 Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7 Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8 Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion