Hwa-Jae Lim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 17(6); 2012 > Article

Original Article
A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan: Hwa-Jae Lim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2012;17(6):737-751.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737
Published online: December 31, 2012

Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, Busan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hwa-Jae Lim, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dong-eui University, 176 Eomgwangno, Busanjin-gu, Busan 614-714, Korea. Tel: (051) 890-1593, Fax: (051) 890-2646, hjlim@deu.ac.kr

• Received: October 4, 2012 • Revised: December 13, 2012 • Accepted: December 17, 2012

42 Views
0 Download
10 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to assess sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (UNa/UK) to the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24-h recall, 24-h UNa/UK were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean intakes of sodium and potassium were 3915.4 mg and 3093.9 mg, respectively. The mean 24-h UNa/UK was 3457.0/1680.4 mg. UNa showed significant positive correlations with sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), sodium/potassium ratio (p < 0.001, p < 0.01), UK (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and UNa/UK ratio (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) in men and women and with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The UK showed significant positive correlations sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), UNa (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) in men and women and with sodium density in men (p < 0.001) and with age, intakes of protein and potassium in women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Mean SBP was lowest in the second quartile and highest in the fourth quartile of UNa. Mean UNa in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 2821.1 mg, 3621.3 mg, and 5456.4 mg, respectively. Mean SBP in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 115.8 mmHg, 120.7 mmHg, and 125.9 mmHg, respectively. Based on the results, UNa was related to sodium intake, UK, and SBP. We conclude that nutritional education for the reduction of high sodium intake is needed in the general population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.
Keywords: sodium and potassium intakes; urinary sodium and potassium excretion; men; women; blood pressure

NOTES

This work was supported by Dong-eui University Foundation Grant (2009).

REFERENCES

1. Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Cohen H, Sealey JE, Laragh JH. Low urianry sodium is associated with greater risk of myocardial infraction among treated hypertensive men. Hypertension. 1995; 25: 1144-1152.
2. Caggiula AW, Wing RR, Nowalk MP, Lee S, Langford H. The measurement of sodium and potassium intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985; 42: 391-398.
3. Chien KI, Hsu HC, Chen PC, Su TC, Chang WT, Chen MF, Lee YT. Urinary sodium and potassium excretion and risk of hypertension in Chinese: report from a community-based cohort study in Taiwan. J Hypertens. 2008; 26(9): 1750-1756.
4. Chobanian AV, Hill M. National heart, lung, and blood institute workshop on sodium and blood pressure : a criticalreview of current scientific evidence. Hypertension. 2000; 35(4): 858-863.
5. Choi MK, Lee WY, Park JD. Relation among mineral (Ca, P, Fe, Na, K, Zn) intakes, blood pressure, and blood lipids in Korean adults. Korean J Nutr. 2005; 38(10): 827-835.
6. Cirillo M, Laurenzi M, Panarelli W, Stamler J. Urinary sodium to potassium ratio and urinary stone disease. The Gubbio Population Study Reseach Group. Kidney Int. 1994; 46(4): 1133-1139.
7. Cohen HW, Alderman MH. Sodium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007; 22(4): 306-310.
8. Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(1): 32-40.
9. Dickinson BD, Havas S. Reducing the population burden of cardiovascular disease by reducing sodium intake: a report of the Council on Science and Public Health. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 1460-1468.
10. Elliott P, Dyer A, Stamler R. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. The INTERSALT study : results for 24 hour sodium and potassium, by age and sex. J Hum Hypertens. 1989; 3(5): 323-330.
11. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt revisited: further analyses of 24 hour sodim excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ. 1996; 312(7041): 1249-1253.
12. Elliott P, Stamler R. in consultation with other investigators of INTERSALT. Manual of operations for 'INTERSALT' an international cooperative study on the relation of sodium and potassium to blood pressure.. Control Clin Trials. 1988; 9: 1S-118S.
13. Fregly MJ. Sodium and potassium. Annu Rev Nutr. 1981; 1: 69-93.
14. Gillum RF, Prineas RJ, Elmer PJ. Assessing sodium andpotassium intake in essential hypertension. Am Heart J. 1984; 107: 549-555.
15. Hawk PB, Oser BL, Summerson WH. Practical physiology chemistry. 1954; 13th ed. Toronto: Blackiston Co Inc; 899.
16. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Jaquish CE, Rao DC, Hixson JE, Chen JC, Duan X, Huang JF, Chen CS, Kelly TN, Bazzano LA, Whelton PK. GenSalt Collaborative Research Group. Gender difference in blood pressure responses to dietary sodium intervention in the GenSalt study. J Hypertens. 2009; 27(1): 48-54.
17. Hirvonen T, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Nutrient intake and use of beverages and the risk of kidney stones among male smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 150: 187-194.
18. Huggins CE, O'Reilly S, Brinkman M, Hodge A, Giles GG, English DR, Nowson CA. Relationship of urinary sodium and sodium-to-potassium ratio to blood pressure in older adults in Australia. Med J Aust. 2011; 195(3): 128-132.
19. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. BMJ. 1988; 297: 319-328.
20. Jackson EK, Herzer WA. Angiotensin II/prostaglandin I2 interactions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension. 1993; 22(5): 688-698.
21. Kaplan NM. The dietary guideline for sodium:should we shake it up? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 1020-1026.
22. Kawasaki T, Itoh K, Uezono K, Sasaki H. A simple method for estimating 24 H urinary sodium and potassium excretion from second morning voiding urine specimen in adults. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993; 20: 7-14.
23. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, Luben R, O'Brien E, Wareham N, Day N. Blood pressure and urinary sodiuum in men and women: the Norfolk Cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(5): 1397-1403.
24. Kim YS, Paik HY. Measurement of Na intake in Korean adult females. Korean J Nutr. 1987; 20(5): 341-349.
25. Kim HH, Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee NH, Chun BY, Ahn MY, Lee YK. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a salt reduction program for employees. Korean J Nutr. 2009; 42(4): 350-357.
26. Kim IS, Seo ES, Jeon SY. A study on contents of salt in stored foods which homemakers prepared and their urine in Chon-buk province. Korean J Food Nutr. 1994; 7(3): 183-191.
27. Kimira M, Kudo Y, Takachi R, Haba R, Watanabe S. Associations between dietary intake and urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, and calcium. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2004; 59(1): 23-30.
28. Korean Food Industry Association. Household measures of common used food items. 1988.
29. Korean Hypertension Treatment Guidelines. 2004.
30. Kumanyika SK, Cutler JA. Dietary sodium reduction: is there cause for concern? J Am Coll Nutr. 1997; 16: 192-203.
31. Kwok TC, Chan TY, Woo J. Relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57: 299-304.
32. Langenfeld MRW, Schobel H, Veelken R, Weihprecht H, Schmieder RE. Impact of dietary sodium intake on left ventricular diastolic filling in early essential hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1998; 19: 951-958.
33. Martini LA, Cuppari L, Colugnati FAB, Sigulem DM, Szejnfeld VL, Schor N, Heilberg IP. High sodium chloride intake is associated with low density in calcium in stone forming patients. Clinical Nephrology. 2000; 54: 85-93.
34. Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID). Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2005. 2006.
35. Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID). Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2007. 2008.
36. Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID). Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2008. 2009.
37. Ministry of Health & Welfare (MOHW)/Korean Health Industry Development Institute (KHID). Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (KHANES) 2009. 2010.
38. Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A, Forman A, Tanaka M, Schmidlin O. Normotensive salt-sensitivity: Effects of race and dietary potassium. Hypertension. 1999; 33: 18-23.
39. Nam HW, Lee KY. A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of the pregnant women in Korea. Korean J Nutr. 1985; 18(3): 194-200.
40. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, Martin JC, Garton MJ, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Lee SJ, Reid DM. Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism : Further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000; 71: 142-151.
41. New SA, MacDonald HM, Campbell MK, Martin JC, Garton MJ, Robins SP, Reid DM. Lower estimates of net endogeneous noncarbonic acid production are positively associated with indexes of bone health in premenopausal and perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79: 131-138.
42. Park JA. The interrelationship of renin activity, hormonal and habitual Ca, Na intake and blood pressure in hypertension. 1998; Keimyung University; Ph.D thesis.
43. Park SJ, Paik HY, Lee SY. The influence of mixed NaCl-KCl salt on sodium intake and urinary excretion of sodium and potassium. Korean J Nutr. 2007; 40(6): 500-508.
44. Park TS, Lee KY. A study on the sodium and potassium intakes and their metabolism of university students in Korea. Korean J Nutr. 1985; 18(3): 201-208.
45. Pietinen P. Estimating sodium intake from food consumption data. Ann Nutr Metab. 1982; 26: 90-99.
46. Rhee MY, Yang SJ, Oh SW, Park Y, Kim CI, Park HK, Park SW, Park CY. Novel genetic variations associated with saltsensitivity in the Korean population. Hypertens Res. 2011; 34(5): 606-611.
47. Ruppert M, Overlack A, Kolloch R, Kraft K, Gobel B, Stumpe KO. Neurohormonal and metabolic effects of severe and moderate salt restriction in non-obese normotensive adults. J Hypertens. 1993; 11(7): 743-749.
48. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER 3rd, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N, Lin PH. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)diet. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344(1): 3-10.
49. Sasaki S, Zhang XH, Kesteloot HK. Dietary sodium, potassium, saturated fat, alcohol, and stroke mortality. Stroke. 1995; 26: 783-789.
50. Sebastian A, Harris ST, Ottaway JH, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr. Improved mineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1776-1781.
51. Shin EK, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Ahn MY, Son SM, Lee YK. Estimation of sodium intake of adult female by 24-hour urine analysis, dietary records and dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ 55). Korean J Nutr. 2010; 43(1): 79-85.
52. Son SM, Park YS, Lim HJ, Kim SB, Jeong YS. Sodium intakes of Korean adults with 24-hour urine analysis and dish frequency questionnaire and comparison of sodium intakes according to the regional area and dish group. Korean J Community Nutr. 2007; 12(5): 545-558.
53. Stamler J, Cirillo M. Dietary salt and renal stone disease. Lancet. 1997; 349: 506-507.
54. Stamler J, Rose G, Stamler R, Elliott P, Dyer A, Marmot M. Intersalt study findings. Public health and medical care implications. Hypertension. 1989; 14(5): 570-577.
55. Sung CJ, Choi MK, Jo JH, Lee JY. Relationship among dietary intake, blood level, and urinary excretion of minerals and blood pressure in Korean rural adult men and women. Korean J Nutr. 1993; 26(1): 89-97.
56. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. 2010; Seoul.
57. Tsugane S. Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Sci. 2005; 96(1): 1-6.
58. Whelton PK, He J, Cutler JA, Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Follmann D, Klag MJ. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA. 1997; 277(20): 1624-1632.
59. Yoon SS, Ostchega Y, Louis T. Recent Trends in the prevalence of high blood pressure and its treatment and control, 1999-2008. NCHS Data Brief. 2010; 48: 1-8.
60. Yoon YO, Kim ES, Ro HK. Sodium intakes of some industrial workers. Korean J Nutr. 1990; 23(1): 37-43.
61. Yoon YO, Kim ES, Ro HK. Potassium intakes of some industrial workers. Korean J Nutr. 1991; 24(4): 344-349.

Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4

Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8

Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults
Taisun Hyun, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Heekyong Ro, Young-Hee Han, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 284. CrossRef
Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju
Mijin Jo, Young-Ran Heo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 38. CrossRef
A Comparison of Sources of Sodium and Potassium Intake by Gender, Age and Regions in Koreans: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012
Yang-hee Park, Sang-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(6): 558. CrossRef
Salt Preference and Sodium Intake among Pregnant Women
Mi Jeung Im, Dong Sook Cho
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2016; 22(4): 297. CrossRef
Processing and Characteristics of Snacks Make from Extrusion Rice Oryza sativa and Dried Shrimp Acetes chinensis
Hae-Soo Je, Kyung-Hun Kang, Hee-Bum Jung, Si-Young Park, Young-Mi Kang, Tae-Jong Seoung, Jae-Dong Lee, Jin-Hyo Park, Jeong-Gyun Kim
Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.2016; 49(3): 293. CrossRef
Contents of Sodium and Potassium for Restaurant Dishes in Seoul
Mi-ra Jang, Mi-sun Hong, Bu-chuhl Choi, Sung-hee Han, Kyeong-ah Lee, Li-la Kim, Jib-ho Lee, Jung-hun Kim, Kweon Jung
Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety.2015; 30(2): 189. CrossRef
Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
Nutrient Intake Status of Male and Female University Students in Chuncheon Area
Yoon-Sun Kim, Bok-Ran Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(12): 1856. CrossRef
The Risk of Metabolic Syndrome by Dietary Patterns of Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province
You-Sin Lee, Moo-Yong Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 527. CrossRef
Benefits of potassium intake on metabolic syndrome: The fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV)
Doosup Shin, Hee-Kyung Joh, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park
Atherosclerosis.2013; 230(1): 80. CrossRef

PubReader

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(6):737-751. Published online December 31, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

XML Download

We recommend

A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan

Table 1

General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3

Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4

Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6

Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7

Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8

Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 1 General characteristics of subjects

1) N (%)

Table 2 Anthropometric and blood pressure data of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^{**, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 3 Mean daily nutrient intake of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

2) Percent of Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) of 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs)

3) Percent of Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) of 2010 KDRIs

4) Percent of Adequate Intake (AI) of 2010 KDRIs

Table 4 Mean daily urinary sodium and potassium excretion per 24hr urine of subjects

1) Mean ± SD

^{*, **, ***}: significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 respectively by t-test

Table 5 Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and the results of anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis

1) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

2) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

3) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 6 Correlation coefficients between urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and nutrient intakes

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 7 Mean anthropometric, blood pressure and urine analysis of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion

1) mg

2) BMI = weight (kg)/height² (m²)

3) SBP = Systolic Blood Pressure

4) DBP = Diastolic Blood Pressure

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Means with same letter in the same row are not significantly different

Table 8 Mean nutrient intake of subjects by quartiles of urinary sodium and potassium excretion