Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Volume 19(2); April 2014

Original Articles

[English]
Body Image, Risk of Disturbed Eating Attitudes and Weight Control of Female Junior High School Students by the Body Mass Index in Seoul: Hyun Jung Song, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):111-121. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.111

OBJECTIVES
In this study, perception of body image, eating attitudes and weight control were examined by the degree of obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI).
METHODS
Out of 420 questionnaires distributed to the female middle school students (aged 12-16 years), 407 were returned (97% response rate) and 395 were analyzed (94% analysis rate). Female students were divided into two groups based on the BMI percentile using the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. (1) normal weight (5 th percentile < or = BMI < 85th percentile) (2) obese (85th percentile < or = BMI) by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Satisfaction of self-body shape, risk of disturbed eating attitudes (Eating Attitude Test : EAT-26), and weight control behaviors were examined.
RESULTS
Distribution of the subjects by BMI was 74.5% of normal and 25.5% of obese. There were significant differences between self-perceived current body image and self-perceived ideal body image. The dissatisfaction of body image was higher in obese than in normal groups (p < 0.001). 51.4% of female students were unsatisfied with their body image, while 2.6% were very satisfied. Among the students unsatisfied with their body image, 150 (52.1%) were of normal weight and 48 (49.4%) were obese. EAT-26 total scores were significantly higher in the obese group (16.42 +/- 8.23) compared with normal group (13.72 +/- 8.10) (p < 0.01). Attempted to weight control were significantly different by the BMI (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study concludes that there was desire to become thinner than current status in female students, even those with normal BMI. Many female students were dissatisfied with their body image and attempted to lose weight. It is harmful to their health and nutritional status if they choose undesirable methods. These findings suggested that there are needs to encourage female students for maintaining healthy weight. A higher score of EAT-26 was associated with dissatisfaction of selfbody image and this may lead to unhealthy behaviors in obese female students.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Consumer characteristics of Body Mass Index groups, and the effect of body satisfaction and self-esteem on the involvement in dieting among females aged 25-49 years
Su-mok Jeong, Eunah Yoh
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture.2020; 28(5): 591. CrossRef
Survey on Foodservice Satisfaction and Dietary Education needs for Improvement of School Foodservice in Middle School Students in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Shin, Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 127. CrossRef
Characteristics of Groups classified by Degree of Obesity using Body Mass Index - Focused on Self-esteem, Food lifestyle, Social-cultural Attitudes towards Appearance, and Diet-related Attitude and Behavior -
Kwanghee Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Costume.2016; 66(8): 33. CrossRef
Energy Intake according to Expected Body Mass Index of Middle School Students in Seoul
Min-Jeong Ko
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(1): 30. CrossRef

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[English]
Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults: Areum Yu, Jihye Kim, Oran Kwon, Se Young Oh, Junghyun Kim, Yoon Jung Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):122-132. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults.
METHODS
Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research.
RESULTS
The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (> or = 20 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25 (OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk.dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Citations

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Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451. CrossRef
Impacts of serum vitamin D levels on sleep and daytime sleepiness according to working conditions
Hyuk Joo Lee, Hayun Choi, In-Young Yoon
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.2020; 16(7): 1045. CrossRef
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive function in Korean older adults living in rural area
Ye Som Shin, Bo Youl Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Yoon Jung Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 465. CrossRef
Vitamin D intake, serum 25OHD, and bone mineral density of Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)
Mi-Yeon Kim, Mi-Ja Kim, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 437. CrossRef
Relationship of vitamin D status and obesity index in Korean women
Ji-Young Park, Young-Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(1): 28. CrossRef
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197. CrossRef

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[English]
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Korea Children and Adolescents and Nutrient intakes: Using 2008 the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hang Me Nam, Mi Ja Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):133-141. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.133

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), metabolic abnormalities, and nutrient intakes in Korea children and adolescents using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008.
METHODS
A sample of 838 children and adolescent males (n = 442) and females (n = 396) aged 10-18 was used from the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome subjects was adapted from modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III by Ford. To compare nutrient intakes, we used a judgment sampling. The first group was composed of all children and adolescents (n = 46) with MS. The second one along with the first group had children and adolescents with the same age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) but without MS (n = 46). The control group like the first two had children and adolescents with same sex and same age but with normal BMI and without MS (n = 46).
RESULTS
In this randomized controlled controlled trial, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 5.8%. The risk factors was associated with the MS were abdominal obesity 9.4%, hypertriglyceridemia 25.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 10.3%, hypertension 23.4%, and hyperglycemia 7.1%. Among metabolic abnormalities, blood pressure was significantly affected by sex, age and obesity. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and waist circumference were directly linked to obesity. There were no significant differences in nutrient intakes among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of MS was higher in children (10-11 years old) than in adolescents (12-18 years old). There was a difference in hypertension among risk factors by gender, and there were no significant differences in nutrient intakes.

Citations

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Prevalence Trends of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Children and Adolescents from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Sub Lim
Life.2022; 12(9): 1404. CrossRef
Biochemical Index, Nutrition Label Use, and Weight Control Behavior in Female Adolescents: Using the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Ja Choi, Hyun-Ju Jo, Mi-Kyung Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(1): 32. CrossRef
Socioeconomic and Behavioral Characteristics Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Among Overweight/Obese School-age Children
Ok Kyung Ham
Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2017; 32(1): 30. CrossRef
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation
Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
Nutrients.2016; 8(10): 588. CrossRef
Dietary Assessment and Factors Related to Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Youth: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2013
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim, Eun-Mi Ahn, Hyun Ju Kang, Young-Hee Park, Young Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2016; 27(4): 875. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(3): 236. CrossRef

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[English]
Investigation on Influencing Environmental Factors on Health Status of Korean Septuagenarians Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):142-162. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.142

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea.
METHODS
We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (> or = 18.5 kg/m2), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin B1, B6, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake.
CONCLUSIONS
These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

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Development and Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Satisfaction (YLP-S) Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Kang-Hyun Park, Ickpyo Hong, Ji-Hyuk Park
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of dietary behavior and nutrient intake of elderly in urban and rural areas for development of “Village Lunch Table” program: Based on 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Youngmi Lee, Yourim Choi, Hae Ryun Park, Kyung Hee Song, Kyung Eun Lee, Chang Hee Yoo, Young Suk Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 171. CrossRef
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Lim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178. CrossRef
The Comparative Analysis of Health Risk Factor according to HbA1c Level of Elderly Women Dwelling in Jeonla Province - Blood Health Status, Food Habit and Nutrient Intake -
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(3): 392. CrossRef
Changes in the Nutrition Status of Elderly Females in Health Promotion Programs of Health Centers in Chungbuk Province
Myoung-Sook Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(2): 225. CrossRef
A Study on the Blood Health Status and Nutrient Intake in Elderly Women Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province according to Family Arrangement
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 940. CrossRef

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[English]
Dietary Intake Status among Korean Female Breast Cancer Survivors: Myungsook Park, Eunkyung Hwang, Hyeong Gon Moon, Dong Young Noh, Jung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):163-175. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.163

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to evaluate dietary intake among female breast cancer survivors in a cross-sectional study.
METHODS
A total of 127 women who had breast cancer surgery at least 6 months before baseline were included. Dietary intake of female breast cancer survivors was assessed through self-reported 3 day-dietary records. To compare dietary intake between breast cancer survivors and general female population without cancer, we selected the 1:4 age matched women from the 2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In the KNHANES, participants were asked about their dietary intake using the 24-hour dietary recalls. We also examined whether dietary intake varied by age group, cancer stage, or time since surgery among breast cancer survivors. We used the generalized linear model to compare their dietary intakes.
RESULTS
Intakes of total energy, beta-carotene, folate, vitamin C, plant iron and fruits were lower among breast cancer survivors with longer time since surgery compared to those with shorter time (p < 0.05). Breast cancer patients with higher stage at diagnosis tended to consume less legumes (p = 0.01) than those with lower stage. When we compared dietary intake between breast cancer survivors and the general female population without cancer, breast cancer survivors were more likely to consume most of macro- and micro-nutrients in larger quantity (p < 0.05) and adhere to healthier diet characterized by higher intakes of legumes, seed and nuts, vegetables and fishes and shells than the general female population who never had been diagnosed with cancer (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study results suggested that the intakes of nutrients and foods varied by time since surgery and cancer stage among breast cancer survivors and dietary intakes among breast cancer survivors differed from that in the general population. Further prospective studies are warranted to explore the association between dietary intakes of specific food items and survival among Korean breast cancer survivors.

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Utilization of Nutrition Labels and Its Relation to Nutrient Intake among Cancer Survivors: The 2019–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Kyujin Choi, Seyoung Son, Hee-Kyung Joh, Su-Min Jeong
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2023; 13(4): 225. CrossRef
Nutrient intakes from supplement and factors associated with supplement use among breast cancer survivors: A cross‐sectional study
Jiyoung Youn, Sihyun Park, Sihan Song, Hyeong‐Gon Moon, Dong‐Young Noh, So‐Youn Jung, Eunsook Lee, Zisun Kim, Hyun Jo Youn, Jihyoung Cho, Young Bum Yoo, Se Kyung Lee, Taisun Hyun, Jung Eun Lee
European Journal of Cancer Care.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016
Bo-Young Seo, Eun-Sil Her
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 406. CrossRef
The Effects of Utilizing Smartphone Application Peer Support on Health Behavior and Body Mass Index among Breast Cancer Survivors
Gaeun Park, Haejung Lee, Hyun Yul Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2019; 49(5): 550. CrossRef
Determinants of Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations among Breast Cancer Survivors in Korea
Woo-Kyoung Shin, Zisun Kim, Hyun Youn, Jihyoung Cho, Jung Lee
Nutrients.2018; 10(3): 380. CrossRef
Development of a FFQ for breast cancer survivors in Korea
Woo-kyoung Shin, Sihan Song, Eunkyung Hwang, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Dong-Young Noh, Jung Eun Lee
British Journal of Nutrition.2016; 116(10): 1781. CrossRef

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[English]
Association of Whole Grain Consumption with Nutrient Intakes and Metabolic Risk Factors in Generally Healthy Korean Middle-Aged Women: Ye Jin Kim, Jin Hee Yum, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):176-186. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.176

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
Epidemiological studies have suggested that a higher consumption of whole grain foods can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity. The objective of the current study was to examine associations among the consumption of whole grains and nutrient intakes and biochemical indicators associated with chronic diseases among generally healthy middle-aged Korean women.
METHODS
Using 24-hour recall data from the 2008-2009 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, whole grain intake (g/day) was calculated for a total of generally healthy 1,953 subjects. The subjects were divided into three groups by the level of whole grain consumption (0 g/day, > 0 and < 20 g/day or > or = 20 g/day). Mean values or proportions of various nutrient intakes and metabolic risk factors were compared according to the level of whole grain consumption. All statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software version 9.2.
RESULTS
We observed that the overall consumption of whole grains was quite low. Specifically, 58.2% of subjects reported no whole grain consumption on the day of the survey, and the mean whole grain intake was only 15.3 g/day. The whole grain consumption was positively associated with intakes of various macro and micronutrients, namely, plant proteins and fats, dietary fiber, calcium, plant iron, potassium, zinc, vitamin A, beta-carotene, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid. In addition, we found significantly decreasing trends in abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridemia as whole grain intake levels increase.
CONCLUSIONS
The study findings suggested the importance of promoting whole grain consumption as an efficient tool for improving various dietary aspects and preventing chronic diseases.

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[English]
Nutrition Status of Elderly Female Patients in Long-term Care Hospital according to Meal Types and Eating Ability: Hyejin Ahn, Juhee Kang, Hongmie Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):187-197. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.187

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to determine nutritional status of elderly patients in a long-term care hospital according to meal type and eating ability.
METHODS
Subjects were 47 female patients aged over 65 (79.3 +/- 7.1 years) who resided in a long-term care hospital in Seoul. Thirty seven patients who ate diet orally were grouped according to meal type (27 general diet and 10 soft diet) and eating ability (26 eating by oneself and 11 eaten with help) and 10 were on tube feeding. Nutritional status was determined by food consumption and mid-arm circumference.
RESULTS
The mean adequacy ratios (MARs) of 12 nutrients (protein, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, niacin, folic acid, vitamin C) were 0.687 for general diet, 0.565 for soft diet, 0.680 for eating by oneself and 0.677 for eaten with help, which were significantly lower than 0.982 for tube feeding (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The patients on tube feeding had significantly lower % arm circumference compared to those who ate general diet (84.0% vs. 95.4%, respectively, p < 0.05). Nutrients intakes, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were not different between meal types as well as eating ability. The most insufficiently consumed nutrients by the patients on diet were folic acid, vitamin B2, and calcium (NAR 0.334~0.453, 0.515~0.539, and 0.516~0.533, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that regardless of meal type or eating ability, the subjects who were on diets in this study might have inadequate intake of folic acid as well as vitamin B2, and calcium, which need to be reflected on menu planning. The measurement of mid-arm circumference presented more risk of malnutrition of patients on tube feeding than those on diets, despite apparently better nutrient consumption.

Citations

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Nutritional status of Korean elderly with dementia in a long-term care facility in Hongseong
Ji-Yeon Lee, Yeong-Soon Hyun, Hee-Seon Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(1): 32. CrossRef
Effect of nutrition care process-based nutrition intervention on improvement of intake in the elderly in-patients with malnutrition
Ji-Hyun Park, Min-Ji Kang, Jung-Sook Seo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(4): 307. CrossRef
Eating Problems and Nutritional Status of Elderly Patients in Long-term Care Hospitals according to Whether They consume Foodservice Meals or Other Meals
Yoo Ri Choi, Eun Young Yoon
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2017; 26(2): 145. CrossRef
Comparison of Health Status and Mini Nutritional Assessment according to Self-esteem of Elderly in Care Hospital
Eun-mi Kim, Jin Kwon
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(4): 631. CrossRef
Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly
Eun Jin So, Hyojee Joung
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(4): 371. CrossRef
Serving Yaksun(Medicinal) Food Items at a Long-Term Senior Care Hospital and an Increase in the Food Intake of Elderly Inpatients
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Nutrition Status of Elderly Female Patients in Long-term Care Hospital according to Meal Types and Eating Ability
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(2): 187. CrossRef
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Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 199. CrossRef

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[English]
The use Frequency and Amount of Food Sources of Sodium and Knowledge Requirement, and Job Satisfaction of Dietitians and Nutrition Teachers according to the School Types in Busan: Jee Young Yeon, Soon Kyu Lee, Baeg Won Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):198-211. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.198

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium and knowledge requirement, and job satisfaction with school food services according to the school types in Busan.
METHODS
A total of 98 schools were surveyed and knowledge requirement and job satisfaction were assessed using a questionnaire. In addition, the use frequency and amount of food sources of sodium for 10 school days were examined.
RESULTS
The response rate of the most difficult area among dietitians' tasks was significantly high in 'nutrition education and counseling' for elementary schools and 'hygiene management' for high schools (p < .05). The response rate of the factors to be considered in meal planning was significantly high in 'energy and nutrients requirement' for elementary schools and 'menu/taste preference of students' for middle and high schools (p < .05). The response rate of whether school food services affect health and eating habits of students or not was significant high in 'very helpful' for elementary schools (p < .001). The average sodium contents in the meals of elementary, middle and high schools was 1981.4 mg/meal/person/day, 1867.3 mg/meal/person/day and 1,329.9 mg/meal/person/day, respectively. For foods in highest sodium, Kimchi, Oribulgogi, and Kare rice were ranked 1st, 2nd and 3rd respectively. The main reason for not providing the fruits was 'price' among all groups. The knowledge requirement such as 'nutrition and menu management', 'nutrition education', and 'nutrition counseling' was significantly higher in elementary school compared with middle and high school (p < .001, p < .01, and p < .01 respectively). The dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary schools have a higher job satisfaction compared with those of middle schools (p < .01). The job satisfaction was positively correlated with knowledge requirement of dietitians and nutrition teachers of elementary and middle schools.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that developing dietitians' education program about knowledge requirement contribute to increasing the school food service and job satisfaction in elementary and middle schools.

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School Dietitian Awareness, Practice, and Sodium Reduction Plan in School Meal Service
Eun Kyung Kim, Hae Young Kim
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(2): 222. CrossRef
Status and Need Assessment on Nutrition & Dietary Life Education among Nutrition Teachers in Elementary, Middle and High Schools
Na Gyeong Oh, Su Jin Gwon, Kyung Won Kim, Cheong Min Sohn, Hae Ryun Park, Jung Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 152. CrossRef

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