Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Volume 17(3); June 2012

Original Articles

[English]
The Comparison of Growth and Nutrient Intakes in Children with and without Atopic Dermatitis: Seung Joo Park, Jae Sun Lee, Kangmo Ahn, Sang Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):271-279. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.271

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased recently all over the world. Several studies worldwide reported growth retardation associated with AD, but few studies were reported in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identity the differences in growth and nutrient intakes between Korean children with and without AD. The participants were 71 AD children and age, gender-matched 81 control children aged 10 to 36 months. Demographic information was gathered by questionnaires. Height and weight were measured at clinic and health centers. Height and weight for age, and weight for height were converted as deviation in Z scores using World Health Organization Standard. A 24 hour dietary recall method was performed to estimate nutrient intakes. A higher percentage of AD children had insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and vitamin B2 , defined as intakes lower than 75% of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean, compared to the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, respectively). The percentages of children with height and weight for age Z score below than-1 (stunted) were significantly higher in the AD group (P < 0.001 0.001 and P < 0.001 0.001, respectively). Multiple food restriction, defined as > or = 3 food elimination, was associated with insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamins A and B2 . In conclusion, children with AD need regular nutrient assessment and education about alternative food choices to avoid r food elimination in order to prevent growth retardation or inadequate nutrient intakes. Further longitudinal studies for growth and nutrient intakes should be performed to understand the patterns of growth in children with AD.

Citations

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Relationship between intake of soft drinks and current prevalence of adult atopic dermatitis: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2015-2016)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(5): 501. CrossRef
The status of food allergy and parental burden of preschoolers in Jeju area
Jeong Eun Oh, Eunyoung Kim, Yunkyoung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(6): 664. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among atopic dermatitis children under 12 years of age: based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013–2015)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 141. CrossRef
Food Allergy-related Awareness and Performance of Dietitians at Children's Hospitals in Korea: Comparison of Certificate Possession among Clinical Dietitians
Hye-Ran Shin, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(6): 512. CrossRef
Relation of Nutritional Intake and Allergic Rhinitis in Infants: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2013~2016
Eun-Sil Her, Bo-Young Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 321. CrossRef
Food allergic reactions in the community: a questionnaire survey of caregivers
An Deok Seo, Jun Yeol Lee, Song I Yang, Hye Ran Lee, So-Yeon Lee
Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2017; 5(1): 27. CrossRef
The change in food allergy prevalence of elementary school children in Seoul since the last 20 years and the risk factor analysis
Yeong-Ho Kim, So-Yeon Lee, Eun Lee, Hyun-Ju Cho, Hyo-Bin Kim, Ji-Won Kwon, Song-I Yang, Eun-Jin Kim, Jeom-Kyu Lee, Soo-Jong Hong
Allergy, Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2016; 4(4): 276. CrossRef
Nutrient intakes of infants with atopic dermatitis and relationship with feeding type
Youngshin Han, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Sunyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(1): 57. CrossRef
Perception on food allergy labelling and management of nutritional education among higher grade elementary school students in Jeju area
Yunkyoung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kim, Yang-Sook Ko
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(6): 530. CrossRef
Survey of food allergy in elementary school children in Bucheon-city and relationship between food allergy and other allergic diseases
Jae Young Park, Ga Young Park, Young Shin Han, Mee Yong Shin
Allergy Asthma & Respiratory Disease.2013; 1(3): 266. CrossRef
Nutrient Intake and Food Restriction in Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Hyunjin Lim, Kyunghee Song, Ran Kim, Jiyeon Sim, Eunah Park, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim, Youngshin Han
Clinical Nutrition Research.2013; 2(1): 52. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Eating Behavior between Commensality and Solo-eating of University Students by BMI: Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho, Yujin Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):280-289. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.280

Abstract PDF PubReader

The objective of this research was to explore the influences of 'having a meal with someone' on individuals' eating pattern. Eating is not a simple matter of energy intake but also serves to anchor daily routines being cultivated by people and society. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional eating behavior survey of university students (N = 893, 380 men, 513 women) aged 20 to 24 years. Results were analyzed and presented as frequencies, means and chi2-test with SPSS 14.0. Differences in dietary habits by commensality and solo-eating were observed; Students who ate alone, spent 15 min for a meal and ate convenience food items when they didn't feel hungry. Compared to students who ate alone, those who ate together with someone spent 30 min for a meal and ate more amount of food. Eighty percent of respondents ate more various menus in commensality than solo-eating. They felt lonely when they ate alone and preferred to eat together. In conclusion, university students start to decide and select their own meals by themselves after junior and high school food services which are fixed with regard to menu and the amount. Dietary habits of Koreans rapidly changed concomitant with social changes over the past half century. Governments and health experts recognize that unbalanced meals cause lifestyle-related diseases, in particular obesity. Our research findings will contribute to more comprehensive efficient nutrition education programs in order to prevent obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases in early stages of adulthood.

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Risk factors of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles in university students: Results from the EHU12/24 study
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Long Qian, Feng Li, Hongbo Liu, Lingen Wang, Breda McCarthy, Shaosheng Jin
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Are the Slimmer More Wasteful? The Correlation between Body Mass Index and Food Wastage among Chinese Youth
Long Qian, Feng Li, Hongbo Liu, Lingen Wang
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Yevvon Yi-Chi Chang
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Gender and age group differences in nutrition intake and dietary quality of Korean adults eating alone: based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data, 2013–2016
Yoonjin Ahn, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(1): 66. CrossRef
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Eun Jung Lee, Kyung-Ran Lee, Ju-Yeon Kim
Appetite.2020; 152: 104695. CrossRef
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Sangmoon Kim
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Comparison of Dietary Behavior of Eating Alone in Single Households by Status of Workers and Age
Pil Kyoo Jo, Yu Jin Oh
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Analysis of the Difference in Nutrients Intake, Dietary Behaviors and Food Intake Frequency of Single- and Non Single-Person Households: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2014–2016
Na-Yeon Kang, Bok-Mi Jung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 1. CrossRef
Association between family dinner and BMI in adults: data from the 2013 to 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Woongchan Rah, Jaewon So, Eun-Cheol Park, Sang Ah Lee, Sung-In Jang
Public Health Nutrition.2019; 22(4): 681. CrossRef
Eating Alone is Differentially Associated with the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men and Women
Chul-Kyoo Kim, Hyun-jin Kim, Hae-Kyung Chung, Dayeon Shin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(5): 1020. CrossRef
Recognition and Consumption of Meal Alone and Processed Food according to Major of College Students
Byung Bum Choi
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 911. CrossRef
Differences in Solo Eating Perceptions and Dietary Behaviors of University Students by Gender
Youngmee Lee, Yu Jin Oh, Wookyoun Cho, Pil Kyoo Jo
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(1): 57. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef
Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Nursing and Allied Health College Students
Su Ol Kim
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The Relationship between Obesity Degree and Psychological Factors, Dietary Behaviors and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Women in their Twenties in Seoul and Kyungin Area
Sang-Yeon Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2013; 26(3): 535. CrossRef
The study of Perception in Body Somatotype and Dietary Behaviors - The Comparative Study between Korean and Chinese College Students -
Youngmee Lee, Lin Sun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(1): 25. CrossRef

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[English]
The Related Factors Influencing on Self-rated Health Level of Middle-aged Women: Hyejin Lee, Kyung Hea Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Mi Jung Kim, Suk Man Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):290-301. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.290

Abstract PDF PubReader

This survey of 836 midlife women (51.0 +/- 4.0 yrs) was undertaken by exclusively a face to face interview by well-trained interviewers guarantying data collection of higher quality. This survey data was analyzed using the SPSS program. The main purpose of this study was to describe the factors affecting self-rated health status, including dietary habits and physical . mental . social factors. In the self-rated health status of a 'good' group, age was lower (p < 0.05), monthly income was higher (p < 0.01), dietary habits score (p < 0.001) and appetite (p < 0.001) and the degree of movement (p < 0.001) and life satisfaction (p < 0.001), marital intimacy (p < 0.001) and relationship satisfaction with their children (p < 0.001) were significantly higher than the 'bad' group. The level of depression (p < 0.001) and severe feeling of menopausal symptoms (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in the 'poor' group. The results of correlation analysis demonstrated that educational level (r = 0.069, p < 0.05),income (r = 0.157, p < 0.001), eating habits (r = 0.235, p < 0.001), appetite (r = 0.263, p < 0.001), life satisfaction (r = 0.197, p < 0.001), marital intimacy (r = 0.167, p < 0.001), child relationship satisfaction (r = 0.149, p < 0.001), positive attitude toward menopause (r = 0.070, p < 0.05) showed a positive correlation, but depression (r = -0.122, p < 0.001) and menopausal symptoms (r = -0.292, p < 0.001) showed a negative association with self-rated health status. The predictable factors affecting the self-rated health status of middle-aged women were examined by multiple regression analysis. The 'menopausal symptoms - physical discomfort' was the most important variables followed by the 'appetite', 'eating habits', 'menopause symptoms - sensory problems', 'BMI', 'positive attitude toward menopause' and 'high marital intimacy'. These results showed that the 'appetite' and 'eating habits' are important factors affecting the self-rated health status. Therefore, a program of dietary education must be considered for the effective health education and counseling of middle-aged women.

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Self-rated health according to change of lifestyle after COVID-19: Differences between age groups
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Influence of Midlife Health Condition and Awareness of Successful Aging on Preparation for Old Age
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Acculturation, Food Intake and Dietary Behaviors of Chinese College Students in Busan by Residential Period
Fangfang Song, Mi Jeong Kim
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The Impacts of Dietary Habits on Self-perceived Health-related Physical Fitness in Middle-aged Women -Focused on Changwon Province-
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Effects of Cultural Facilities and City Parks on the Regional Suicide Rates in Korea
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A Study on Dietary Behaviors, Health-Related Lifestyle of Adult Visitors at Public Health Centers in Gyeonggi Urban Area
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 611. CrossRef
A Study on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Cancer Preventive Dietary Behavior, and Lifestyles of Adults in the Jeonbuk Area
Jeongok Rho, Suyoun Choi
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(1): 201. CrossRef
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Anthropometric Index, Dietary Habits and Nutrient Intake of the Oldest-old Population Aged 95 and Over Living in Seoul
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[English]
A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores: Sim Yeol Lee, Seung Sin Lee, Gyoung Mi Kim, Soo Chang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):302-311. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.302

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middleand high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements.

Citations

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Why are restricted food items still sold after the implementation of the school store policy? the case of South Korea
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Food Policy.2019; 83: 161. CrossRef
Korean Adolescents’ Energy Intake of Selected Foods by Eating Place from 1998 to 2012 During Implementation of Two National School Nutrition Policies
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition.2018; 13(1): 116. CrossRef
Health behavior and status associated with junk food consumption in adolescents: Data from the Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey
Young-Taek Doo
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2016; 33(2): 15. CrossRef
Sodium-related Eating Behaviors of Parents and Its Relationship to Eating Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Ye Seul Kim, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
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Use of School Tuck-shop and Desire for Healthy Tuck-shop among High School Students in Daejeon Metropolitan City According to Snack Frequency
Yeon-Jeong Kim, Yoonsuk Suh, Young-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(5): 507. CrossRef

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[English]
Actual Status of School Dietitians' Recognition and Use of Superior Agricultural Products in Daegu: Jin A Jang, Sun Woo Ahn, Mi Kyung Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):312-320. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.312

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of the school dietitian on superior agricultural products (SAP) and the status of using superior agricultural products in school meals. Questionnaires were distributed to 185 school dietitians after face to face interview, and a total of 181 responses were used for analysis. 82.3% of the respondents were using SAPs in school meals and there was a significant difference between elementary school (95.1%), middle school (76.8%) and high school (66.7%) dietitians (p < 0.001). 85.2% of the dietitians, who were using SAP, were purchasing SAPs through electronic bidding, and the main reason of not using SAPs was the higher price of SAPs than that of general agricultural products. The good agricultural practices (GAP) product was considered the most appropriate agricultural products for school meals by the majority of respondents (66.9%), and organic products was the next (13.3%). In addition, the most important selection criterion for a SAP perceived by school dietitians was safety (58.0%), and the main reason of using SAPs in school meals, when two choices were allowed, was 'to provide healthful food to children' (98.9%). The major barriers to using SAPs in school meals (two choices were allowed) were 'too expensive' (73.5%) and 'unstable supply' (32.6). In conclusion, it was suggested that there should be an improvement in SAP supply and management systems to increase the use of SAPs in school meals.

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Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province
Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 290. CrossRef
Exploratory study on effect of eco-friendly program in high school foodservice on adolescents' dietary behavior and satisfaction with foodservice
Seyoung Ju, Deokhee Song, Hyeja Chang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 494. CrossRef
Parents' Perception and Satisfaction of School Food Materials and Supplier -Performance in Mokpo, Korea-
Seok-In Lee, Pyong-Yon Kang, Hyun-Young Jung
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(11): 1741. CrossRef
Utilization Status and Awareness of School Foodservice Dietitians Regarding Medicinal Cuisine in Yeoungdong, Gangwon-do
Ga-Hee Lee, Deok-Ihn Yoon, Jung-Sook Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(1): 1. CrossRef
Perception of environment-friendly foods and satisfaction with school meals among students, their parents, and nutrition teachers at elementary schools in the Jindo area, Jeonnam
Moon-Hee Jung, Moon-Jeong Chang, Sun-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(4): 369. CrossRef

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[English]
The Job Satisfaction and the Turnover Intention of Dietitians Working at Foodservice of the Correctional Institutions in Korea: In Jae Cho, Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):321-328. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.321

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study is to investigate how certain factors influence job satisfaction and turnover intention of the dietitians working at the correctional institutions. A total 47 sheets of questionnaires (complete enumeration) were distributed respectively to the dietitians during the period from March 20th to May 18th of 2008. A total of 38 questionnaires (response rate 81%) were analyzed by using SPSS (ver. 19.0). The dietitians were more satisfied with coworkers (3.63 +/- 0.10) and supervision (3.19 +/- 0.13) than with pay (2.97 +/- 0.09) and promotion (2.55 +/- 0.08). Among the job burnout dimensions, cynicism (2.58 +/- 0.09) was rated higher than exhaustion (2.47 +/- 0.10), while professional efficacy level (3.40 +/- 0.08) was relatively high. The work dimension of job satisfaction was negatively correlated with exhaustion and cynicism dimensions of job burnout (p < 0.001), and turnover intention (p < 0.01), but positively correlated with professional efficacy dimension (p < 0.001). The co-worker dimension was negatively correlated with exhaustion and cynicism (p < 0.05) and turnover intention (p < 0.01), while the supervision, the pay, and the promotion dimension were not correlated with the job burnout and turnover intention. The turnover intention was positively correlated with exhaustion and cynicism dimensions of job burnout (p < 0.001). A stepwise regression analysis revealed that i) professional efficacy was a factor to significantly increase the work dimension of job satisfaction, ii) exhaustion and cynicism to significantly decrease the work and the co-worker dimension of job satisfaction, respectively, and iii) exhaustion to significantly increase turnover intention. The managerial efforts of the institutions could be focused on the job burnout factors to effectively increase the work dimension and the co-worker dimension of the job satisfaction.

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Study on Relations among Emotional Labor, Burnout, Engagement and Customer Orientation of High School Foodservice Employees in Busan Area
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Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(4): 610. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutrient Intake, Lifestyle Factors and Prevalent Hypertension in Korean Adults: Results from 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sle Koo, Youngok Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Jin Sook Yoon, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):329-340. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.329

Abstract PDF PubReader

Hypertension is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that changes in diet and lifestyle factors can prevent the development of hypertension, but the combined effects of these modifiable factors on hypertension are not well established. The objective of this study is to investigate associations of diet and lifestyle factors, evaluated both individually and in combination, with prevalent hypertension among Korean adults. We analyzed data obtained from the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional study using a stratified, multistage probability sampling design. The associations of 12 nutrient intakes and lifestyle factors with risk of hypertension were explored using restricted cubic spline regression and logistic regression models among 6,351 adults. Total energy and several nutrients and minerals, including, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and sodium, showed non-linear relationships with the risk of prevalent hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression models, dietary score, obesity and alcohol intake were independently associated with the risk of prevalent hypertension, but smoking and physical activity were not. Overall, participants whose dietary habits and lifestyle factors were all in the low-risk group had 68% lower prevalence of hypertension (OR: 0.32, 95 CI: 0.14-0.74) compared to those who were at least one in the high-risk group of any dietary or lifestyle factors. The result suggests that combined optimal lifestyle habits are strongly associated with lower prevalence of hypertension among Korean adults.

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Young-Jin Tak, Jeong-Gyu Lee, Yun-Jin Kim, Sangyeoup Lee, Dong-Wook Jung, Yu-Hyeon Yi, Young-Hye Cho, Eun-Jung Choi, Seung-Hun Lee, Hye-Lim Hwang, A-Ra Cho
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(4): 185. CrossRef
The relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits, and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older
Mi Kyung Kim, Kirang Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Dong Hoon Shin, Young-Hoon Lee, Byung-Yeol Chun, Bo Youl Choi
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(4): 453. CrossRef
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Eun Mi Kim, Mi-Kyung Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(5): 818. CrossRef
Prevalence of Hypertension and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Data from the 4th Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2009
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(1): 14. CrossRef
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Jae Ok Koo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 269. CrossRef

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[English]
Cost-benefit Analysis of Sodium Intake Reduction Policy in Korea: Chulhee Lee, Dae Il Kim, Jeonglim Hong, Eunmi Koh, Baeg Won Kang, Jong Wook Kim, Hye Kyung Park, Cho Il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):341-352. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.341

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It is well established that excessive sodium intake is related to a higher incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and gastric cancer. Although the upper limit of the current sodium intake guideline by WHO is set at 2,000 mg/day for adults, sodium intake of Koreans is well over 4,700 mg/capita/day implying an urgent need to develop and implement sodium intake reduction policy at the national level. This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of the sodium intake reduction policy, for the first time, in Korea. Analyses were performed using most recent and representative data on national health insurance statistics, healthcare utilization, employment information, disease morbidity/mortality, etc. The socioeconomic benefits of the policy, resulting from reduced morbidity of those relevant diseases, included lower medical expenditures, transportation costs, caregiver cost for inpatients and income losses. The socioeconomic benefits from diminished mortality included reductions in earning losses and welfare losses caused by early deaths. It is estimated that the amount of total benefits of reducing sodium intake from 4.7 g to 3.0 g is 12.6 trillion Korean Won; and the size of its cost is 149 billion Won. Assuming that the effect of sodium intake reduction would become gradually evident over a 5-year period, the implied rate of average return to the sodium reduction policy is 7,790% for the following 25 years, suggesting a very high cost-effectiveness. Accordingly, development and implementation of a mid-to-long term plan for a consistent sodium intake reduction policy is extremely beneficial and well warranted.

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