Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Study on the Improvement of Dietary Life of Cancer Patients during Treatment by Nutrition Counseling: Keeyoun Hong, Yunjin Choi, Wanqin Yan, Hyunsook Lim, Jonghee Chyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):93-101. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.93

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the improvement of food habits and eating behavior of cancer patients during treatment through the continuous nutrition counseling and monitoring.
METHODS
Thirty cancer patients during treatment were participated in this study, and the first nutrition counseling and the first and second monitoring were conducted after 2-3 week intervals.
RESULTS
As a result of the nutrition counseling and monitoring, all patients improved to a great extent to consume 3 meals a day. The frequency of having breakfast was significantly increased with the nutrition counseling and continuous monitoring as well. The meal fixed quantity was stabilized and the eating speed slowed down as more nutrition counseling were done. The snack intakes of patients did not show any significant difference after the nutrition counseling but showed a slight decline after the monitoring. The frequencies of eating out and a late-night meal significantly decreased after the monitoring. The intakes of fish, meat, vegetables, milk and fruits needed for a well-balanced diet significantly increased as more nutrition counseling were done. The intakes of processed food were significantly decreased after the nutrition counseling and the intakes of fast food were significantly decreased as more nutrition counseling were done. The water intake of patients also significantly increased. In the eating behavior related to health, the frequency of drinking alcohol significantly decreased after nutrition counseling consultation and no patients had dietary supplements after the first monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that continuous nutrition counseling is effective in improving eating habits of cancer patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Efficacy and Safety of Yukgunja-Tang for Patients with Cancer-related Anorexia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial, Pilot Study
Myung-Hyun Ko, Si-Yeon Song, Su-Jeong Ha, Jee Young Lee, Seong Woo Yoon, Ji-Hye Park, So-Jung Park, Hwa-Seung Yoo
Integrative Cancer Therapies.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Cancer survivor's dietary safety management awareness and competency type
Yun Hwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 532. CrossRef
Qualitative Study of Compliance with Nutritional Management in Colorectal Cancer Patient Undergoing Chemotherapy
Heejung Park, Hyonson Kil, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(4): 303. CrossRef
Experiences of Inpatients Living with Lung Cancer in South Korea
Hae Ok Kim, Hyeon Jeong Kim
Asian Oncology Nursing.2020; 20(1): 28. CrossRef
The Effect of Symptom Experience, Nutritional Status, and Self Care on Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Jeong Won Yeom, Yeon Ok Suh
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2019; 22(1): 48. CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Education on the Eating Habits and Quality of Life of Gastric Cancer Outpatients Undergoing Gastrectomy
YoonHee Jung, Joomin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 162. CrossRef

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[English]
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area: Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(2):96-108. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.96

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate health-related factors, nutrition knowledge and food habits of college students in Wonju.
METHODS
A total of 442 (male: 221, female: 221) college students were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. The general characteristics, health-related factors, nutrition knowledge, and food habits were investigated and data were analyzed using SPSS WIN (ver 21.0).
RESULTS
The body mass index (22.9 kg/m2 vs 20.9 kg/m2, p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the males. The ratio of weight (p < 0.001) was significantly different between males and females. Health-related factor scores 'Exercise (p < 0.001)', 'Number of exercise (p < 0.001)', 'Times of exercise (p < 0.01)', 'Concerns about health (p < 0.05)', 'Health condition (p < 0.001)' were significantly higher in the males. 'Type of exercise (p < 0.001)' was significantly different between males and females. Score on 'Watching TV & computer games (p < 0.01)' was significantly higher in the females. Smoking (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in the males. Type of beverages consumed (p < 0.001) was significantly different between males and females. Nutrition knowledge score (11.8 vs 12.9, p < 0.05) was significantly higher in the females. Scores on 'Iron deficiency is leading to anemia (p < 0.01)' and 'carbonated beverages, such as coke, have no calorie (p < 0.05)' were significantly higher in the females. Food habits score (56.4 vs 53.7, p < 0.01) was significantly higher in the males. Scores on 'I have three meals a day (p < 0.01)', 'I have breakfast regularly (p < 0.001)', 'I have meals on time (p < 0.001)', 'I do exercise every day (p < 0.001)', 'I don't eat junk food often (p < 0.05)', 'I don't eat sweet food often (p < 0.05)', and 'I don't eat out often (p < 0.05)' were significantly higher in the males.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutritional education for college students is needed in order to improve their health and nutritional education program should be tailored to meet various needs of these students.

Citations

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Which factor, food literacy or health promotion literacy, predicts women’s healthy eating habits better? Results of a study in western Iran
Serajeddin Mahmoudiani
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Usage and Quality Satisfaction of Convenience Food at Convenience Stores according to the Eating Behavior of University Students in Southern Gyeonggi Province
Se-In Oh, Ok-Sun Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2023; 33(6): 492. CrossRef
Dietary habits and nutrient intake status of university students according to obesity risk based on body mass index and percent body fat
Chae Hong Lee, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(6): 714. CrossRef
Life stress, dietary attitudes, and frequency of snack intake for college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi area: the difference between male and female students
Hyun Seung Oh, Yu bin Kim, Soyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(1): 91. CrossRef
The Relationships between Food Literacy, Health Promotion Literacy and Healthy Eating Habits among Young Adults in South Korea
Yoojin Lee, Taehee Kim, Hyosun Jung
Foods.2022; 11(16): 2467. CrossRef
Use of Weight-control or Health Functional Foods, Associated Weight-control Behavior and Perception among University Students in Cheongju
Gayong Kim, Munkyong Pae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 23. CrossRef
Analysis of Usage, Preference, and Satisfaction for Convenience Store Dessert among University Students in Chungbuk Area
Go Eun Lee, Hye-In Yang, Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of Biotechnology and Bioindustry.2021; 9: 63. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Behaviors among College Students in the Pyeongtaek Area
Seo Hyeon Ahn, Seong Yeong Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(3): 235. CrossRef
Sleep Quality and Its Association with the Dietary Behavior and Lifestyle of University Students in Cheongju
Sewhan Jin, Munkyong Pae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 395. CrossRef
Development of a Lifelogs-Based Daily Wellness Score to Advance a Smart Wellness Service
Ki-Hun Kim, Kwang-Jae Kim, Chiehyeon Lim, Jun-Yeon Heo
Service Science.2018; 10(4): 408. CrossRef
Recognition and Propagation for Temple Food among University Students with Food-related Majors
In-Joon Huh, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 137. CrossRef
Lunch Eating Patterns and Dietary Habits of University Students according to Major Lunch Place
Hyunji Kim, Hongmie Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(4): 261. CrossRef
Survey on Health Status and Food Habits of Male College Students in Wonju Area According to Drinking Behavior
Seung-Lim Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(1): 41. CrossRef
A Study on Weight Control Behaviour, Eating Habits and Health-related Life Habits According to Obesity Degree of University Students in Jeonbuk
Hye-Soon Chang
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(1): 73. CrossRef
Dietary Habits and Perception Toward Food Additives according to the Frequency of Consumption of Convenience Food at Convenience Stores among University Students in Cheongju
Munkyong Pae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 140. CrossRef
Studies on Dietary Habits and Residence Students’ Satisfaction with University Dormitory Foodservice in Jeollabuk-do Iksan Area
Kyung-Jin Min, Il-Sook Choi
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2016; 31(5): 442. CrossRef
Relationship between Eating Style and Food Intake of Healthy Female College Students during Chuseok Holidays
Seok-Young Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 131. CrossRef
Dietary Habits, Dietary Behaviors, Depression and Stress according to Self-Rated Health of University Students in Kyungnam Province
Kyung-Ae Park
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(4): 272. CrossRef
Comparisons of Health Related Lifestyle and Dietary Behaviors according to Gender, Ethnicity and Residence Type of University Students in Yanbian, China
Kyung Hee Hong, Unju Hwa Oh
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(4): 486. CrossRef
Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Nursing and Allied Health College Students
Su Ol Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2015; 28(3): 158. CrossRef
A Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude and Behaviors According to Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge of University Students
Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon, Jong Wook Kim, Jae-Eon Byun, So-Young Bu, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Yun-Jung Bae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 327. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge, Food Habit Problems and Dietary Attitudes of Nursing Students
Su-Ol Kim, So-Myeong Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 466. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes according to BMI in Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female Students in Kyungnam University: Eun Hee Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):297-316. Published online August 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.297

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the body image, food habits, nutrition knowledge, food intake frequency, nutrient intakes of female university students in Masan.
METHODS
Two groups (n = 302, nutrition major: 147, non-major: 155) were classified into underweight, normal weight and overweight/obesity groups according to BMI respectively.
RESULTS
Height and weight of all subjects were 161.5 cm, 53.2 kg and were 161.5 cm, 55.1 kg, 161.5 cm, 51.3 kg in major and non-major female students, respectively. The BMI and body weight were significantly different (p < 0.001). Significantly higher proportions of underweight students in both study groups had perceived as 'normal' or 'fat' (p < 0.001). Higher proportion of the subjects skipped breakfast and main reason was no time to eat. Nutrition knowledge score was significantly higher in major than in non-major subjects (p < 0.001). Fish intake frequency score was significantly higher in non-majors, while the vegetable intake frequency score was significantly higher in majors. Nutrient intakes were significantly higher the majors compared to non-majors, particularly the intake of calcium (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001), vitamin C (p < 0.001) and vitamin E (p < 0.01). Subjects in both groups did not have adequate nutrient intakes compared to KDRIs. BMI showed a positive correlation with body image, body weight and nutrition knowledge score (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that systematic nutrition education program which can be applied in real life is important for the formation of correct choices of food and good eating habits.

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Dietary life and mukbang- and cookbang-watching status of university students majoring in food and nutrition before and after COVID-19 outbreak
Hyunjoo Kang, Sowon Yun, Hongmie Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 104. CrossRef
Relationship among the use of food-related content, dietary behaviors, and dietary self-efficacy of high school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas
Min-Hwan Oh, Kyungeui Hong, Sung-Eun Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(3): 297. CrossRef
Survey on Health Status and Food Habits of Male College Students in Wonju Area According to Drinking Behavior
Seung-Lim Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(1): 41. CrossRef
Relationship between Eating Style and Food Intake of Healthy Female College Students during Chuseok Holidays
Seok-Young Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 131. CrossRef
Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Nursing and Allied Health College Students
Su Ol Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2015; 28(3): 158. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge, Food Habit Problems and Dietary Attitudes of Nursing Students
Su-Ol Kim, So-Myeong Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 466. CrossRef
Comparative Study on Knowledge of Food Habits and Perception of Beauty between Beauty & Fashion Major and Non-major Female College Students
Chae-Jeong Han
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(6): 970. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education on Improving Dietary Attitudes, Food Habits and Food Frequency - Female in Twenties Shift Work in Gyeonggi Area: Seung Lim Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):55-64. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.55

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrition education on improving dietary attitudes, food habits and Food Frequency of 32 female shift workers by administering questionnaires. Dietary nutrient consumption data were obtained from the female shift workers by using 1 day 24-hr recall. The results were as follows: Score on 'Concerns about health (p < 0.05)' was significantly higher after-training. Dietary attitude (32.3 vs. 34.9, p < 0.01) and food habits (60.2 vs. 67.1, p < 0.01) were significantly higher after thetraining. Scores on 'Eating a lot of food that I want to eat is more important than nutrition (p < 0.01)', 'I have a tendency to use instant foods when I am busy (p < 0.01)', 'I am interested in information on nutrition and health (p < 0.01)' were significantly higher after the training. Scores on 'I have three meals a day (p < 0.001)', 'I have breakfast regularly (p < 0.01)', 'I take vegetables other than kimchi at every meal (p < 0.01)', 'I drink milk every day (p < 0.001)', 'I eat fruits every day (p < 0.01)', and 'I apply nutrition knowledge to daily life (p < 0.001)' were significantly higher after the training. Protein (p < 0.05), fiber (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.01), and calcium (p < 0.001) intakes were significantly higher after the training. These results showed that nutrition education had improved the dietary attitudes, food habits, and nutrient intakes. Therefore, we conclude that providing more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to shift workers during their tenure of office period is likely to improve dietary attitudes, food habits, and nutrient intakes.

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The Effect of Frequent Use of Convenience Food from Convenience Stores on the Diet Quality of Women’s University Students: Using the Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adults
Sun Hee Lee, Seung-Lim Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(4): 581. CrossRef
Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef
Effects of nutrition education on nutrition-related knowledge, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes of alcoholic patients
An Na Kim, Hyeon-Sook Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(4): 277. CrossRef
Health-related Factors and Nutritional Status in Shift-workers at Coffee Shops - Focused on Single Women in Twenties in Seoul -
Seung-Lim Lee, Soo-Jin Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(5): 467. CrossRef

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[English]
Status and Relationships among Lifestyle, Food Habits, and Stress Scores of Adults in Chungnam: Yeon Ja Seo, Mi Hyun Kim, Myung Hee Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):579-588. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.579

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to investigate the association among demographic characteristics, lifestyle, food habits, and stress status of 437 males and females aged over 25 years in Chungnam. Overall, the stress status of the subjects was high showing an average of 103 points out of 156 points based on the something scale. Results of the study revealed that marital status, exercise status, and health status had significant relationships with food habits and stress scores. The subjects who were married, had a higher frequency of exercise, and were healthier, had a significantly higher food habit score but a significantly lower stress score compared with their counterparts. Also, food habit scores had a significantly negative relationship with stress scores. Thus, this research showed possible links among healthy food habits, desirable lifestyle, and low stress status. In other words, people who experience a high level of stress may be more likely to have unhealthy food habits, resulting in a poor healthy conditions. These results show that appropriate food habits and adequate dietary management are deemed necessary for people with a high degree of stress. Further in-depth studies are needed to clarify a direct relationship between stress and food habits and to determine the proper diet that may help relieve stress.

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Association between stress and dietary habits, emotional eating behavior and insomnia of middle-aged men and women in Seoul and Gyeonggi
Onjeong Choi, Jiwon Kim, Yujin Lee, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(2): 225. CrossRef
Relationship between Dietary Habits, Life Stress and Nutrition Knowledge of High School Students in Gyeonggi Area
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 126. CrossRef
Eating Habits of the University Students affected by Stress Levels in the Areas of Seoul and Gangwon Province
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The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(5): 782. CrossRef
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Sunghee Lee, Zhen Feng, Youngmee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(4): 273. CrossRef
Antioxidative Activity of Feral Haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) Seed Extracts Using Various Solvents
Min-A Kim, Yishan Duan, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(1): 33. CrossRef
A comparative study on dietary behavior, nutritional knowledge and life stress between Korean and Chinese female high school students
Sohwan Son, Yoona Ro, Hwajin Hyun, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(2): 205. CrossRef
Antioxidative activities of various solvent extracts from haw (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge)
Yishan Duan, Min-A Kim, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2014; 21(2): 246. CrossRef
A comparative study on dietary behavior, nutritional knowledge and life stress between Korean and Chinese female high school students
Sohwan Son, Yoona Ro, Hwajin Hyun, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(2): 205. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education and Exercise Intervention on Physical and Dietary Patterns of Some Obese Children: Myoung Sook Kim, Mee Sook Choi, Ki Nam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):426-438. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.426

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study set out to investigate the effects of 16-week nutrition education and exercise intervention run by a public health center on the physical activities and dietary patterns of obese children at the before, after, and after one month point. After the program, the obese index of the obese children dropped by 5.9% from 38.4% to 32.5%. One month after the end of the program, their obese index increased by 1.4% to 33.9% (p < 0.001). The obese children's hours of walking of physical activities increased to 2.6 hours from 1.2 hours after the program and remained at the 2.6 hours range one month after the end of the program (p < 0.01). The total scores of their food habits increased to 10.4 points from 9.1 points after the program and 10.3 points one month after the end of the program with significant differences (p < 0.01). The total scores of their eating behavior made a significant increase to 6.5 points from 5.3 points after the program and then dropped to 5.9 points one month after the end of the program (p < 0.05). As for changes to their dietary pattern scores according to the obese index, only the food habits scores showed significant main effects of term (p < 0.05). According to these results, there is still a need to develop proper programs to help them increase regular exercise, improve their physical activities by cutting down time with TV, computer, Internet, and video games, and enhance their nutritional knowledge and to provide them with ongoing management and guidance until the improved food habits and eating behavior become part of their habits.

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코로나19 시기 범불안장애 위험 정도와 영양교육 참여 여부에 따른 우리나라 청소년 식생활 및 건강행태에 관한 연구: 제17차 청소년건강행태조사 자료를 이용하여
수은 윤, 은주 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2024; 40(2): 96. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(5): 284. CrossRef
A Study on Dietary Habits and Lifestyle of Girls with Precocious Puberty
Jae-Seong Heo, Hyeok-Soo Moon, Mi-Kyeong Kim
Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition.2016; 19(2): 130. CrossRef
Improvement of Food Habits and Eating Behavior of Children with Obesity and/or Precocious Puberty by Nutrition Education Monitoring
Jae Hee Kim, Yun Jin Choi, Hyun Sook Lim, Jong Hee Chyun
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(1): 129. CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Education on Elementary Children in After-school Program in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 222. CrossRef
Perception of environment-friendly foods and satisfaction with school meals among students, their parents, and nutrition teachers at elementary schools in the Jindo area, Jeonnam
Moon-Hee Jung, Moon-Jeong Chang, Sun-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(4): 369. CrossRef
A Study on Classification of Obesity for Koreans based on the Articles in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition - Articles Enlisted from 1996 to 2011 -
Youngnam Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(5): 525. CrossRef
Actual Status of School Dietitians' Recognition and Use of Superior Agricultural Products in Daegu
Jin A Jang, Sun Woo Ahn, Mi-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(3): 312. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Obesity.2012; 21(3): 158. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of a Health Education Program for Elementary School Children in Gyeonggi-do Rural Area: Jae Yeon Lim, Hye Bock Na; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):1-13. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.1

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate the health education program for elementary school children. The program consisted of nutritional education and physical exercise. The subjects composed of 89 school children, first through sixth grade (n = 100), who had completed ten weeks of health education program from April through July 2010. Pre-post intervention design was used to evaluate the program effectiveness. After completing health education program, the number of overweight subjects decreased (boys 13 to 11 and girls 11 to 9) and the number of obese subjects decreased from 5 to 4 for boys and 4 to 2 for girls The number of sit-ups significantly increased in both 1-2 grade girls and 3-4 grade girls. Backward trunk extension of 1-2 grade girls also significantly increased (p < 0.05). The level of serum total cholesterol decreased from 171.8 mg/dL to 153.5 mg/dL (p < 0.001). Hypercholesterolemia (above 239 mg/dL), hyperLDLcholesterolemia (above 175 mg/dL) and low level hemoglobin subjects changed to normal levels. Total score of nutrition knowledge increased from 5.9 to 6.1 (p < 0.05), percentage of perception answers increased significantly in 5 out of 10 items and percentage of correct answers increased significantly in 6 out of 10 items (p < 0.05). Three food habits improved, including, "having breakfast", "having diverse foods" and "having vegetables per meal" (p < 0.05). Two self-efficacy items improved significantly, including, "having meals slowly", "having exercise instead of watching TV or computer" (p < 0.05). These results suggest that health education program for elementary school children including nutritional education and physical exercise may be effective to improve their anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness, hyperlipidemia, nutrition knowledge, food habits and self-efficacy.

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Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13. CrossRef
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Harim Kim, Kyunghee Song, Youngmi Lee, Youngshin Han, Bomi Kang, Soun Ju Kweoun
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(6): 1058. CrossRef
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Perception on Nutrition Labeling of the Processed Food among Elementary School Students and Parents in Daegu Area
Jung Mi Kim, Mi Hee Lee, Nan Hee Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(6): 1107. CrossRef
Relationships between Eating Behavior, Dietary Self-Efficacy, and Nutrition Knowledge of Elementary School Students by Food Service Type in Gangwon Province
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Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(5): 638. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Two-year Course of Food and Nutrition on Improving Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes and Food Habits of Junior College Female Students: Hyun Joo Kang, Ki Won Byun; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):750-759. Published online December 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of two-year course of food and nutrition on improving nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and food habits of junior college female students by questionnaires. The subjects were 108 college female students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition in Gyeonggi area. The results were as follows: There were no significant changes in the weights and BMI (Body Mass Index) after 2-yr course of food and nutrition. Nutrition knowledge (14.7 vs 16.3, p < 0.001) and dietary attitude (34.3 vs 35.8, p < 0.01) increased significantly after 2-yr course. However, no significant changes in food habit were observed. Among nutrition knowledge, the scores of functions (4.5 vs 5.2, p < 0.001) and understanding (6.7 vs 7.4, p < 0.01) of nutrients were significantly increased. The recognition of nutrition knowledge increased significantly (83.1 vs 95.7, p < 0.001). Among food habit, dietary habit (13.2 vs 12.5, p < 0.01) and health related habit (15.6 vs 14.6, p < 0.001) were significantly lowered after 2-yr course. The change in dietary attitudes showed significantly positive correlation with food habit changes (p < 0.05). These results showed that 2-yr course of Food and Nutrition had improved the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes. Therefore, providing the more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to students during their study period will be improved dietary attitudes and food habits.

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[English]
A Study on the Physical Activity, Food Habit and Nutrient Intakes of Adults in Pusan: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):460-474. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to assess the physical activity, food habit and nutrient intakes by gender and age groups in 193 adults aged 20-59 years (84 men and 109 women) in Pusan. Data for physical activity and dietary survey was assessed by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. The mean BMIs of men and women were 24.0 and 22.2 respectively and BMI of women in the 20-29 years group (20.9) was significantly lower than that of women in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (22.7, 23.2) (p < 0.01). 56.0% for men and 44.0% for women exercised regularly. The mean exercise duration per once of men (69.7 minutes) was significantly higher than that of women (52.4minutes) (p < 0.01). The mean exercise duration per day was 36.0 minutes for men and 29.9 minutes for women. 67.9% for men and 78.0% for women often skipped meals and 68.4% for men and 69.4% for women skipped breakfast in the main. The mean energy intake of men was 2067.2 kcal and that of women was 1783.1 kcal comprised of 87.2% and 92.1% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The mineral intakes of men and women were over Recommended Intake (RI) and Adequate Intake (AI) except calcium and potassium. The mean calcium intake was 88.3% for men and 84.0% for women of RI. The mean potassium intake was 63.3% for men and 59.2% for women of AI. The mean vitamin intakes of men and women were over RI and AI except vitamin C and folic acid. The mean vitamin C intake was 92.5% for men and 85.6% for women of RI. The mean folic acid intake was 76.6% for men and 70.0% for women of RI. The mean energy, protein, sodium and zinc intakes of men were significantly higher than those of women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The mean vitamin B6, vitamin C and folic acid intakes of men in the 20-29 years group were significantly lower than those of men in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). For energy, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 90% EER were 64.3% for men and 56.0% for women. For calcium, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were 52.4% for men and 59.6% for women. For folic acid, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than EAR were 78.6% for men and 83.5% for women. For iron and phosphorus, proportions of women (36.7%, 14.7%)with intake levels less than EAR were significantly higher than those of men (6.0%, 1.2%) (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). For men, age was positively correlated with intakes of potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). For men, weight showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin B6 and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and BMI showed significantly negative correlations with protein, lipid, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin E and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05) For men, exercise duration per once showed significantly positive correlations with intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, nutritional education for adult health management is needed by gender and age groups.

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[English]
Food Habits, Eating Behaviors and Food Frequency by Gender and among Seoul and Other Regions in Upper-Grade Elementary School Children: Kyung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(2):180-190. Published online April 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the differences in food habits, eating behaviors and food frequency by gender and regions in upper grade elementary school children in Korea. Subjects of this study were 1,211 children, 645 boys and 566 girls, attending 6 elementary schools (4th, 5th and 6th graders). 389 children lived in Seoul and 822 children lived in other regions. Mean height, weight and BMI of subjects were 142.4 cm, 38.7 kg and 18.8 kg/m2 respectively. 70.5% of the subjects had breakfast every day and 12.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast. There were significant differences between boys and girls in causes of skipping breakfast, overeating, meal volume, and duration of meals. Girls showed more desirable eating behavior than boys (p < 0.001). Scores for specific eating behaviors such as unbalanced diet and intake of meats and vegetables were better in girls (p < 0.001), and boys ate meals faster than girls (p > 0.001). There were significant differences between Seoul and other regions in eating behavior. Eating behavior scores of children in other regions were higher than in Seoul (p < 0.01). Children in Seoul had a higher frequency of watching television with meals. Frequency of fruits (p < 0.001), milk products (p < 0.01), and meats (p < 0.05) of children in Seoul were higher than other regions. Otherwise the frequency of simple sugar products of children in other regions was higher than Seoul (p < 0.001). Frequency of green vegetables was higher for girls than boys, and frequency of fast foods was higher for boys than girls. These results showed that in nutrition education programs designed to improve the nutritional health of elementary school children, we need to focus more on differences in the children's food habits and eating behaviors by gender and regions. In consideration of these differences, such educational programs need to have a different emphasis for each gender and regions to serve its specific needs.

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[English]
Effects of Weight Control Program on Food Habits, Eating Behaviors and Life Habits in Obese Elementary School Children: Kyung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):509-520. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weight control program on food habits, eating behaviors and life habits in obese elementary school children. The program consisted of nutritional education, physical exercise and behavioral therapy was conformed for 10 weeks. Participants of the study involved 41 obese children and their parents. There was significant difference in waist circumference (p<0.05) and children's body fat % significantly decreased from 35.8% to 33.0% (p<0.01) after program. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL-cholesterol, 47.8 (mg/dL) to 53.6 (mg/dL) after weight control program. Food habits and eating behaviors of obese children were showed positively changes but there were no significant differences after program. Regularity of having breakfast and amount of meal under the stress condition were not significantly different after program. The levels of physical activity of obese children were significantly increased from 1.40(hr) to 1.74(hr) per day (p<0.05). But there were no significant changes in spending hours of watching television and playing computer games. Food habits, eating behavior and physical activity showed significant correlations to weight control. These results suggest that the body weight control program for obese children including nutrition education, physical exercise and behavioral therapy may be effective to improve their food habits, eating behaviors and life habits. Nevertheless we need a more concentrating program to improve life habits such as physical activity and watching television.

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[English]
The Influence of Food Habits on Nutrient Intake and Body Mass Index in Elementary School Students in the Gyeongnam Area: Seok Young Kim, Hee Jung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):705-713. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The influence of food habits on nutrient intake and anthropometric measurements of elementary school students was studied from November 2005 to July 2006. 160 elementary school students in the Gyeongnam area were individually interviewed to obtain 24-hour dietary recalls of two seasons (winter and summer). During each period, three interviews were done for 3 nonconsecutive days including two weekdays and one weekend day. The food habits were estimated by questionnaire. The food habit score was 21.5 +/- 2.7 out of a maximum of 30. The nutrient intake of children was low in calcium and vitamin A. Except for that, most other nutrients were overconsumed. The nutrient intakes consumed in winter were significantly higher than those of summer. Comparing the anthropometric measurements between the summer and the winter periods, height was significantly higher in the summer than in the winter. However, body fat ratio was significantly higher in the winter than in the summer. There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of food habits and the vitamins and minerals intakes of the summer period. However, the relationship was much weaker between the food habits and those consumed in winter. In addition, the scores of food habits were significantly negatively correlated with most of the anthropometric measurements of both periods. In conclusion, the students' food habits may reflect the intakes of vitamins and minerals of only the previous few months, however they reflect the BMI of children for a period of more than 6 months.

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[English]
Changes of Obesity Indices, Body Satisfaction and Self-Esteem of Obese Children on Weight Control Program: Kyung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):449-461. Published online August 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the changes of physical and psychological factors of obese children, obesity indices and blood serum levels, food habits and body and self-esteem after a weight control program. The results from this study were as follows: Participants of the study involved 20 boys (48.8%) and 21 girls (51.2%) totaling 41 children. Children's weight control experiences were 90.2% and parents' were 59.5%. Among methods of weight control, children and parents both used exercise and reduced amounts of meals. Sixty-one percent of the children had breakfast almost everyday. The reasons of skipping breakfast were having no time to eat by 44.4% and 50% of children watched TV while having a meal and they considered taste (55.3%) and nutrition value (21.1%) when choosing food. After the weight control program, the children's body fat percent (%) significantly decreased from 40.3% to 35.4% (p < 0.01). There was significant difference of boys and girls' hip circumferences (92.9 cm, 91.4 cm, p < 0.01) after the program but there was only a slight change in their WHR (0.91, 0.92). Girls' waist circumferences significantly decreased from 75.0 cm to 73.0 cm (p < 0.05) and there was a significant increase in HDL-cholesterol, 50.0 (mg/dL) to 55.2 (mg/dL), (p < 0.05). Knowledge levels of obesity significantly increased from 2.5 to 5.1 in the girls' cases (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, attitudes of weight control and food habits score had not changed a lot. After the program, both the boys and girls' body-esteem had significantly increased (p < 0.01) but self-esteem had not changed. These results suggest that a body weight control program must be included in nutrition education, exercise and psychotherapy to improve body and self-esteem of obese children.

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[English]
Effect of Mothers' Weaning Attitudes on Their Children's Food Habits and Development: Joo Hee Lee, Changim Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(5):551-561. Published online October 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of mothers' attitudes on preparing baby foods for their children's food habits and development. The subjects were allocated to 419 preschool children, aged 3 - 5 years. This study surveyed by questionnaire, which was answered by the children's mothers. Subjects were classified by two groups, active and passive, based on their mothers' weaning attitudes. In the active group, mothers tried to make a variety of foods for preparing the baby foods, whereas mothers in the passive group didn't try to make it too much. Family income was higher in the active group and the subjects' mothers had more jobs than those in the passive group, whereas their parent's education levels showed no differences. According to Rohrer index, 2.6% of subjects were obese in the active group, whereas 7.7% in the passive group. These data were shown significantly different between the groups. There were no differences in mother's food habits and breast-feeding versus formula feeding between the two groups. However, children's food habits were shown statistically different between the two groups. Higher regularity of meals, higher frequencies of snacks at home, higher frequencies of fruit, corn, sweet potato as a snacks and less instant foods were revealed in the active group more than in the passive group. The major problem of children's food habits was an unbalanced diet (52.7%) and the major reasons for unbalanced diet were the taste (58.7%) and the texture (23.2%). The active group used more fruits and vegetables than the passive group. Also there were significant differences to solve problems of children's unbalanced diets. In the positive group, 14.4% of mothers tried to develop new cooking methods for solving the problem of an unbalanced diet, but 8.2% did in the passive group. Furthermore, 2.3% of mothers in the positive group removed unpleasant items of the food, whereas 6.9% did in the passive. The average nutritional knowledge scores on a 10 scale were 7.2 and 6.9 in active and passive groups, respectively, and they were statistically different. Mothers among the active group explained the knowledge for food and nutrition to their children more than those in the passive group. These results suggest that mothers' attitudes for baby food are an important factor for forming their children's food habits. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a nutritional education program, materials and new recipes for a variety of baby foods to mothers.

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[English]
A Survey of Satisfaction and Preference for Military Meal Service and Food Behaviors and Food Habits of Some Military Personnel: Eun Sil Kim, Bok Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):520-533. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate satisfaction and preference for current military meal service and food behaviors and food habits of some military personnel in Chunchen and Wonju of the Kwangwon area. The results are as follows. In the anthropometric survey, average height of the subjects was 175.03 +/- 5.30 cm, average weight was 69.15 +/- 7.74 kg. As a result of surveying satisfaction in the current food service, an item high in satisfaction was adequacy of serving hours, whereas an item of low satisfaction was diversity of menu. The item of food service improvement needs of the subjects were in order more variety of menu, nutrition, preference, sanitation, cooking method. As a result of surveying eating behavior of the subjects, most items were high medium response. They preferred soju and relish and also they liked the bokkum cooking method. As a result of surveying food habits of the subjects, items of good habits were regularity of meals, marginal meals, diversity of food intake, dairy and dairy products, avoiding too exciting meals and natural food diet; whereas, items of bad habits were fast food intake, alcohol, smoking, carbonated and caffeine beverages, skipping breakfast, snacks, fatty food intake, yellow or green vegetable intake and fruit and seaweed intake. Following is the result of a survey on the preference of meals by cooking method serving the current military meal service. They liked one-dish meals such as Bokkeumbap, Bibimbap, Tteokguk; whereas, they disliked curryrice, Jajangbap. In case of soup, they liked soup made from meat better than vegetable soup or soup made with fish. Also they liked pot stem better than soup. Generally they liked meals containing meat in most cooking methods. These results suggest that continuous and practical nutrition education to change food habits in military life are necessary to prevent chronic disease with increasing age.

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[English]
The Status of Eating Habits and Nutrient Intakes of Preschool Children in Kyungjoo: Mi Ja Choi, Youn Soo Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):3-13. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to estimate the nutrient intakes and food habits among preschool children in Kyungjoo city. The subjects were 210 preschool children, aged 4-6 years. Measurements of the weight, height, chest circumference, and head circumference of the children were conducted. And general home environment and factors related to eating habits for preschool children were collected using a questionnaire that included information about family income, parents' education and occupations. The average weight-length index (WLI) for the subjects was 103.9%. Using the WLI, 20.0% of the preschool children were underweight, 48.6% were normal, 19.0% were overweight, and 12.3% were obese. On the Rohrer index, 13.8% of the preschool children were underweight, 38.5% were normal, and 47.7% were over weight or obese. The average daily intake (% of RDA) of energy and each nutrient was 1323.5 kcal (81.3%), Ca 484.3 mg (80.7%), Fe 7.05 mg (88.1%), vitamin A 420.0 RE (105%), vitamin B1 0.76 mg (95.0%), vitamin B2 0.87 mg (87.0%), and vitamin C 53.1 mg (106.2%), respectively. In particular, older subjects had lower intake in RDA % of calcium and iron. The energy intake ratio from snacks was much higher than the recommended level of the preschool children. With regard to frequency of regularity of breakfast, 1.9% of preschool children skipped every morning and 7.6% of the children skipped more than 5 per week. With regard to the intake frequency of vegetables, fruits, complex carbohydrates, and milk, 13.3%, 19.9%, 22.8%, and 41.8% of the children ate more than 5 times per week. The eating habit score was positively correlated (r = 0.18, p < 0.05) with household income. This study suggests that nutrition education to increase fruit and vegetable consumption for preschool children should be emphasized. Also a nutrition education program is needed to enhance consuming calcium and iron intake for adequate growth.

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[English]
A Study on Dietary Pattern and Nutritional Status of the Long-Lived Elderly People by Food Habit Index in Ganghwa-gun Area: Myung Wha Kim, Hye Kyoung Han, Sung Sook Choi, Sung Dong Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):892-904. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to assess the food habit index of the long-lived elderly who were aged over 85 years living in Ganghwa-gun. A survey was conducted during December 2003. Dietary nutrient intake data was obtained through the 24-hr recall method. The subjects were 96 (32 males, 64 females) aged people and divided into three groups based on food habit index scores. Such as group A: good 16~20, group B: fair 11~15, and group C: poor 5~10. The three groups of the subjects were 90.7 years of age and 21.3 kg/m2 of BMI on average. Healthy eating index scores of the subjects were 9.4% in group A, 54.2% in group B and 36.5% in group C. Their level of education were lower and their levels of living standards tended to have been middle and lower of the middle class. The percentage of living together with their families or spouses in all groups were over 60.0% and the rates of the subjects who have responsibility for their meal preparations were also very high in all groups. Most subjects tended not to drirk nor smoke, and spend 8~10 hours for their sleep. The percent of number of diseases in group A was lower than in groups B and C. Their dietary habits such as taking three meals a day regularly have shown that they have good eating habit in general. There was a positive correlation between the eating behaviors and nutrient intakes. The protein, animal protein, fat, PUFA, vitamin E, vitamin B2, niacin, P and K intaks in group A were significantly higher than that of the groups B and C. For group A of good food habits aged had no sufficient intake of Ca and vitamin A than the Korean RDA and long-lived elderly of group C in Ganghwa areas had worse nutrients intakes, especially Ca, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and vitamin E. According to this research having a good eating habits could be considered as increasing of the health and nutritional status.

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[English]
A Study on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Food Habit of Middle School Students in Chonbuk Area: Hyo Soon Eom, Mi Jin Jeong, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):574-581. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and a food habits of middle school students. The study was carried out through questionnaire. The subjects were 431 middle school students (boys 298, girls 133) in Chonbuk area. In nutrition knowledge, there were no significant differences in total scores between boys and girls. However, the girls showed higher score in knowledge of weight control than boys did (p < 0.05). In dietary attitude, there were significant differences in attitude of "balanced meal (p < 0.05)", "sufficient protein intake (p < 0.01)", "food diversity (p < 0.001)" and "overeating (p < 0.01)" between boys and girls. The boys showed better dietary attitudes than the girls did. In food habits, there were significant differences in the rate of skipping breakfast (p < 0.05), the rates of skipping dinner (p < 0.01), the frequency of snacks (p < 0.05), the type of snacks (p < 0.05) between boys and girls. The girls showed higher rates of skipping a meal and frequency of snacks than the boys did. It suggests that gender should be considered for an effective and practical nutrition education for middle school students to improve dietary attitudes and food habits.

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[English]
A Study on Food Habits, Nutrient Intakes and Nutritional Quality of Preschool Children in Seoul: Keum Jee Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):471-483. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate food habits, nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of the preschool children living in Seoul. The study was performed by analyzing a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 233 subjects aged 2 to 6 years old. A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was used by both the mothers and teachers of the children in day care centers. Twenty eight, 65.9 and 21.8% of preschool children were underweight, normal and overweight or obese, respectively. It was found that 19.8% of preschool children replied that they skipped breakfast sometimes. The major reasons for skipping breakfast were 'snacks'(38.3%) and 'no appetite' (32.6%). The proportion of subjects having unbalanced meals was 61.6%. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrients intakes were higher than those of the Korean RDA except zinc. The proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat from total calories were 56,1, 17.2 and 30.7%. The P/M/S ratio was 0.62 : 0.86 : 1. Nutrient adquacy (NAR), mean of nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) and index of nutritional quality (INQ) were considered adequate. In conclusion, the dietary intakes of children aged 2 to 6 were assumed adequate judging from nutrient intakes, although some attention should be paid to fat intake in this age group.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education on Improving Diet Behavior of University Students: Myoung Soon Park, Seong Ai Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):189-195. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the changes in nutrition knowledge, nutrition attitude and food habit during 'meal management and diet' course to nonmajor university students by questionnaires. 280 students of Chungnam university who registered nonmajor 'meal management and diet' course in the 2003 were the subjects. The results of this study are as follows. BMIs of male and female students were 21.5 and 19.3. According to BMI, underweight subjects were 24.3%, normal and overweight (danger & obesity) subjects were each 62.4% and 13.6%, respectively. The nutrition knowledge scores significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 12.1 to 14.0 after the lecture, and the uncertainty rate of nutrition knowledge decreased significantly. Also, there were no significant differences in nutrition attitude score (39.5 to 39.8 points). Female subjects showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher nutrition knowledge scores (12.3 points) than male (11.4 points). 20% of the subjects smoked and 82.9% had alcohol drinks and 24.4% exercised more than 3 times per week. The subjects who ate regular meals significantly increased from 9.3 to 12.5% after the lecture, and smoking subjects decreased from 20 to 13%, but alcohol drinking subjects did not changed significantly.

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[English]
Food Habits and Nutritional Status of the Long-Lived Elderly People in Ganghwa-gun Area: Hye Kyoung Han, Sung Sook Choi, Myung Wha Kim, Sung Dong Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):101-110. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: This survey was carried out to obtain the information concerning nutritional status, including factors of food habits and nutrient intake of the long-lived elderly men and women living in Ganghwa-gun. In order to assess the quality of dietary intake among the elderly, a survey was conducted during December 2003 of 103 subjects who were over 85 years of age. Dietary nutrient intake data were obtained through the 24 hr recall method. Chi-square test and t-test were the main data analysis method. Their dietary habits such as three meals a day and a regular meal time have shown that they have generally good eating habits. Average daily calorie intake (% RDA) was 1233.2 kcal (68.8%) for male and 1215.8 kcal (75.8%) for female which were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans. Energy intake of females got closer to RDA than that of male. Protein intake was 49.3 g for male and 46.9 g for female (which was 82.3% RDA for male and 85.1% RDA for female) for elderly person, the proportion of animal protein to total protein intake were 45.2% for male and 39.0% for female. Average CPF ratio of energy intake for both male and female were 68.7 : 16.1 : 15.2 and 69.6 : 15.4 : 15.0. SFA : MUFA : PUFA ratio of the subject was 0.78 : 1.03 : 1.00 for male and 0.64 : 0.92 : 1.00 for female. Calcium intakes for both males and females were 321.3 mg and 377.2 mg. Vitamin A was the nutrient found to be least sufficient. Mean daily intakes of most of the vitamins and minerals for both males and females were lower than RDA except vitamin C and Zn for female, especially % RDAs of vitamin A, Ca for male and vitamin A for females were less than 50% of RDA. In conclusion, long-lived elderly in Ganghwa areas did not consume enough nutrients quantitatively as well as qualitatively, especially Ca, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and vitamin E. These results suggest that nutritional guidelines for older Koreans should focus on the maintenance of adequate energy intake. In addition, selection of foods with high protein and calcium, such as dairy food, should be emphasized, particularly in the long-lived elderly.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education Program in Obese Children and Their Parents(II) : Focus on Nutrition Knowledge, Eating Behaviors, Food Habit and Nutrient Intakes: Eun Kyung Shin, Hye Sung Lee, Yeun Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):578-588. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrition education program on nutrition knowledge, eating behaviors, food habit, nutrient intakes in obese children and their parents who live in Gumi city. The subjects were 16 obese boys, 20 obese girls with obesity index over 130% and 36 of their parents. The nutrition education for the subjects was carried out by the professional personnel such as doctors, professors, and dietitians. The children were provided with well-balanced lunch meals and had 40 min-lectures on the reasonable weight management, 40 min-games and also had regular exercises (stretching, swimming) for 90 mins everyday during 2 weeks of the program. The parents had 90 min-lectures on childhood obesity, diet therapy, behavior modification, and exercise for 6 times. The nutrition knowledge, eating behaviors and food habits were surveyed by using questionnaires before and after the education. The nutrition intakes of the children were surveyed before and after the education by 3-day food record method. The nutrition intakes of the parents were surveyed before and after the education by using semi-quantity questionnaires. After the education, the mean nutrition knowledge scores were significantly improved compared with the pretest scores in both children and parents. After the education, all subjects' eating behaviors were significantly changed positively and calorie and carbohydrates intakes were significantly decreased and vit. C was significantly increased in obese children. The food habits of the parents were significantly improved after the education. These findings show that the well-designed nutrition education program for obese children and their parents can be an effective approach to help them to improve their nutrition knowledge and to establish desirable food habits and eating behaviors.

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[English]
Food Habits and Health Food Consumption Patterns of Adults in the Ulsan Area: Soo Yoen You, Hye Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):889-900. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to obtain information regarding eating habits, including health related behavior and health food consumption patterns. The subjects of this study were 149 men and 152 women residing in the Ulsan area. We obtained results by means of a questionnaire and an interview, and these were analyzed using the SPSS package program. The results of this study are summarized as follows : The average age of the men was 47.6 +/- 7.3 years and of the women was 47.3 +/- 7.6 years old. The average height and weight of the men were 169.4 +/- 5.5 cm and 67.7 +/- 8.2 kg, respectively. Those of the women were 157.6 +/- 5.0 cm and 58.2 +/- 7.5 kg, respectively. The BMI values of all the subjects ranged from 20.0 to 25.0, all within the normal levels. In the case of dietary patterns, 24.3% of the total population always skipped a meal. In particular, 15.9% of the total population skipped breakfast. No time to eat, no appetite, having no taste, and having poor health were themain reasons for skipping meals. With regard tohealth care, there was a significant difference between the men and the women with respect to smoking and drinking (p < 0.001). Of the total population, 40.5% hardly exercised (less than once a week), 26.2% exercised occasionally, 13.6% frequently exercised, and 19.6% exercised almost every day. A total of 60.7% responded that they were not interested in their health. The mean eating habit score of the subjects was 65.6 +/- 9.9. The women had a higher eating habit score than the men (64.0 +/- 9.6 for the men and 67.2 +/- 9.9 for the women). Except for one group above 60 years, the older group had a higher eating habit score than the younger one. The group having a higher income and a more specialized career had a higher eating habit score than the one having a lower income and a less specialized career. There was also a marital difference. The group of single subjects showed a lower eating habit score than the married group. The group having a higher eating habit score drank, smoked and went out for meals less, and exercised more than the group having lower scores. They also were more concerned about their health. In the older group, there were more diabetic and hypertensive individuals. The subjects who had a higher BMI index were more likely to be patients with hypertension, especially in the men's group. Those who had a higher BMI index and hypertension simultaneously took a variety of medicines and foods for promoting health. Those who worried a lot about their health and had health problems tended to take special foods for their health. Patients usually took tonics. Special foods for health included Chinese medicines, tonic foods, vitamin or mineral supplements and manufactured health food supplements. Preferences for them depended on the sex and age of the subject. In the case of tonic foods, the men liked them more than the women. Foods other than tonic foods were favorites with the women. This study may provide basic information on the eating habits and health related behaviors of middle-aged people. However, further studies are needed to improve the eating habits and to change the nutritional attitudes, so that people can make better choices of health foods.

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[English]
Setting Instructional Goals for Nutritional Education Program Through an Analysis of Problems Identified in Junior/senior High School Students: Il Sun Yang, Hae Young Lee, Hye Young Kim, Yeo Hwa Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):495-503. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: For the purpose of developing 'Web-Based Nutritional Education Program', this study analyzed nutritional problems of junior/senior high school students and set appropriate instructional goals for nutritional education program. Survey questionnaires were distributed from October 21,2002 to October 26, 2002 to a total of 564 students at three junior high schools and five senior high schools located in Seoul. The total number of questionnaires collected and used in our study was 479, which is 84.9% of the total questionnaires distributed. According to the survey results, three student groups (male and female students at junior high schools and female students at senior high schools) had lower than an ideal body weight. In case of their Basal Metabolic Indices (BMI), the female students and junior high school students showed a tendency to be underweight, while the other three student groups were within the normal range. The result of the survey showed that all four groups of students showed a deficiency in nutrient intake of calories, calcium and thiamin when compared with Korean RDA. Particularly, in the case of the female students at senior high schools, the deficiency of iron intake was a problem. The survey about food attitudes and food habits of the students showed that the senior high school students had more problems when compared with their junior high school counterparts (p < .001). Therefore, the instructional goals of nutritional education program were set as follows: 1) To improve the level of understanding and the perception of junior and senior high school students about the importance of a dietary lifestyle. 2) To change food attitudes and nutritional knowledge related to individual dietary 1ifestyle, so as to maintain good health through the enhancement of the students' physical activities. We found out that it is critically important to factor in the existing problems of food attitudes and food habits, as well as nutrient intake among junior and senor high school students when setting objectives for nutritional education programs.

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[English]
A Study on Obesity and Food Habit of Adolescents in Yeosu, Jeonnam Area: Bok Mi Jung, Il Su Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(2):129-137. Published online April 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate obesity and food habit of adolescents in Yosu, Chonnam area. It was surveyed using questionnaires with 551 adolescents consisted of 280 boys and 271 girls. The questionnaire included general characteristics, obesity index, eating behavior and snack intake pattern. The results were as follows. The proportion of obese subjects was 10% by Rohrer index but the rate of obesity by body mass index was 3.3%. The self perception of body shape were optimal (47.9%), fat (29.8%), slightly lean (14.5%), obese (4.7%) and lean (3.1%). Generally, the proportion of girls responded them as "fat" was greater than boys. The greater percentage of boys responded them as "lean" than girls. The subjects don't take breakfast regularly were 50.8% and the main reason for skipping breakfast was the lack of time (55.2%). The main type of breakfast was cooked rice (78.9%). The most favorite snacks turn out to be cookies (36.5%) and 45.7% of subjects take snacks during the rest. The reason for taking snacks was "feeling hungry" 52.6%) and the taste was the most important factor of snack choice. The results of this study showed that the most of subjects were not in a serious obesity condition, and their eating habits were generally satisfactory. Also, this study has found that it is necessary to educate the students the importance of regular intake of a balanced meal.

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[English]
A Study of the Lifestyle Factors Related to Constipation among Food Habits of College Students in Seoul and Gyunggi: Hea Jung Chung, Hye Won Park, Eun Jung Choi, Ji Jeung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(5):654-663. Published online October 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to investigate how the lifestyles of food habits of college students relate to constipation. The results were as follows : 1) All the total respondents were 541 college students. 220 (40.8%) respondents were male and 321 (59.2%) respondents were female. Based on their BMIs, 55.5% of the female respondents were under-weight (BMI < 20), 16.8% of the male respondents were under-weight, as well. These results point out the fact that a high percentage of female college students are under-weight, compared to male of students. 2) Of the respondents, 59.0% reported having 1 or 2 meals per day, but their eating patterns were irregular. Of the respondents, 71.2% preferred white rice with their meals. Of the respondents, 51.2% reported that they skipped breakfast. The main reasons why these respondents skipped breakfast were either that they were in a busy (44.7%), or it was their habit (38.4%). The response that their meals were nutritionally balanced was 34.6%, and the student who thought that their own meal pattern was healthful was 8.0%. 3) This research also focused on body image among female college students, and the results indicate that the majority of female respondents (62.5%) felt that they were overweight (very fatty or fatty) and 90.1% of the female respondents indicated they were interested in dieting (interest or very interest). Most of the students were involved in light or medium activity (94.2%) or no exercise (75.6%). The ratio of those who exercised was everyday only 33.6%. 4) Of the respondents, 48.7% reported that they had difficulty evacuating (every time very difficult, every time difficult and sometimes difficult) and 50.3% of the students reported that their bowel movements were irregular. 5) Of the females, 8.2% and Of the males, 0.5% were regarded as constipated. 6) The life habit factors that influenced constipation were skipping breakfast, the amount of water intake and exercise.

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[English]
A Study on the Food Habits, Nutrient Intake and the Disease Distribution in the Elderly (Aged over 65 Years)(I): Youn Kyoung Kim, Hye Ok Lee, Rin Chang, Ryowon Choue; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(4):516-526. Published online August 31, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the food habits, nutrient intake, and disease distribution in the elderly (aged over 65 years). The correlation of diseases with anthropometric measurements and nutrients was investigated. The correlation of blood parameters with anthropometric measurements and nutrient intake was also studied. The results are as follow: 1) Most elderly men (68.6%) and women (81.6%) had more than three diseases. The food habits of the elderly women were worse than those of the men. Their intake of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin B2 were lower than the RDA for those particular nutrients. 2) The incidence of gastritis (51.2%), fatty liver (46.4%), and hypertension (45.2%) were the highest among elderly men and women. 3) Anemia was negatively correlated with body weight. Hypercholesterolemia was positively correlated with body fat and negatively correlated with intake of calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin B2. Hypertension was negatively correlated with alcohol consumption. 4) Blood total cholesterol concentration was positively correlated with percent ideal body weight (% IBW). Blood hemoglobin level was positively correlated with Body Mass Index (BMI). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively correlated with % IBW and BMI. Blood cholesterol concentration was negatively correlated with the intake of iron, vitamin A, vitamin B2, and cholesterol, and positively correlated with the consumption of alcohol. Blood hemoglobin level was positively correlated with the intake of total calories, carbohydrates, fat, protein, iron, vitamin B2, phosphorus, cholesterol, salt, and alcohol.

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[English]
Nutritional Risk Factors, Perceptions on Nutrition and Health, Nutritional Knowledge, Food Habits and Their Correlation to Supplement Use in Middle-Aged and Elderly Koreans: Jin Sook Kim, Mi Young Lee, Jeong Hee Lee, Sun Hee Cheong, Hae Eun You, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):199-210. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate nutritional risk factors, perceptions on nutrition and health, nutritional knowledge, flood habits and their correlation to supplement use in middle-aged and elderly Koreans. A nationwide survey was conducted in the metropolitan areas (6 cities) and middle-sized cities (8 cities) of Korea from October to December, 2000. Subjects were randomly selected based on population, and 2,188 non-institutionalized adults aged over 50, and elderly (male 765, female 1,423) were studied. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire administered in personal interviews. Nutrition and health-related scores of nutritional risk factors, perceptions on nutrition and health, nutritional knowledge, and flood habits were significantly higher in supplement users as compared to non-users. There was a negative correlation between nutritional risk factors and other nutrition and health-related scores on perceptions on nutrition and health, nutritional knowledge, flood habits, and pocket money. Also there was a positive correlation between nutritional risk factors and age. Therefore, these results may provide basic information for proper supplement use by middle-aged and elderly Koreans.

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Randomized Controlled Trial

[English]
The Effects of Nutrition Counseling on Food Intakes and Bloodlipids in Cardiac Patients: Soo Gyoung Wang, Seon Mi Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):92-101. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether nutrition counseling and exercise could be beneficial to patients with acquired cardiac disease (ACD). Twenty-five ACD patients participated in this program, which was based on guidelines for serum lipid management. To measure the effects of the nutrition counseling and exercise education, outpatients with ACD were selected and randomly assigned to three groups which were a control group, a diet only group and a diet and exercise group. Nine diet only group patients and nine diet and exercise group patients received nutrition counseling or nutrition counseling and exercise education every other week. Patients who served as a non counseled control group did not receive any counseling during the same study period. Various markers of disease risk, including lifestyle, anthropometric indices, eating behaviors, and serum lipid levels were measured before and after the program. The program lasted up to 12 weeks, depending on the individuals involved. Database management and statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 7.5 software. As a result, BMI and %IBW showed decreased trends in the diet only and the diet and exercise group. Food habit scores were significantly increased in the diet only group and the frequency of saturated fatty acid, dietary cholesterol, salty food and instant food intake were decreased in the diet only group. Comparisons of the daily nutrient intakes of the groups showed their total calorie, carbohydrate and protein intake had decreased significantly, and also the total fat and dietary cholesterol intake had decreased in the nutrition counseling group. The serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol decreased after 12 weeks in the nutrition counseling group. The diet and exercise group showed less interest in diet control than the diet only group. These results show that a well-planned nutrition counseling program would reduce the risks of ACD and cardiovascular disease and help to care such diseases.

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Original Article

[English]
Food Habits, Nutrients Intake, and Disease Distribution according to Sasang Constitutions in the Elderly Aged over 65 Years(II): Youn Kyoung Kim, Mi Ran Cho, Rin Chang, Ryo Won Choue; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):76-85. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: Since the 1970s, the average life expectancy of Koreans has been increasing. Our concerns are not simply about longevity, but also about disability-free life. lately, Sasang constitutional medicine has attracted public attention, especially with respect to the elderly. The purpose of this study was to investigate the food habits, nutrients intake, and disease distribution among the elderly, according to their Sasang constitutions. The results are as follow : The distribution of constitutions of the subjects were Tae-eum 48.8%, So-yang 27.4%, So-eum 22.6%, and So-yang + So-eum 1.2%. In both elderly men and women, body weight, percent ideal body weight, and diastolic pressure of the Tae-eum were significantly higher than those of other constitutions. In both men and women, the level of hemoglobin in the Tae-eum was significantly higher than those of other constitutions. The level of LDL-cholesterol was higher, and the level of HDL-cholesterol was lower in the So-eum elderly women. Food habits of the So-eum were the most irregular, and nutrients intake of the So-eum was lower than that of other constitutions in both elderly men and women. In elderly men, the incidence of hypertension was the highest in the Tae-eum, and the incidence of gastritis was the highest in both So-yang and So-eum. In elderly women, the incidence of fatty liver was the highest in the Tae-eum and So-yang, and gastritis and hypertension were the highest in the So-eum. In the elderly, obese and anemic persons were significantly more in the Tae-eum and the So-eum, respectively. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences of physical, characeristics, food, habits, and distributions of disease for the subjects according to each Sasang constitutions. Intake of nutrient was poor, regardless of Sasang constitutions, in both men and women.

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