Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[English]
Metabolic Syndrome Status of Chinese Workers and Their Physical Profiles, Lifestyle Scores, and Nutrient Intakes: Chao Wang, Hokyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):63-73. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.63

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to survey the related factors of metabolic syndrome of Chinese workers aged 20 years and above.
METHODS
The study was conducted at three locations in Shandong, China, currently working and took the physical examination (PE) within one year in the area as target participants. Personal characteristics, physical and biochemical results based on the PE, lifestyle habits, and food intake of the participants were used to analyze the relationship with metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS
Results showed that overall, thirty-one subjects (22.5%) had metabolic syndrome, twenty males (32.7%) and eleven females (14.2%). Metabolic syndrome was related to age, gender, educational level and occupational type with more risk in male (P < 0.05), people of older age (P < 0.001), low educational level (P < 0.05) and nonoffice workers (P < 0.01). According to the life style scores, lifestyle evaluation showed specifically alcohol consumption and smoking (P < 0.001) and stress management (P < 0.05) as important factors that were associated with the metabolic syndrome. High calorie (P < 0.01) and carbohydrate (P < 0.01) intakes were observed on male participants with metabolic syndrome in comparison to the non-metabolic syndrome but no significant difference on female participants.
CONCLUSIONS
This results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to prevent and control metabolic syndrome in Chinese workers.

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[English]
Analysis of Body Composition, Dietary Behaviors and Life style of 30~50 year old Women Living in Seoul: Jae Ok Koo, Seoyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):440-449. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.440

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of body composition, and to analyze its relationship to dietary behaviors and life style. The study subjects were divided into 3 age groups; 30' years (n = 78) 40' years (n = 71) and 50' years (n = 44). The data was collected by physical measurement (Inbody 230) and questionnaires. The rate of disease and general characteristics were higher in the 50 year old group than in the other groups. Average amount of body water, protein, mineral and body fat were 29.0 kg (50.4%), 7.7 kg (13.4%), 2.8 kg (4.8%), 18.7 kg (31.5%), respectively. The rate of menopause was significantly different with increasing age. Menopause was 1.3%, 9.1%, 79.6% by age respectively. Body fat percent was significantly increased and body water decreased with age (p < 0.01). The fat composition was higher and the mineral content was lower in 50' year old group. Dietary behavior scores of 30' year old group was significant lower than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). The means of salty eating, skipping meals, fruit intake and food habits total point were significantly higher in the 50 year old group than in the other groups. There were significant positive correlations between age, BMI, waist hip ratio respectively (p < 0.01). There were significant negative correlations between age and body water, body mineral, skeletal muscle (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The results of this study suggested that nutritional management and education for adult women differ by age group.

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[English]
Effects of the Life Style and Self-Recognition of Health Conditions on the of Body Fat % in Hotel Culinary College Students: Sookhee Kim, Kyunghee Joung, Yoonjung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):825-834. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the effects of the body fat % on life styles and self-recognition of health conditions in hotel culinary college students. This survey was conducted using the questionnaires for 144 students (110 males, 34 female) in Hongseung-located college. More exercise time and less frequency of alcoholic beverage they intake, lowered their body fat %. Males did stronger exercise and had lower body fat % than females. The stronger exercise they did, the lower body fat % they had, and were more satisfied with their present weight. Since they had more alcoholic beverage, they smoked more. Less smoking, more abdominal obesity they were. The less satisfaction with their body weights, the higher body fat % they had. The obese less were content with their weights. More recognition of obese shape, higher body fat % they had and abdominal obesity they were. Female had higher body fat % and were more abdominal obesity, did weak action, less smoke and weak exercise than male. Higher body fat % they had, more abdominal obesity they were. The more part time jobs they had, they did not smoke or were not satisfied with their body weights. Female students in culinary arts division had higher body fat % and were dissatisfied with their body weights and did less exercise or subnormal exercises.

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[English]
Relations of Life Style, Nutrient Intake, and Blood Lipids in Middle-Aged Men with Borderline Hyperlipidemia: Mi Ja Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(3):281-289. Published online June 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: Hyperlipidemia and related heart disease will be growing public health problems as the population ages. It is therefore of great importance to identify modifiable risk factors. So this research investigated associations among life style, nutrient intake, and blood lipids in middle-aged men with borderline hyperlipidemia. Dietary intakes were assessed by food-frequency questionnaire and convenient method. The subject's histories of alcohol use and smoking were assessed via a questionnaire. Current smokers were classified as smokers, whereas past smokers and subjects who never smoked were classified as nonsmokers. With regard to alcohol intake, the subjects were stratified into drinkers and nondrinkers. In drinkers the frequency were measured. Frequency of alcohol intake and weight were associated with high blood lipids and blood pressure. The highest quartile of calcium intake had lower triglyceride concentration than did those in the lower three quartiles. High calcium intake was associated with low blood triglyceride concentration. These results suggest that healthy weight and high calcium intake and less alcohol intake can contribute to maintenance of healthy blood lipids in men.

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[English]
Supplement Dose and Health-Related Life Style of Vitamin-Mineral Supplement User among Korean Middle-Aged: Yoon Jung Kim, Ju Ae Mun, Hyesun Min; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):303-314. Published online June 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: We studied daily micronutrient intake from vitamin-mineral supplements, health-related life style, clinical case of diseases and food frequency of the Korean middle-aged (40 - 59 yr, n = 404) to compare the characteristics of non-user (n = 270) and user (n = 134) of vitamin-mineral supplements. Rate of supplement use of the middle-aged was 33.2% and there was significant difference in education level (p = 0.0084) and family income (p = 0.0476) of user and nonuser. Smoking habit (p = 0.0844) and drinking frequency (p = 0.0606) tended to be lower in a supplement user than a non-user. The medical history of a case was significantly higher in users (67.9%) than in non-users (44.4%) (p = 0.001), which suggests that medical history is one of the important motivations of supplement use. Supplement users had the medical history of digestive disease (34.1%), anemia (11.0%) and hypertension (9.9%) in order. Vitamin C was the most frequently supplemented nutrient (81.3%) among vitamin-mineral supplement, and the next orders were vitamins E (73.1%), B2 (68.7%) and B6 (60.4%). Mean intakes of vitamin B1, iron, selenium, vitamin E, and vitamin C from supplement was 4,260%, 4,030%, 1,660% and 1,330% of RDA, respectively. The supplement users tended to consume most food items including milk & milk products (p < 0.01), rice (p < 0.01), grains (p < 0.05) and cookies (p < 0.01) less frequently than non-users. Conclusively, nutrient intake of vitamin B1, iron, selenium, vitamin E, and vitamin C from supplement was excessively high compared to RDA. We suggest that the toxic effect of excessive supplementation should be informed to supplement user and nutritional education should be focused on the optimal supplement dose.

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Dietary Habits and Life Style on the Health of College Students in the Chungnam Area: In Sook Kim, Hyeon Hee Yu, Hyeo Sook Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):45-57. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this research of this research was to survey the health of 181 male and 130 female students at K University in Chunganm from June 1 to June 23, 2001. It analyzed the students' dietary behaviors, life styles and perceived body shapes and the correlation of these factors to the health condition of the students surveyed. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. The average nutrition knowledge score (out of a possible 20 points), dietary attitudes score (out of a possible 50 points) and dietary habits score (out of a possible 30 points) were 8.66, 33.14 and 19.02 for males, and 9.99, 32.64, and 19.05 for females, respectively. The percentages of those who smoked, drank, smoked and drank and exercised regularly were 55.2, 92.8, 54.1, 82.9% for males, and 6.9, 91.5, 6.9, 63.1 for females, respectively. A significantly higher proportion of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females (p<0.001). The percentages of students who were underweight, normal or overweight by BMI were 5.0, 79.0 and 16.0 for males, and 20.0, 78.5 and 1.5 for females, respectively. Fifty percent of females indicated that they felt they were obese, versus only 31.1% of males. Half of the females thought they were fattish, while only 31.1% of males thought that. Seventy-six point nine percent of females and 61.9% of males, more females than males, were dissatisfied with their weights. The health scores (the higher the point, the better the health condition) of the females (44.17) were significantly lower than those of the males (47.17) (p<0.001). A stepwise multiple regression analysis with health scores as the dependent variable and other scores as independent variables, indicated that the health scores of males were highly correlated with satisfaction with his body weight, smoking and drinking, and perceived body shape, whereas the females' health scores were highly correlated with obesity level, satisfaction with her body weight, and smoking and drinking.

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[English]
An Ecological Study of Food and Nutrition in Elementary School Children in Korea: Chung Ja Sung, Mi Kyeong Sung, Mi Kyung Choi, Young Lim Kang, Sun Ja Kwon, Mi Hyun Kim, Yu Lee Seo, Miyuki Adachi, Su Mi Mo; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):150-161. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The current socioeconomic climate has meant more children spend more time alone at home even for dining. This study was performed to characterize modem Korean childrens' food ecology based on mealtime atmosphere. A total of 705 elementary school students, 347 girls and 358 boys took part in the study. They were chosen evenly from the Seoul metropolitan areas, provincial cities, or rural areas, and were asked to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire was categorized to determine various factors related to food ecology, life styles, and health related symptoms. The average age of the study subjects was 11.5 years. The average height, weight, body mass index, and Rohrer index were 143.2 cm, 37.6 kg, 18.2 and 127.2 respectively. A significant number of children(39.2%) answered their bed time was between 11 and 12 pm. Only 28.3% answered that the whole family has breakfast together, and 47.7% have dinner together. A considerable number of children, 17.8% for breakfast and 6.9% for dinner, answered they eat alone. Most of the children answered they like to have dinner with the whole family. Half of the children answered they do not feel hungry before having breakfast. Proportions of children for their favorite meal time were 66.8%, and 25.4% and 7.8% for dinner, school lunch, and breakfast respectively. The largest proportions of children, 53.3% and 68.7%, have breakfast and dinner at home. Most of the children(75.2%) never purchase their dinner. Forty two% of the children answered they like school lunch, however, 60% of children answered they leave portions of lunch uneaten occasionally or always. Only 38.0% and 46.2% of the children have nutritionally adequate diet for breakfast and dinner. Children having more meals with the whole family possessed a more positive attitude towards breakfast compared to the children who eat with the whole family less frequently. In conclusion, Korea children are exposed to different health threatening food ecology problems related to changing environments, and consistent concern and support from community nutritionists are required.

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[English]
A Comparative Study of Obese Children and Normal Children on Dietary Intake and Environmental Factors at an Elementary School in Inchon: Youn Jin Lee, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(4):504-511. Published online December 31, 1999

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this survey was to investigate the relationship among obese children, dietary intake and environmental factors. Therefore, this survey compared obese children with normal children on dietary intake and environmental factors. The survey were 110 obese children and 110 normal children whose age, height, and sex were same as the obese children of 21 elementary school in Inchon. The statistical analysis of data was completed using SAS program. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The student's obesity was related to parent's obesity and number of their siblings. There were significant differences between obese groups and normal group for these two factors. 2) Meal time of the obese group showed more irregularity than that of the normal group. Otherwise, the normal group were more "piclity" about special food than the obese group(p<0.05). Also obese children showed unconsious eating while reading or watching TV(p<0.01). The normal group attended physical education class more eagerily the obese group(p<0.001). There was no significant difference between obese children and normal children for learning habits. 3) Obese children shoed higher intake of nutrients compared to normal children. Among all the nutrients, minerals and vitamins showed significant differences. Therefore, further study on obese children and their intake of minerals and vitamin is needed. Also, in order to prevent factors which influence obesity, nutrition education at home as well as school was needed.

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[English]
A Study on Dietary Patterns, Dietary Behaviors and Life Styles before and after Breast Cancer Surgery: Kyung Ja Chang, Sei Hyun Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(5):722-728. Published online November 30, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare dietary patterns, dietary behaviors and life styles before and after breast cancer surgery in Korea. The subjects were 220 females who underwent surgery for stage I-III breast cancer at general hospitals. Food intake, eating habits, snacks, eating-out, use of nutritional supplements and healthy foods, and drinking and smoking habits were studied using a questionnaire. SAS program was used for statistical analysis of the data. The results are as follows : 1) Most subjects were housewives aged more than 40 years. 2) After breast cancer surgery, intakes of fruits and vegetables were increased and those of meat, salty and spicy foods were decreased. 3) There was a significant difference in takes of caffeine beverages, snacks, fast foods and instant foods before and after breast cancer surgery. 4) There was a significant difference in meal regularity and skipping breakfast before and after breast cancer surgery. 5) The frequency of eating-out was decreased and low-fat foods, such as Japanese foods, were preferred after breast cancer surgery. 6) Nutritional supplements and natural healthy foods were used more after breast cancer surgery. 7) Most subjects were non-smokers and drank little alcohol and the rate of regular drinking significantly decreased after breast cancer surgery. Therefore, there was a significant difference in dietary patterns and behaviors resulting form breast cancer. Further more, dietary factors may be a contributing factor in the incidence at breast cancer in Korea.

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[English]
The Effects of Eating Habits and Health-related Lifestyle on Blood Pressure, gamma-GPT, Blood Glucose and HDL-Cholesterol in the Cheon-Ju Area: In Sook Kim, Eun Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):574-582. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to discover the effects of eating habits and health-related life style on blood pressure, gamma-Glutamic acid Peptide Transferase(gamma-GPT), blood glucose and High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol(HDL-C). 185 subjects(85 male, 100 female) were selected, who were living in the Cheonju area aged 40's to 60's. The mean systollic blood pressure(SBP), diastollic blood pressure (DBP), gamma-GPT, fasting blood sugar(FBS) and HDL-C for all the subjects were 118 mmHg, 77 mmHg, 281U/l, 90 mg/dl and 45 mg/dl, respectively. The SBP and DBP for subuects over 60 years old were 126 mmHg and 81 mmHg and were significantly higher than subjects in their 40's and 50's(p<0.001, p<0.005). The HDL-C of the group that rarely ate breakfast was 57 mg/dl and that was significantly higher than the 44 mg/dl scored by those who ate breakfast everyday(p<0.05). The SBP for subjects having a snack 2-3 times/week was 125 mmHg and that was significantly higher than the 114 mmHg of those having a snack everyday(p<0.05). The gamma-GPT for subjects consuming alcohol everyday was 44IU/L and that was significantly higher than 18IU/I of the non-drinking group(p<0.001). The gamma-GPT of light smokers was 53IU/I and that was significantly higher than the 22IU/I for non-smoking participants(p<0.001). The DBP, SBP, gamma-GPT, FBS and HDL-C related to exercise not significantly different. The SBP(p<0.001) and DBP(p-0.01) between age group was positively correlated. The gamma-GPT between drinking frequency(p<0.001), drinking quantity(p<0.05), and smoking(p-0.05) was also positively correlated. The FBS between exercises had a negative correlation(p<0.05), and the HDL-C between breakfast had a negative correlation(p<0.05). These results indicate that decreasing drinking and smoking, when combined with appropriate exercise, will decrease the gamma-GPT and fasting blood sugar level, and help preventing adult diseases.

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