Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province: Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(4):290-299. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.290

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study examined the nutrition teachers' and parents' recognition of environmentally-friendly agricultural products (EAPs) used in school foodservice.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was given to 128 school foodservice nutrition teachers in Seongnam and 189 parents from Oct. 16 to Oct. 31, 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province. The survey included information on the recognition, satisfaction, and improvement of EAPs, and the results of the two groups were compared.
RESULTS
A comparison of the recognition of EAPs showed that nutrition teachers knew more about the EAPs and local government support in school foodservice than the parents. On the other hand, the parents were more aware than the nutrition teachers in that children have a higher affinity for EAPs than for general agricultural products in the school foodservice. A comparison of the level of satisfaction with the EAPs by nutrition teachers and parents revealed the nutrition teachers to be significantly more satisfied than parents in terms of the color, taste and nutrition of EAPs. Among the items that should be provided with EAPs, more than 50% of each group of nutrition teachers and parents answered that vegetables must be provided first. Some 70.9% of nutrition teachers and 84.5% of parents were aware of the certification standards of EAPs. The nutrition teachers had showed a slightly higher score than the parents in the certification system (3.51 vs. 3.25). In terms of improving the EAPs, 36.2% of nutrition teachers answered a reasonable price preferentially, whereas 56.4% of parents answered maintaining quality. In the expected effects of using EAPs, 57.9% of nutrition teachers answered an improvement of parents' satisfaction on the school foodservice. On the other hand, 38.0% of parents answered an improvement of children' satisfaction on school foodservice.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutrition teachers and parents need to be educated on the certification systems that would enhance the trust in EAPs.

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[English]
A Qualitative Study on the Potential Utilization of a Mobile Phone for Obesity Management in Elementary-School Children : Parents Perspective: Bo Young Lee, Mi Young Park, Kirang Kim, Jea Eun Shim, Ji Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):117-126. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.117

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the current difficulties surrounding children's obesity management and evaluate the application of a mobile phone as a tool to overcome such difficulties of obesity management from the perspective of main caregivers of elementary school students.
METHODS
The qualitative data were collected through 3 focus group interviews including 6 full-time housewives, 7 mothers with overweight children, and 4 working mothers. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach.
RESULTS
The limitations of current children's obesity management included difficulty in diet management and exercise as well as challenges of setting goals and lack of support at the household and school levels. Mobile technology may be useful to overcome the current problems by providing real-time knowledge on diet management and physical activity, online compensation scheme according to goal setting, and interactive environmental supports at both household and school levels for promoting overall health.
CONCLUSIONS
The mobile-based multiple support program may assist in overcoming the current limitations of child obesity management by providing tailored information and by creating a more supportive environment.

Citations

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Current Barriers of Obesity Management of Children Using Community Child Care Centers and Potential Possibility of Utilizing Mobile Phones: A Qualitative Study for Children and Caregivers
Bo Young Lee, Mi-Young Park, Kirang Kim, Jea Eun Shim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 189. CrossRef
Consumers’ Impulse Buying Behavior on Instagram: Examining the Influence of Flow Experiences and Hedonic Browsing on Impulse Buying
Forough Shahpasandi, Azim Zarei, Mohsen Shafiei Nikabadi
Journal of Internet Commerce.2020; 19(4): 437. CrossRef

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[English]
Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary Â· Middle Â· High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents: Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):47-59. Published online February 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.47

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
Young athletes require adequate nutrition to maintain their athletic performance, growth and health. This study examined the status and needs of nutrition management and meal services for student athletes among the athlete's parents.
METHODS
The subjects were parents of elementary, middle, and high school athletes (n=323) from 18 schools participating mainly in the Sports Food Truck. The questionnaire included general characteristics, status and needs on nutrition management and meal service for student athletes, and satisfaction with the Food Truck. The survey was done during 2018. The data were analyzed according to the school groups using a Ï‡2-test or ANOVA.
RESULTS
Approximately 45% of subjects had difficulty in the nutrition management of athletes, and 87.1% had not received nutrition education. Approximately 74% wanted nutrition education held for athletes, and mainly wanted topics on nutrition management for health and eating for athletic performance. The preferred methods were lectures and cooking activity. The responses on the necessity of nutrition education for athletes, desired education topics, and desired times for education differed significantly according to the school groups (p < 0.05). Most subjects also wanted nutrition information mainly through SNS. In the athlete's meal, breakfast and snacks were highlighted as the meal to supplement. Approximately 90.3% responded that providing a meal service is necessary. The subjects preferred snacks before/after exercise and dinner if a meal service was provided. They preferred Korean food, followed by snacks, and a dish meal. As the meal type, the subjects wanted the Food Truck and packed meal. The responses on necessity of a meal service (p < 0.05), preferred food (p < 0.001), and meal type (p < 0.001) in the meal service differed significantly according to the school groups. Approximately 43% were satisfied with the Food Truck and 50.8% responded as average. They made suggestions for the Food Truck in terms of foods, operations and frequency.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the study results, nutrition education and meal service may support nutrition for student athletes considering the needs of the parents according to the school groups.

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[English]
Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Ji Myung Kim, Hye Jeong Song, Young Ji Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(3):216-225. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the associations between obesity and the children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and to further examine the relationships between NQ and mini dietary assessment (MDA) of their parents.
METHODS
The subjects were 355 children aged 3 to 5 years and their parents in Dongducheon. We collected parental-reported NQ questionnaires for children and MDA of parents. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight and BMI by BIA were measured in children. Overweight and obesity were determined according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentile from the 2007 Korean national growth chart. Statistical analyses consisted of the chi-squared test, ANOVA, partial correlations and logistic regression analysis adjustments for parents BMI.
RESULTS
Approximately 20.8% of preschool children were classified as overweight or obese. Underweight children showed a significantly higher score for balance than overweight children. The NQ of the children was 61.9 Â± 11.6, and NQ scores and their parents' MDA did not exhibit any significant differences according to degree of obesity. After adjusting for parent's BMI, children's BMI was significantly correlated with balance and moderation among NQ factors. Parent's MDA showed significant correlation with their children's NQ, balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, practice and NQ grade, except for diversity of father. Additionally, NQ grade had a significantly increased (150.1%) odds ratio (OR) of being overweight (95% CI 1.008â€“2.234).
CONCLUSIONS
These results show that NQ for children is influenced by their parents' MDA and BMI. Furthermore, our findings support the association between overweight prevention and improvement of NQ grade among preschool children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Exploring the Causes of Obesity Among Adults in the Kurdish Regions of Iran: A Qualitative Study
Seyed Fahim Irandoost, Bahman Bayangani, Tahereh Dehdari, Javad Yousefi Lebni, Nafe Babasfari, Nafiul Mehedi, Mohammad Hosein Taghdisi
Community Health Equity Research & Policy.2023; 43(2): 183. CrossRef
Nutritional status and dietary behavior of North Korean adolescent refugees based on Nutrition Quotient for Korean adolescents: a preliminary study
Young Goh, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 1. CrossRef
Dietary Behavior and Related Factors of Preschool Children in Seocheon-gun, Korea
Seung-Lim Lee, Sun-Im Won
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(1): 34. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behaviors of preschool children in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do associated with the level of parents' health consciousness: using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(2): 248. CrossRef
Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children
Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults
InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 12. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behavior and investigation of the affecting factors among preschoolers in Busan and Gyeongnam area using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 596. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194. CrossRef
Analysis of the types of eating behavior affecting the nutrition of preschool children: using the Dietary Behavior Test (DBT) and the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
Hyeon Mi Sim, Youngshin Han, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 604. CrossRef

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[English]
Current Status of Parents' Monitoring of and Level of Trust in School Lunch Programs: Boyoung Hur, Injoo Choi, Meeyoung Kim, Jinwook Kwon, Jiyoung Lee, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):401-412. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.401

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of parents' monitoring of school lunch programs and to examine the relationship of parents' school lunch monitoring with their level of trust in school lunch programs.
METHODS
During November 2016, a web survey was conducted with 1,283 parents who had participated in monitoring of school lunch programs. A total of 621 parents completed the questionnaires (48.4% response rate) and the responses from 442 parents were analyzed (34.5% analysis rate) for elementary (n=196) and middle/high school parents (n=246), respectively.
RESULTS
Both the elementary and middle/high school parents most wanted to participate in monitoring 1~2 times per month, which was less frequent than their current practice. They showed the highest experience rate in â€˜food sanitationâ€™ area in both the prior training and actual practice of school lunch monitoring. They most responded â€˜increasing trust in school lunch programsâ€™ as a merit and â€˜lack of parents participating in monitoringâ€™ as a problem of school lunch monitoring. The average levels of trust did not differ between elementary and middle/high school parents. Multiple regression analyses showed that elementary school parents' level of satisfaction in the monitored school lunch programs was positively associated with the parents' level of trust in general school lunch programs. Monitoring frequency and parents' age, in addition to level of satisfaction in the monitored school lunch program, were associated with level of trust in general school lunch programs among middle/high school parents.
CONCLUSIONS
There was room for change in parents' school lunch monitoring programs to meet parents' needs better. Well-managed school lunch monitoring programs contributing to parents' satisfaction with school lunch programs could increase parents' level of trust in school lunch programs.

Citations

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제한적인 등교 상황에서 중고등학생의 신체적·정신적 건강 및 식생활 행태 변화:
민지 손, 은주 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(3): 213. CrossRef
Analysis of the CCP Performance and Barriers of School Foodservice Employees in the Incheon Area
Ji Eun Lee, Jung Hwa Choi
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2020; 31(3): 411. CrossRef
Development of Model for 「The Survey on School Foodservice Program」
Hae-Young Lee, Bo-Sook Yi, Jina Cha, Sun-Ok Ham, Moon-Kyung Park, Mi-Nam Lee, Hye-Young Kim, Haeng-Hwa Kang, Jin-Wook Kwon, Yun-Hui Jeong
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 60. CrossRef

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[English]
Mother's Parenting Style at Meal Time and Their Preschooler's Dietary Behavior: Soyeon Park, Youngmee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):13-21. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.13

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by mother's parenting style which may influence the NQ in preschool children.
METHODS
Subjects were 310 mothers and their 4-6 year old children. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, mother's parenting style at meal time and eating behavior as measured by NQ questions. The NQ questions consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Mother's parenting style was classified by using words for nutrition education at meal time. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student's t-test, Ï‡Â²-test, One-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
We observed that in children whose mothers use the parenting style at meal time of â€˜explanationâ€™ and â€˜compliment & cheer upâ€™ had high dietary regularity, diversity, practice. The children of mothers who use the parenting style at meal time of â€˜persuasionâ€™ and â€˜rewardâ€™ were found to have a lower degree of balance, diversity, and practice. Especially, children of â€˜rewardâ€™ style mothers had lower moderation of dietary life. On the other hand, among the parenting style at meal time of â€˜comparison & demandâ€™, â€˜treatingâ€™ and â€˜faireâ€™, there was no significant difference in the NQ factor by each group. NQ grade was higher among those who used more explanation (p < 0.001) and persuasion (p < 0.01) and with use of less persuasion (p < 0.01) and reward (p < 0.01). The positive association observed between the frequency of dietary education of mothers and higher NQ grade indicated the degree of dietary practices of those children. On the other hand, the children of mothers who rarely practice the dietary education at home had lower NQ grade (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
In order to promote children's proper dietary behaviors, it is important to provide nutrition education to children as well as provide guidance on parenting style at meal time.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children
Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Study on Recognition and Consumption Behavior of Quality-Certified Children's Preferred Foods of Nursery Directors and Parents in Jecheon Area
Sung Hee Min
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(3): 353. CrossRef

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[English]
The Difference of Perception about Nutritional Problems and Food intakes, Nutrition Knowledge Score and Realities of Nutrition Education between Parents and Preschool Teachers: Joo Hee Lee, Eun Jung Kang, Changim Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):636-646. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.636

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to investigate the difference of perception about nutritional problems and food intakes and nutrition knowledge score and realities of nutrition education between parents and preschool teachers. This research can be summarized as follows: there was the statistical difference of perception (chi2 = 52.451, p = 0.000) about nutritional problem of preschoolers between parents and preschool teachers. Parents (56.4%) and teachers (58.5%) identified eating only what they want as the most common nutritional problem of children, but they had different perception about the other problems. To parents, "No nutritional problem" (16.3%) is the second and "Overindulgence of processed food" (11.1%) is the third problem of preschoolers. To teachers, "Overindulgence of processed food" (23.8%) is the second and "Obesity" (14.3%) is the third problem. The perception on food intakes of preschoolers was statistically different in meats (chi2 = 8.892, p = 0.030), fish (chi2 = 32.241, p = 0.000), beans (chi2 = 14.770, p = 0.005), vegetables (chi2 = 12.706, p = 0.013), fruits (chi2 = 14.438, p = 0.006) and milk & dairy products (chi2 = 28.591, p = 0.000) between parents and preschool teachers. However, nutritional knowledge was not different between parents and preschool teachers. While 96.6% of preschool teachers felt that it was necessary to educate preschoolers, only 41.5% of them said that they fulfilled nutrition education, showing that nutrition education was not adequately carried out on the spot. Therefore providing basic materials through which nutritional management guidance and proper nutrition education for preschoolers can be carried out by investigating and analyzing knowledge on their nutrition and meal guidance activities for preschooler teachers and parents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Dietary Behavior and Related Factors of Preschool Children in Seocheon-gun, Korea
Seung-Lim Lee, Sun-Im Won
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(1): 34. CrossRef
Analysis of the types of eating behavior affecting the nutrition of preschool children: using the Dietary Behavior Test (DBT) and the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
Hyeon Mi Sim, Youngshin Han, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 604. CrossRef
Study on Recognition and Consumption Behavior of Quality-Certified Children's Preferred Foods of Nursery Directors and Parents in Jecheon Area
Sung Hee Min
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(3): 353. CrossRef
Nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities: Using data from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Mi Yeon Park, Pil Sook Park
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(4): 361. CrossRef
The awareness level and needs for education on reducing sugar consumption among mothers with preschool children
Younhee Lee, Nami Joo
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(2): 229. CrossRef
Evaluation of Nutrition Quotient and Related Factors in Preschool Children
Yeon Hyang Jung, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 1. CrossRef
Study on Development and Evaluation of Nutritional Education Program for Preschool Children in Association with Center for Children's Foodservice Management, Childcare Facilities and Home
Chae-Young Jo, Ji-Hyeon Kim, Jin-Suk Han
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 372. CrossRef
A Study on Differences of Nutritional Knowledge·Food Hygiene and Practice between Foodservice Employees and the Housewives
Joo Hee Lee, Ji Yeon Shin, Changim Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(6): 1022. CrossRef
Evaluation of Food Behavior and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Nowon-gu of Seoul by Using Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
Jung Hee Kim, Yeon Hyang Jung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 1. CrossRef
A Study on the Actual State of Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Eating Behavior, Physical Ability and Locomotion of Children Aged 5 Years in Siheung-city
Se-Hee Pyo, Hyun-Joo Kang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 760. CrossRef
Measuring Differences in Food Iintakes and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children by the Weight-Length Index
Joo Hee Lee, Eun Jung Kang, Changim Kim
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(1): 34. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study of Parents' Satisfaction and Needs for Foodservice Quality of the Childcare Centers in Chungnam Asan Area: Eun Seung Song, Eun Gyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):497-510. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.497

Abstract PDF PubReader

We tried to find out parents' satisfaction and needs for foodservice quality of the childcare centers with an intention of improving it. Self-completed questionnaires were randomly collected from the parents of children in 174 childcare centers around Asan and were analyzed. Most of respondents were mothers who were housewives with college degrees (69%) in their 30's (80%). They thought nutrition (50%) and food hygiene (43%) were the most important factors for decision. Eighty percent of parents recognized the strong relationship between foodservice quality and childrens' mental and physical development. Most centers (94%) were delivering menu notices home, so parents well recognized the center's foodservice situation and problems of their kids' eating habits. The parents' satisfaction scores were 3.26 out of 5-point scale. The biggest dissatisfaction was from no variation in menu, but remarkable appreciation was from the effect of foodservice on the correction for kids' unbalanced diet habit. They had demands for improvement of nutritious menu and professional nutrition teacher in charge of foodservice and nutrition education for children and also for parents.

Citations

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Comparison of nutrients and food intakes of young children according to lunch places: based on the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Young-Sun Choi
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(3): 254. CrossRef
An Evaluation of the Foodservice Quality and Management of Preschool Foodservice Establishments by IPA - Focusing on Parents of Preschoolers in Metropolitan Area of Korea, China and Japan -
Sanghyun Park, Nami Joo
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(1): 160. CrossRef
A Comparative Study on Foodservices and Their Satisfactions between Kindergartens with and without Dietitians in Chungnam
Kyoung-Hee Lee, Myung-Hee Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(2): 278. CrossRef
Reinterpretation of Educational Meanings of Snack and Lunch Time in a Kindergarten Class of 4-Year-Old Children
Yu-Ok Won, Song-Yee Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(6): 571. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on the Parents' Perceptions of Children's Favorite Foods: Ji Hye Jung, Kyung Hee Song, Ji Young Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):67-76. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the parents' perceptions of children's favorite foods. Mothers of elementary school students in Seoul were asked in a survey about their perceptions of children's favorite foods and their opinions of the related policy. Respondents pointed out the problems of children's favorite foods including insufficient sanitation, concerns with food additives, untrustworthy manufacturer, unsafe food distribution system and overuse of MSG. Overall hazardous perceptions of children's favorite foods were 2.71 out of 4.00. Most respondents believed that the children's favorite foods contained some harmful ingredients or over nutrients, and 69.2% of those respondents knew exactly which ingredients may cause children's health problems. The hazardous perception of chocolate, yogurt, sport drink and fruit drink were low compared to others, whereas hazardous perceptions and accuracy were high in candies, icebars, hamburgers and pizza, In terms of comprehensive countermeasures against unsafe children's foods, the respondents perceived that the establishment of standard amounts of nutrient value and food additives was the most important issue.

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[English]
Comparison of Children's Body Weights and Eating Habits by Maternal Parenting Attitudes Perceived by Children: Yun Jung Choe, Hyesun Min; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):77-86. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.

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[English]
Elementary School Children's Intake Patterns of Health Functional Foods and Parent's Requirements in Daejeon Area: Jin Seon Park, Joon Ho Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):463-475. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigated intake patterns of health functional foods (HFF) in elementary school children and requirements of their parents in the Daejeon area using a questionnaire by 432 parents. Participating parents were composed of female, 83.6% and male, 16.4%. Most of the parents were in their 40's (53.0%) and 30's (45.8%). 47.9% of the children were male and 52.1% were female. The school year of the children was distributed evenly, ranging from the first year to the sixth year. The intake rate of HFF for parents appeared to be 65.3% and for children it appeared to be 63.2%. The primary reason of using HFF to their child was 'For health promotion' (54.4%); the largest reason of non-using HFF was 'Do not feel necessity because is healthy' (48.8%). In regards to purchase place, 'Drugstore' was most selected by 26.1%, while the largest amount of purchase motive was 'Decided by oneself for children's health' (37.7%). The average expense per month was, 'Less than 50 thousand portion' (20.3%). The intake period, 'less than 6 months' was won' for 54.9%. For intake items, 'Vitamin supplementation products' was the largest portion' (20.3%) was indicated. The intake period, 'less than 6 months' was the most selected by 51.3%. Most people (66.7%) selected '1 kind' of intake item. As for intake effect, 45.4% claimed 'A little help'. In regard to experiencing side effects, 'Is not' was 92.7%, however, diarrhea, nettle rash, nausea etc. were a little. The biggest problem of HFF was 'Falsehood/exaggerative advertisement' as identified by 53.1%. For improvement of the HFF system was, 'Verify by more strict formality' as selected by 55.8%. In regards to experience of nutrition education on HFF, 'Is not' was most selected by 51.0%. The most desirous form of nutrition education was, 'Simple paper material' (31.3%). The most desirous content of nutrition education was, 'nutritional management of classified by life cycle' (37.2%). Therefore, HFF must be used properly to promote the health and growth development of children by acquiring scientific and reasonable information about the ability and usage of the food.

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[English]
Relationships among Personality Preferences, Psychosocial Factors and Dietary Habits of Middle School Students: Hye Sung Kim, Hye Young P Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):511-518. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to obtain an understanding of the association of personality preferences and food behavior factors in middle school students. The subjects were 319 boys and girls in a middle school located in Kyunggi province. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess demographic factors, dietary habits and psychosocial factors including self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers. The MMTIC (Murphy-Meisgeier Type Inventory for Children) test was used to assess the personality preferences of the students. Sixty-seven percent of the subjects were extrovert, 53.9% were the sensing type, 76.8% were the feeling type and 81.8% were the perceiving type in personality preferences. The extrovert had higher self-efficacy than the introvert. The feeling type perceived more benefits and fewer barriers than the thinking type. The education levels of the parents, especially mothers, were positively related with self-efficacy and dietary habit scores of the students. The self-efficacy and perceived benefits and barriers were significantly associated with dietary habits of the students (explained variance: 17.9%). Results of this study presented the relationship of character types and parents' education levels on psychosocial food behavior factors and a need for the development of tailored nutrition education program considering these factors.

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[English]
The Effect of Total Parenteral Nutrition on Hospitalized Patients according to Nutritional Status: Jea Hurn Bae, Soon Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):574-583. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthropometry, biochemical parameters and electrolytes concentrations of the Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) patients according to their nutritional status at the time of admission. Thirty-three patients in the Intensive Care Unit at S University Hospital were the subjects of this study. Their nutritional status was classified as At-risk I (Mild PCM, n=13), At-risk II (Moderate PCM, n=9) and At-risk III (Marasmus + kwashiorkor + severe PCM, n=11) . Anthropometeric, biochemical and dietary assessments were performed. The Patients intake of calories (75.02%) and protein (53.15%) was insufficient compare with Korean RDA requirements. The body weight and the Body Mass Index (BMI) in the At-risk III group were significantly lower than in the other groups. The percentage of body weight loss and change of body weight (kg) were significantly higher than in the other groups. The subjects were malnourished as indicated by nutritional related parameters such as serum total protein, albumin, total lymphocyte count (TLC), hemoglobin and hematocrit. Serum total protein, albumin and TLC levels were lower at the time of admission before TPN administration. But after TPN administration, they increased. The electrolyte concentrations did not show any differences following TPN administration. The nutritional status of the patients could be affect by the duration of TPN administration and the number of days of the patients hospitalization. The patients who require nutritional support need the continuous follow-up care and monitoring by a nutritional support team.

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[English]
Television Watching, Family Social Class, Parental Overweight, and Parental Physical Activity Levels in Relation to Childhood Overweight: Gun Ae Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):177-187. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study was done to determine the factors associated with childhood overweight in 721 sixth grade elementary school students, in Busan. The students' heights, weights, waist circumferences and triceps-skinfold thicknesses were measured using standard techniques. Other data were collected using a questionnaire that included information about physical activity, television watching, and the amount of exorcise taken during leisure times, family history of diseases related to obesity: social data including family income, parents' education and occupations, eating behaviors; parental weights and heights; and parental activity levels. Childhood overweight was defined as a body mass index at or above the 85th percentile for age and sex. The prevalence of overweight revealed no significant difference between sexes, (24.2% in boys and 22.03% in girls). The risk of childhood overweight was significantly greater if either the mother or the father were overweight. The odds ratio for childhood overweight associated with maternal overweight was 5.045 (94% CI : 3.262-7.801), and 2.727 (95% CI : 1.764-4.218) was the case for parental overweight. Children having a history of hear diseases had higher odds ratios than those who did not. The odds ratios for overweight associated with income were not different. However, a higher odds ratio for overweight was observed in children whose fathers had only an elementary or middle school education than those whore fathers had a high school or college education. Children whose fathers' occupations were service workers or shopkeepers (OR : 3.314, 95% C = 1.851-5.934) or had no occupation (OR = 3.756, 95% CI : 1.898-7.430) had a treater risk of overweight than those whose fathers' were professionals or once workers. The risk of overweight increased in children having more irregular meal times and faster eating times, rather than those having an intake pattern of high energy and sugar containing floods. The amount of exercise taken during leisure times, and daily physical activity showed no difference between overweight and non-overweight children. However, television watching time, especially on weekends, was greater in overweight children than in non-overweight children. Television watching time was positively correlated with BMI, triceps-skin(31d thickness, waist circumference and waist/height ratio. Therefore, television watching was found to be a useful predictor of overweight in children. Television watching in children was negatively related to paternal activity levels, and positively related to parental television watching time. In fact, fathers whose children were overweight were physically less active than fathers whose children were non-overweight. Parents appeared to be a strong influence on their children's physical activity levels. In conclusion, a low family social class, defined on the basis of the father's occupation or education, parental overweight, increased television watching, and unhealthy physical activity levels in parents were all considered risk factors for childhood overweight. Among these, television watching time and lack of physical activity were considered to be the most important risk factors that could be easily modified for the prevention of and intervention in, overweight in children.

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Overweight among Preschool Children in Seoul: Prevalence and Associated Factors: Mi Kyung Kim, Hee Jung Kim, Young Ok Kim, Jin Hee Lee, Won Chil Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):121-129. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and to identify risk factors of overweight among preschool children in Korea. The study subjects were 750 children, aged 2-6, attending child care centers in Korea. A measurement of the height and weight of the children, as well as collection of wide range of variables including general characteristics, and potential factors related with dietary habit for children and their parents, were conducted. Overweight was defined based on more than 110% of ideal body weight. A logistic regression analysis was adopted to identify the factors associated with overweight. Subjects were classified into three categories according to the obesity index : underweight(PIBW<90%, n=34), normal(90%< or =PIBW<110%, n=577), and overweight(PIBW> or =110%, n=139). The overall prevalence of overweight and underweight of the subjects were 21.3% and 4.0% of the boys and 15.5% and 5.1% of the girls respectively. Parent's obesity was associated with a higher risk of overweight on girls. Subjects o the third quartile(girls) and fourth quartile(boys) of income level had a substantially higher risk of overweight than did those in the first quartile. Fast eating, overeating, and food prejudice were also associated with an increased risk of overweight. The results of a logistic regression analysis showed that the eating habits and food preferences of the children were the most influencial factors on overweight. These finding may imply the importance of early stage nutrition education on rational dietary habit to prevent prevailing obesity of preschool in Korea.

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[English]
A Study on the Balance of Iron and Zinc in Korean Children: In Seon Choi, Kyung Hwa Lee, Seung Ho Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(1):12-20. Published online February 28, 1998

Abstract PDF: In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 14 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also calculated. The results are as follows. Mean daily intake of iron was 14.9+/-0.6 mg for the boys and 12.4+/-0.5 mg for the girls. Mean daily intake of zinc was 11.8+/-1.2 mg for the boys and 11.5+/-0.4 mg for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of iron was 6.1+/-0.3 mg and 58.8+/-2.0% for the boys and 6.8+/-0.1 mg and 44.1+/-2.0% for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of zinc was 9.3+/-0.2 mg and 14.4+/-5.1% for the boys and 9.7+/-0.4 mg and 14.3+/-4.3% for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of iron was 1.1+/-0.1 mg and showed the positive balance of 7.86+/-0.6 mg for the boys and 0.5+/-0.1 mg and showed the positive balance of 5.14+/-0.4 mg for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of zinc was 0.5+/-0.1 mg and showed the positive balance of 1.03+/-0.6 mg for the girls.

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[English]
Intake/Balanc of Dietary Protein in Korean College Women: Seung Ho Oh, In Seon Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(4):523-529. Published online October 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on the intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of protein in Korean college women. Subjects were 8 female college students, aged from 21 to 23, and maintained their menu and life patterns regular during a 4-week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumed, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content by Kjeldahl method. From this data, apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determing daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake was 56.9+/-1.4g and daily fecal protein loss was 6.3+/-0.2g. The apparent digestibility of protein was 89.6+/-0.7%. The daily nitrogen intake measured by Kjeldahl method was 9.43+/-0.2g. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 7.64+/-0.23g and fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.02+/-0.03g. The nitrogen balance indicated a positive balance of 0.45+/-0.18g.

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