Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[Korean]
Analysis of Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior about Food Hygiene·Safety Among the elderly: Mi Sook Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(3):200-210. Published online June 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.3.200

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the awareness, knowledge, and behavior about food hygiene·safety among the elderly, and to provide basic data on this for their healthy dietary life.
Methods
The study was conducted through a survey using a self-administered questionnaire on 473 elderly people over 60 years old living in Seoul and Gyeonggido. The questionnaire was designed to examine general characteristics, meal preparation status, the relation between awareness, knowledge, food hygiene behavior, and safety.
Results
Among the particpants, 44.2% of the total people surveyed were elderly married couples, and 14.0% were single-person households. For men, most of the meals were prepared by the spouse (74.1%), and among women, 93.8% prepared their meals themselves (P < 0.001). 61.3% of the total subjects answered that they were very interested in food hygiene and safety. Men (32.4%) thought it was more difficult to collect food hygiene·safety information compared to women (14.0%, P < 0.001). The knowledge score about food hygiene·safety was 0.60 (P < 0.05) and the behavior score was 3.70 (P < 0.001). The correlation coefficient between knowledge and behavior according to food hygiene·safety was 0.371 (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
The food hygiene·safety behavior of the elderly was associated with knowledge (P < 0.001). Therefore, food hygiene·safety education is necessary to ensure information availability and promote the health of the elderly.

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[English]
Dietary Safety Management Awareness and Competency for Healthcare among Adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Areas: Yunhwa Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):112-125. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.112

Objectives
Diet and incidence of chronic diseases are highly related. This study examined the characteristics of dietary safety awareness and competency for chronic disease prevention among adults.
Methods
Data were collected from 247 adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas using a self-administered questionnaire in May and June of 2018. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, χ 2-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variances, and correlation.
Results
The results of the factor analysis indicate that dietary safety awareness of health management was classified into chronic disease anxiety and obsession. Awareness of dietary safety management was sub-grouped into difficulty in acquiring knowledge, lack of awareness of over and malnutrition, food safety anxiety, importance of weight management, education requirement for cancer prevention, and knowledge. Dietary safety behavior composed of a balanced diet, unhealthy diet, and healthfunctional pursuit. Dietary safety management competency was comprised of health management, food management, and cooking. The competency scores of dietary safety management factors were significantly different according to sex, age, and education level (P < 0.05). Balanced diet factor was significantly correlated with knowledge, health-functional pursuit, health management, food management, and cooking capacity factors (P < 0.01).
Conclusions
Active education for dietary safety management competency according to age, gender, and education level should provide dietary safety education to reduce anxiety and obsession regarding chronic diseases and sustainable health management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Development of evaluation items for accessing practice and compliance with dietary guidelines among Korean adults
Min-Ah Kim, Sung-Min Yook, Jieun Oh, Jimin Lim, Hye Ji Seo, Young-Suk Lim, Ji Soo Oh, Hye-Young Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(2): 244. CrossRef
Quality Characteristics of Nutritional Bar with Varying Concentrations of Enteromorpha intenstinalis Powder
KyungHee Kim, JaeSuk Kim
Human Ecology Research.2024; 62(2): 295. CrossRef
Correlation between adolescents’ dietary safety management competency and value recognition, efficacy, and competency of convergence using dietary area: a descriptive study
Yunhwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 317. CrossRef
Dietary safety management competency for the sustainable health management of adolescents
Yunhwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(3): 406. CrossRef
Cancer survivor's dietary safety management awareness and competency type
Yun Hwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 532. CrossRef
Factors associated with the dietary quality and nutrition status using the Nutrition Quotient for adults focusing on workers in the manufacturing industry
Ji Suk Yim, Young Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 488. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Developing Food Safety Education Program for Employees at School Foodservice Implementing HACCP: Hye Yeon Lee, Hyun Joo Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):84-92. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.84

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to develop a food safety education program for school foodservice employees and evaluate its effectiveness.
METHODS
Food safety education programs were made into two levels; one for new employees in school foodservice and another for employees in charge of Critical Control Point (CCP) monitoring. The programs were for 40-minute-long lecture using PowerPoint. The effectiveness of these programs were assessed based on eleven evaluation items by school foodservice dieticians (n=30) and the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) specialist (n=13). All statistical analyses are conducted by SPSS package program (ver 20.0).
RESULTS
According to the results of evaluating the food safety education program by dietitian and HACCP specialist, the overall satisfaction score was 4.14, evaluated by 5 point scale. There were no significant difference in results of evaluation between dieticians and HACCP specialists. The score of 'it is helpful to work' and 'pictures, images and charts are pertinent to study' were higher than others while the score of 'education contents is pleasant and interesting' and 'screen is pleasant and interesting' were the lowest among all evaluation items.
CONCLUSIONS
To increase the school foodservice quality, employees should be offered regular food safety education and training through effective education media including prerequisite program and HACCP manual for school foodservice.

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Perception on HACCP System of School Foodservices Dietitians in Chungbuk
Ji Hyeoun Im, Miao Miao Li, Young Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2019; 35(1): 57. CrossRef
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi
Young-Un An, Myung-Hee Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 234. CrossRef

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[English]
The Influence of Self-resilience on Dietary Management in Middle School Students: Yunhwa Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(6):399-410. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.399

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study aims to identify self-resilience factors that drive right dietary and food safety practices in middle school students.
METHODS
Data was collected from 438 middle school students in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire in December, 2013. The questionnaire consisted of 81 items with the following categories: general information, self-resilience, right dietary and food safety practices. Statistical analyses to determine frequency, average, ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.
RESULTS
The results of factor analysis indicated that self-resilience was classified into challenge, adaptability, patience and achievement needs, and right dietary practices were sub-grouped into family meals, experience of dietary life, eco-friendly, balanced food, economy and bad food control, and food safety practices consisted of management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, safety food and food purchasing. The score of right dietary and food safety practices showed significant differences by sex, grade, and school achievement (p < 0.05). The economy factor of right dietary practices was significantly affected by the management of bacteria (p < 0.001), hand washing and eating off a plate (p < 0.001), safety food (p < 0.01), food purchasing of food safety practices (p < 0.05). The challenge factor of self-resilience significantly affected family meals, experience of dietary life, balanced food, economy, bad food control, management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, and safety food (p < 0.05). The adaptability factor of self-resilience was associated with factors such as eco-friendly, balanced food, economy, bad food control, management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, and food purchasing (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that dietary education programs for middle school students could incorporate food safety practices, and self-resilience such as challenge, adaptability, patience and achievement needs to be effective.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

Exploring the connection between ego-resiliency and health behaviors: a cross-sectional study of Polish health sciences students
Małgorzata Dębska-Janus, Paweł Dębski, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Jacek Polechoński, Wojciech Madejczyk, Karina Badura-Brzoza
BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Development of Food Safety and Nutrition Education Contents for the Elderly: by Focus Group Interview and Delphi Technique: Jung Hwa Choi, Eun Sil Lee, Yoon Jin Lee, Hye Sang Lee, Hye Ja Chang, Kyung Eun Lee, Na Young Yi, Yun Ahn, Tong Kyung Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):167-181. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.167

Abstract PDF PubReader

Our society is aging rapidly, and the number of elderly people who are in charge of purchasing and preparing foods at home is increasing. However, most the elderly have difficulty managing nutrition and food safety by themselves. The purpose of this study was to develop the necessary knowledge, through focus group interview and Delphi technique to establish a food safety and nutrition education program. The diet and educational needs of the elderly were surveyed through FGI. The education topics were decided by the Delphi technique. The education program consisted of a five week program, and the topics taught were 'Dietary Change for Healthy Life', 'Prevention of Food Poisoning in Everyday Life', 'Safe Food Handling for my Health', 'Healthy Dietary Life to Prevent Chronic Disease', and 'Safety! Nutrition! Healthy Dietary Life'. This education program was designed to decrease the perceived barriers, and to increase the perceived interests and the sense of self-efficacy. Education program materials, lesson plans, slides, handouts, videos, leaflets, and booklets were developed. Based on the results, the contents of the food safety guideline leaflets for the elderly were decided as the following: (1) wash your hands in the correct way; (2) select safe food; (3) cook foods safely; (4) keep foods safely; (5) keep kitchen utensils clean. In conclusion, if advanced education programs are implemented and delivered continuously in locations such as health centers and community welfare centers, those will contribute significantly to enhance the perception of food safety and to change the desirable dietary behavior of the elderly.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Validity Study on Foodservice Management Standards for Long-Term Care Institutes Using a Delphi Technique
Junghwa Choi, Sujin Jung, Hyeja Chang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(12): 1345. CrossRef
Analysis of Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior about Food Hygiene·Safety Among the elderly
Mi Sook Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 200. CrossRef
Food Safety and Nutrition Education Program for Elderly and Assessment of Program Effectiveness Based on Health Belief Model
Jung-Hwa Choi, Eun-Sil Lee, Yoon-Jin Lee, Hye-Sang Lee, Hye-Ja Chang, Kyung-Eun Lee, Na-Young Yi, Yoon Ahn, Tong-Kyung Kwak
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2016; 45(9): 1366. CrossRef
A study on the Needs for Nutrition Management Program for Elderly Who use Welfare Facilities
Min-June Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ok-Jin Park, Young-Mi Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 65. CrossRef
Development of the evaluation tool for the food safety and nutrition management education projects targeting the middle class elderly: Application of the balanced score card and the structure-process-outcome concept
Hyeja Chang, Hyoi Yoo, Harim Chung, Hyesang Lee, Minjune Lee, Kyungeun Lee, Changhee Yoo, Junghwa Choi, Nayoung Lee, Tongkyung Kwak
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(6): 542. CrossRef
An Evaluation of the Dietary Status for Developing Assistance Programs for Daily Lives of Elderly Individuals in Rural Korea
Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song, Hye-Jin Lee, Shin-Young Lee, Hee-Keum Cho, Yoon-Ji Choi
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2014; 25(2): 163. CrossRef
Eggs and Poultry Purchase, Storage, and Preparation Practices of Consumers in Selected Asian Countries
Kadri Koppel, Suntaree Suwonsichon, Uma Chitra, Jeehyun Lee, Edgar Chambers IV
Foods.2014; 3(1): 110. CrossRef
Development of a Questionnaire for Dietary Habit Survey of Korean Adults
Jin Suk Jo, Ki Nam Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(3): 258. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Foodservice Managers' Perception on Safety Management in Childcare Centers and Kindergartens: Hyung Soo Park, Kyung Mi Lee, Hye Rin Seol, Ki Hwan Park, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):87-99. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of foodservice managers in childcare centers and kindergartens for identifying the vulnerable areas of safety management. The foodservice managers in 1,144 of nationwide childcare centers and kindergartens were surveyed from May to October 2007 to answer a total 72 questions in areas of general characteristics, actual practice of foodservice management and safety management perception. Meals were served in 97.7% of surveyed facilities and 91.0% among them were self-operated. The hiring rate (27.8%) of dietitians in childcare centers was significantly lower than the rate (82.0%) of kindergartens. The needs of dietitian employment between childcare centers and kindergartens differed as 44.9% and 87.5%, respectively. In knowledge on food-borne illnesses, they have the wrong information in the field of season for frequent outbreak, major pathogens and foods causing food-borne illnesses. The food-borne illnesses (36.2%) were indicated as the major problem in foodservice facilities and the degree of risk exposure was considered as safe (70.1%). More than 70% of both facilities answered as sanitary in the status of personal hygiene. Only 38.0% recognized the Facility and Equipment Standard in the Childcare Law and Early Childhood Education Law. In preparation of meals and management of cooking processes, kindergarten scored significantly high compared to childcare centers (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) while the necessity of standards was not different in both facilities. Among managers surveyed, 28.8% had taken food safety education from professional institutions and more than 80% in both facilities indicated the need of professional educations. These results suggest that it is necessary for the systematic sanitary education of foodservice managers by developing the sanitary management standard as well as the amendment of laws related foodservice in childcare centers and kindergartens.

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[English]
The Factors (Job Burnout, Job Engagement, the Workplace Safety) Influencing Employees' Job Satisfaction in School Food Service Operations: Nam Chung Song, Hye Sang Lee, Kyung Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):606-616. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The study was conducted to investigate the influences of food service employees' job burnout, job engagement, and workplace safety perception on their job satisfaction. A survey was administered on 589 school food service employees in Gyeongbuk from December 5, 2005 to February 18, 2006. The final response rate was 71% (N = 416); the data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 12.0). A majority of the respondents were females (99.0%) and 40 years old or older (75.3%); 84% were temporary contract-based or irregular workers. Among the job burnout dimensions, exhaustion (2.98 +/-0.59) was rated higher than cynicism (2.33 +/-0.54), while professional efficacy level (3.61 +/-0.47) was relatively high. In terms of job engagement, the means of absorption (3.67 +/-0.49) and dedication (3.65 +/-0.52) were higher than that of vigor (3.22 +/-0.46). A systematic environmental level (3.15 +/-0.58) was lower than safety knowledge level (3.63 +/-0.49) among the workplace safety statistics, whereas the anxiety level (3.25 +/-0.74) was relatively high. The food service staff were more satisfied with 'supervisors' and 'co-workers' than with 'pay' and 'promotion'. A hierarchial regression analysis revealed that dedication, absorption, systematic environment, and safety knowledge were significant factors to increase job satisfaction and exhaustion which significantly decreased their job satisfaction.

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[English]
Microbial Risk Analysis of Cooked Foods Donated to Foodbank(I): Hyung Soo Park, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):617-629. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: To ensure the microbiological safety of food items prepared after cooking process, this study was aimed to identify the hazards related with cooked foods donated to foodbanks through quantitative microbial analysis. Five foodbanks located in Incheon and Gyeonggi area among government-dominant foodbanks were surveyed from February to June, 2007. Manager, recipient, donator, type and quantity of donated food, and facility and equipment were examined for the general characteristics of foodbank. The time and temperature of food and environment were measured at steps from after-production to before-distribution, and the microbial analysis was performed mainly with indicator organism and major pathogens. The amount of cooked foods donated to each foodbank was about 20 to 30 servings and consisted of 80% of total donated foods. Only three foodbanks had separate offices for foodbank operation and four institutions had at least one temperature-controlled vehicle. The flow of donated foods was gone through the steps; production, meal service and holding at donator, collection by foodbank, transport (or holding after transport) and distribution to recipients. It took about 3.8 to 6.5 hours at room temperature from after-production to beforedistribution. Only aerobic plate counts (APC) and coliforms were found in microbial analysis. The APC after production were relatively high in 8.2 x 10(5), 7.4 x 10(5), 6.9 x 10(5) and 4.2 x 10(5) CFU/g while 2.8 x 10(6), 9.4 x 10(5), 1.0 x 10(6) and 5.4 x 10(5) CFU/g before distribution in mixed Pimpinella brachycarpa, mixed chard, mixed amaranth and mixed spinach, respectively. The levels of coliforms in mixed chard and mixed spinach were complied with the standards of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Management. The level of APC in boiled pork was increased from < 1.0 x 10 CFU/g to 4.0 x 10(2) CFU/g. One of delivery vessels was shown 6.2 x 10(3)CFU/100 cm2 in APC, which was over the standards for environment. One of serving tables also showed the high level of 1.2 x 10(3) CFU/100 cm2 in APC and 6.6 x 10(2) CFU/100 cm2 in coliforms. These results suggest the sanitary management of holding at donator and the time-temperature control are key factors to ensure the safety of cooked foods donated to foodbank.

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[English]
Assessment of Food Safety Management Performance for School Food Service in the Seoul Area: Ji Hyun Lee, Yu Kyoung Goh, Ki Hwan Park, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):310-321. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: Effective and systematic sanitation management programs are necessary to prevent foodborne disease outbreaks in school foodservice operations. The purpose of this study was to identify the elements to improve in order to ensure the safety of school food service by evaluating sanitation management practices implemented under HACCP-based programs. The survey was designed to assess the level of hygiene practices of school food service by using an inspection checklist of food hygiene and safety. Fifty-four school foodservice establishments considered as poor sanitation practice groups from two year inspections by Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education were surveyed from September to December in 2005. Inspection checklists consisted of seven categories with 50 checkpoints; facilities and equipment management, personal hygiene, ingredient control, process control, environmental sanitation management, HACCP system and safety management. Surveyed schools scored 68.0+/-12.42 points out of 100 on average. The average score (% of compliance) of each field was 10.7/20 (53.3%) for facilities and equipment management, 7.4/11 (67.2%) for personal hygiene, 7.4/11 (74.1%) for ingredient control, 22.4/32 (69.8%) for process control, 8.9/12 (73.8%) for environmental sanitation management, 4.2/7 (59.7%) for HACCP systems management, and 7.2/8 (89.7%) for safety management, respectively. The field to be improved first was the sanitation control of facilities and equipment. The elements to improve this category were unprofessional consultation for kitchen layout, improper compartment of the kitchen area, lacks of pest control, inadequate water supply, poor ventilation system, and insufficient hand-washing facilities. To elevate the overall performance level of sanitation management, prerequisite programs prior to HACCP plan implementation should be stressed on the school officials, specifically principals, for the integration of the system.

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[English]
Assessment of Foodservice Management Performance at Child Care Centers: Mee Sook Lee, Jae Yeon Lee, Sun Hwa Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):229-239. Published online April 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate foodservice management practices of 100 child care centers nationwide, and to provide background information for developing foodservice management policies at child care centers. Approximately 20% of the child care centers had a separate dining room; most of the centers were vulnerable to sanitation or safety problems. The percentage of the centers that planned menus was about 60% and 10% established standardized recipes. Fourteen percent of the centers kept records for distribution and menu evaluation and 33% kept sanitation management records. Since only 7% of the centers employed a dietitian, foodservice in most centers were not managed by professionals. The results of menu assessment revealed that 56.5% of the national/public child care centers received 19 points or higher out of 21 points, whereas 5.6% of the private child care centers received the same scores. Proper usage and storage of raw food, sanitary management of equipment and facilities, waste management/leftover food treatment, and basic facility of cooking zones were performed well by many centers. The overall scores of foodservice performance were only 31.2 out of 60 points, representing relatively poor safety management, food procurement management, and facilities and equipment management. These results indicate that the foodservice management of the child care centers are in a relatively poor state. Since nutrition management of the most centers was performed by non-professionals, it may not be possible to provide proper nutrition for health and normal growth of preschool children and to perform efficient nutrition education programs. The following suggestions are strongly recommended in order to improve foodservice performance at child care centers. First, foodservice administration should be performed by a dietitian, and second, efforts should be focused on strengthening nutrition and sanitation management.

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[English]
Influences of School Food Service Employees' Food Safety Training on Food Safety Knowledge and Practices: Kyung Eun Lee, Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):597-605. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships among food safety training, knowledge, and practices of school food service employees. A questionnaire that identified employees' food safety training experience, knowledge, and practices was developed based on a review of literature. A total of 341 Korean school food service employees participated in the survey; the final usable responses were 293 (a response rate: 86%). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for Windows (version 10). Most of the respondents (> 86%) took training sessions on 'proper hand washing' and 'proper food storage temperatures', whereas less than 60% had training on 'monitoring procedures and corrective actions at critical control points'. The mean score of their food safety knowledge was 8.02 out of 11. The majority of the employees knew correctly 'potentially hazardous foods (93.2%)' and 'diseases and symptoms with which they are excluded from working (87.0%)'; less than 50% chose a correct answer for 'sanitizing food contact surfaces.' A chi-square analysis revealed that the employees' actual knowledge did not differ significantly by whether they had food safety training (at the level of alpha = 0.01), except one topic "diseases and symptoms with which they are excluded from working." Their self-reported practice scores were rated as 2.98 - 3.39 based on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-not at all, 5-always). Employees' food safety training should be conducted continuously and repetitively to improve the effectiveness of the training.

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