Misung Kim; Cheongmin Sohn

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.378

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 21(4); 2016 > Article

Research Article
Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Misung Kim, Cheongmin Sohn; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2016;21(4):378-385.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.378
Published online: August 31, 2016

Department of Food and Nutrition, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea.

Corresponding author: Cheongmin Sohn. 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 54538, Republic of Korea. Tel: (063) 850-6656, Fax: (063) 850-7301, ccha@wku.ac.kr

• Received: August 1, 2016 • Revised: August 25, 2016 • Accepted: August 25, 2016

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

161 Views
2 Download
4 Crossref

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the association between sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean postmenopausal women.
Methods
We analyzed data of 2,019 postmenopausal women aged 50-64 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2008-2011 and were free of cardiovascular disease history. Blood pressure, height, and weight were measured. We analyzed the serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference was used to measure obesity. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight<1 standard deviation below the gender-specific means for healthy young adults. The estimated 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk was calculated by Pooled Cohort Equation. Subjects were classified as non-sarcopenia, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity based on status of waist circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass.
Results
The prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity was 16.3% (n=317) and 18.3% (n=369), respectively. The 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk in the sarcopenic obesity group was higher (3.82 ± 0.22%) than the normal group (2.73 ± 0.09%) and sarcopenia group (3.17 ± 0.22%) (p < 0.000). The odd ratios (ORs) for the ≥7.5% 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease risk were significantly higher in the sarcopenic obesity group (OR 3.609, 95% CI: 2.030-6.417) compared to the sarcopenia group (OR 2.799, 95% CI: 1.463-5.352) (p for trend < 0.000) after adjusting for independent variables (i.e., exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) score, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake and hormonal replacement therapy).
Conclusions
Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity appear to be associated with higher risk factors predicting the 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women. These findings imply that maintaining normal weight and muscle mass may be important for cardiovascular disease risk prevention in postmenopausal women.
Keywords: sarcopenia; sarcopenic obesity; cardiovascular disease risk; postmenopausal women

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by Wonkwang University in 2016.

REFERENCES

1. Sipila S, Narici M, Kjaer M, Pollanen E, Atkinson RA, Hansen M. Sex hormones and skeletal muscle weakness. Biogerontology 2013; 14(3): 231-245.Article PubMed PDF
2. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Zoico E, Harris TB, Meigs JB, Di Francesco V. Health consequences of obesity in the elderly: a review of four unresolved questions. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29(9): 1011-1029.Article PubMed PDF
3. Czarkowska-Paczek B, Milczarczyk S. Age-related muscle mass loss. Przegl Lek 2006; 63(8): 658-661.PubMed
4. Rosenberg IH. Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance. J Nutr 1997; 127: 5 Suppl. 990s-991s.Article PubMed
5. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(8): 755-763.Article PubMed
6. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R. Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002; 50(5): 889-896.Article PubMed
7. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM, Boirie Y, Cederholm T, Landi F. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European working group on sarcopenia in older people. Age Ageing 2010; 39(4): 412-423.PubMed PMC
8. Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, Rossi A, Di Francesco V. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2008; 18(5): 388-395.Article PubMed
9. Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Newman AB. Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57(5): M326-M332.PubMed
10. Schaap LA, Pluijm SM, Deeg DJ, Visser M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am J Med 2006; 119(6): 526.e9-526.e17.Article PubMed
11. Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Merz CNB, Blum CB, Eckel RH. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines. Circulation 2014; 129: 25 Suppl 2. S1-S45.PubMed
12. Lee SY, Park HS, Kim DJ, Han JH, Kim SM, Cho GJ. Appropriate waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity in Korean adults. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 75(1): 72-80.Article PubMed
13. Andrus B, Lacaille D. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 63(25 Pt A): 2886.Article
14. Kim JH, Hwangbo Y, Hong ES, Ohn JH, Kim CH, Kim HW. Investigation of sarcopenia and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in elderly subjects. J Korean Geriatr Soc 2010; 14(3): 121-130.Article
15. Cheng Q, Zhu X, Zhang X, Li H, Du Y, Hong W. A cross-sectional study of loss of muscle mass corresponding to sarcopenia in healthy Chinese men and women: reference values, prevalence, and association with bone mass. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32(1): 78-88.Article PubMed PDF
16. Chin SO, Rhee SY, Chon S, Hwang YC, Jeong IK, Oh S. Sarcopenia is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in older Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2009. PLoS One 2013; 8(3): e60119.Article PubMed PMC
17. Kim JH, Cho JJ, Park YS. Relationship between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk as estimated by the Framingham risk score. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30(3): 264-271.Article PubMed PMC PDF
18. Hwang B, Lim JY, Lee J, Choi NK, Ahn YO, Park BJ. Prevalence rate and associated factors of sarcopenic obesity in Korean elderly population. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27(7): 748-755.Article PubMed PMC PDF
19. Park S, Ham JO, Lee BK. A positive association between stroke risk and sarcopenia in men aged ≥50 years, but not women: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18(9): 806-812.Article PubMed PDF
20. Roubenoff R. Sarcopenic obesity: does muscle loss cause fat gain? Lessons from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2000; 904: 553-557.PubMed
21. Jensen GL. Inflammation: roles in aging and sarcopenia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2008; 32(6): 656-659.Article PubMed PDF
22. Choi CS. Pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Korean J Med 2009; 77(2): 171-177.
23. Walsh K. Adipokines, myokines and cardiovascular disease. Circ J 2009; 73(1): 13-18.Article PubMed
24. Lee JS, Auyeung TW, Kwok T, Lau EM, Leung PC, Woo J. Associated factors and health impact of sarcopenia in older Chinese men and women: a cross-sectional study. Gerontology 2007; 53(6): 404-410.Article PubMed PDF
25. Lee K. 10-year risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease among Korean adults: findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2010. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176(2): 418-422.Article PubMed
26. Kim KM, Park SK, Kim DH, Shin SG. The relationship between serum ferritin level and cardiovascular disease risk calculated by atherosclerotic cardio vascular disease risk estimator in middleaged men in Korea. Korean J Fam Pract 2016; 6(2): 79-83.Article

Table 1

General characteristics and anthropometric characteristics in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASM:appendicular skeletal muscle

4) ASM/Wt:appendicular skeletal muscle/weight Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

5) Adjusted for exercise, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

6) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 2

Metabolic parameters and ASCVD risk in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASCVD risk: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 3

Odds ratios (ORs) for 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women according to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

1) Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

2) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Impact of Possible Sarcopenia and Obesity on the Risk of Falls in Hospitalized Older Patients
Kahyun Kim, Dukyoo Jung
The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing.2023; 26(1): 18. CrossRef
Association of Sarcopenia with Heart Rate Variability
Jeong-Min Ji, Hyun-Min Koh, Ji-Yong Jang, Jin-Sook Moon, Hye-Rang Bak, Hye-Jin Jang, An-Na Lee, Nak-Gyeong Ko
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2022; 12(5): 311. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Sarcopenia Without Obesity in Older Adults
Seo-hyun Kim, Chung-hwi Yi, Jin-seok Lim
Physical Therapy Korea.2021; 28(3): 177. CrossRef
Association among the Prevalence of Sarcopenia without Obesity, Nonsarcopenic Obesity, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in Cancer Survivors: Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yoon J Park, Young M Lee
Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing.2021; 8(6): 679. CrossRef

PubReader

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Community Nutr. 2016;21(4):378-385. Published online August 31, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.378

XML Download

We recommend

Related articles

Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women: Results for the 2008-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 1

General characteristics and anthropometric characteristics in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASM:appendicular skeletal muscle

5) Adjusted for exercise, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

6) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 2

Metabolic parameters and ASCVD risk in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

Table 3

Odds ratios (ORs) for 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women according to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

1) Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

2) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 1 General characteristics and anthropometric characteristics in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

3) ASM:appendicular skeletal muscle

5) Adjusted for exercise, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

6) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy

Table 2 Metabolic parameters and ASCVD risk in postmenopausal women

1) ANCOVA-test

2) Mean±SEM

Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) for 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women according to sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

1) Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)

2) Adjusted for exercise, period of menopausal, alcohol use disorders identification test score category, income, education level, calorie intake, %fat intake, hormonal replacement therapy