Hyobin Kim; Heysook Kim; Oran Kwon; Heejung Park

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.152

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Food and Nutrient Intake Level by the Risk of Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: The use of the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010–2011): Hyobin Kim, Heysook Kim, Oran Kwon, Heejung Park; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2019;24(2):152-162.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.152
Published online: April 30, 2019

¹The Graduate School of Converging Clinical & Public Health, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea, Student.

²Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea, Professor.

³Department of Foods & Nutrition, Yuhan University, Seoul 14780, Korea, Professor.

Corresponding author: Park, Heejung. Department of Foods & Nutrition, Yuhan University, 590, Gyeongin-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14780, Korea. Tel: (02) 2610-0809, Fax: (02) 2610-0806, hjpark@yuhan.ac.kr

• Received: April 10, 2019 • Revised: April 22, 2019 • Accepted: April 23, 2019

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the food, nutrient intake, and diet quality of postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (OP) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with those of control subjects.
Methods
A total of 1,131 post-menopausal women aged over 45 years, who took the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), were included for analysis. These participants were classified into the following groups: the OP group, with a risk of OP (n=135); the CVD group, with a risk of CVD (n=373); the OP+CVD group, with a risk of OP and CVD concurrently (n=218); and the control group (n=405) according to bone mineral density (BMD) and CVD risk. Anthropometric measurements, blood profiles, dietary intake, and dietary quality indices were measured and compared among the four groups.
Results
Waist circumference, total body fat percentage, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol were higher, and HDL-cholesterol and BMD were lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. In the food frequency questionnaire, the OP+CVD group had significantly higher frequencies of grain (except for multi-grain) and lower frequencies of fruit and dairy product. The frequency of consumption of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages was higher in OP+CVD group. In nutrient density analysis, proteins and vitamin B₂ levels were significantly lower in the OP+CVD group than in the control group. The nutritional quality index (INQ) values of calcium were in the order of 0.63, 0.58, 0.56, and 0.55 in each group, and it was urgent to improve the dietary intake for calcium in postmenopausal women. In addition, vitamin B₂ was inadequately consumed by all groups.
Conclusions
These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the intake of vitamin B₂ and calcium and decrease the frequency of intake of red meat, processed meat, and carbonated beverages in postmenopausal women with the risk of OP and CVD.
Keywords: KNHANES; postmenopausal women; osteoporosis; cardiovascular disease; nutritional status

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Table 1

Group classification by OP and CVD risk criteria

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

Table 2

Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

^***: Significantly different among the groups at p<0.001

Table 3

Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 4

Consumption frequencies of foods of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 5

Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 6

Nutrient Density (ND) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Food and Nutrient Intake Level by the Risk of Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women: The use of the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2010–2011)

Korean J Community Nutr. 2019;24(2):152-162. Published online April 30, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.152

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Table 1

Group classification by OP and CVD risk criteria

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

Table 2

Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

^***: Significantly different among the groups at p<0.001

Table 3

Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 4

Consumption frequencies of foods of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 5

Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 6

Nutrient Density (ND) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 7

Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 1 Group classification by OP and CVD risk criteria

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

Table 2 Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

^***: Significantly different among the groups at p<0.001

Table 3 Daily nutrient intakes of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 4 Consumption frequencies of foods of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 5 Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 6 Nutrient Density (ND) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age

6) Age-adjusted Mean ± SD

Table 7 Index of Nutritional Quality(INQ) of the subjects

1) Control: Normal group

2) OP: Osteoporosis group

3) CVD: High risk group for cardiovascular disease

4) OP+CVD: High risk group for OP and CVD

5) P-values was obtained from general linear model (GLM) for continuous variables after adjusting for age