, 이승민3),†
, Seungmin Lee3),†
1)성신여자대학교 일반대학원 식품영양학과 박사
2)가천대학교 식품영양학과 연구교수
3)성신여자대학교 식품영양학과 교수
1)Ph. D., Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
2)Research Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
3)Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
© 2026 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
This study was supported by the Pulmuone Foundation.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE1)) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary knowledge total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 10.03 ± 1.99 | 12.67 ± 1.24 | 2.80 ± 0.19 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 9.11 ± 2.13 | 10.14 ± 2.01 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | |
| Outcome expectation total score | 0.018 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 20.68 ± 2.61 | 21.86 ± 2.49 | 1.54 ± 0.39 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 20.09 ± 2.65 | 20.60 ± 2.36 | 0.14 ± 0.39 | |
| Value expectation total score | 0.194 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 22.45 ± 2.16 | 22.59 ± 2.31 | 0.66 ± 0.30 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 21.05 ± 2.26 | 21.63 ± 2.53 | 0.06 ± 0.31 | |
| Self-efficacy total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 22.12 ± 2.60 | 24.33 ± 2.75 | 2.33 ± 0.36 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 22.42 ± 2.97 | 22.86 ± 2.81 | 0.33 ± 0.36 |
Mean ± SD.
Dietary knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 14, with 1 point assigned for each correct response. Outcome and value expectations ranged from 5 to 25, and self-efficacy ranged from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate greater dietary knowledge, more positive expectations, and higher self-efficacy.
SE, standard error.
1)Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
2)P-values indicate differences between the intervention and control groups after adjustment.
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE1)) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food accessibility/availability | 0.006 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 14.47 ± 2.30 | 15.61 ± 1.88 | 1.29 ± 0.23 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 13.88 ± 2.36 | 14.35 ± 2.39 | 0.33 ± 0.23 | |
| Social support | 0.011 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 6.56 ± 1.22 | 7.26 ± 1.32 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 6.60 ± 1.47 | 6.68 ± 1.29 | 0.06 ± 0.17 | |
| Environmental factors total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 21.03 ± 2.88 | 22.86 ± 2.60 | 2.00 ± 0.28 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 20.48 ± 2.91 | 21.03 ± 3.03 | 0.39 ± 0.29 |
Mean ± SD.
Food accessibility/availability scores ranged from 4 to 20, social support scores ranged from 2 to 10, and total environmental factor scores ranged from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate more favorable environmental conditions.
SE, standard error.
1)Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
2)P-values indicate differences between the intervention and control groups after adjustment.
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE1)) | P-value2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balance domain | 0.013 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 60.51 ± 13.47 | 65.78 ± 13.68 | 5.68 ± 1.89 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 61.00 ± 15.98 | 59.87 ± 17.01 | –1.54 ± 1.91 | |
| Moderation domain | 0.412 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 65.96 ± 31.18 | 74.76 ± 28.06 | 5.44 ± 3.57 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 59.64 ± 30.99 | 66.12 ± 30.37 | 9.89 ± 3.60 | |
| Practice domain | 0.047 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 66.61 ± 12.54 | 71.15 ± 12.54 | 4.53 ± 1.24 | |
| Control (n=65) | 65.32 ± 13.94 | 66.08 ± 13.39 | 0.77 ± 1.25 | |
| NQ-E total score | 0.011 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 63.18 ± 10.58 | 68.54 ± 10.53 | 5.25 ± 1.24 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 62.37 ± 12.27 | 62.66 ± 12.12 | 0.40 ± 1.25 |
Mean ± SD.
NQ-E domain and total scores were calculated using the official scoring system and converted to a 0–100 scale. Higher scores indicate more favorable dietary behavior outcomes.
NQ-E, Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly; SE, standard error.
1)Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
2)P-values indicate differences between the intervention and control groups after adjustment.
| Topics | Pre-program interest | Post-program helpfulness | P-value1) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual nutrition counseling | 4.15 ± 0.68 | 4.64 ± 0.48 | 0.001 |
| Meal planning for regular and balanced diets | 4.08 ± 0.77 | 4.45 ± 0.56 | 0.001 |
| Prevention and management of chewing and swallowing difficulties | 3.95 ± 0.79 | 4.29 ± 0.65 | 0.001 |
| Safe food purchasing and storage practices | 4.24 ± 0.66 | 4.48 ± 0.56 | 0.015 |
| Selection of foods beneficial for health | 4.36 ± 0.60 | 4.52 ± 0.53 | 0.105 |
| Characteristics | Intervention (n = 66) | Control (n = 65) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.006 | ||
| Male | 9 (13.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Female | 57 (86.4) | 65 (100) | |
| Age (year) | 73.39 ± 6.02 | 78.82 ± 6.16 | 0.025 |
| Family type | 0.012 | ||
| Living alone | 16 (24.2) | 30 (46.2) | |
| Living with spouse | 24 (36.4) | 18 (27.7) | |
| Living with children | 7 (10.6) | 11 (16.9) | |
| Living with spouse and children | 15 (22.7) | 5 (7.7) | |
| Others | 4 (6.1) | 1 (1.5) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||
| ≤ Elementary school | 8 (12.1) | 18 (27.7) | |
| Middle school | 7 (10.6) | 15 (23.1) | |
| High school | 22 (33.3) | 24 (36.9) | |
| ≥ University | 29 (43.9) | 8 (12.3) | |
| Economic support status | 0.478 | ||
| NBLS recipient | 4 (6.1) | 7 (10.8) | |
| Low-income | 5 (7.6) | 7 (10.8) | |
| None | 57 (86.4) | 51 (78.5) |
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary knowledge total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 10.03 ± 1.99 | 12.67 ± 1.24 | 2.80 ± 0.19 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 9.11 ± 2.13 | 10.14 ± 2.01 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | |
| Outcome expectation total score | 0.018 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 20.68 ± 2.61 | 21.86 ± 2.49 | 1.54 ± 0.39 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 20.09 ± 2.65 | 20.60 ± 2.36 | 0.14 ± 0.39 | |
| Value expectation total score | 0.194 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 22.45 ± 2.16 | 22.59 ± 2.31 | 0.66 ± 0.30 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 21.05 ± 2.26 | 21.63 ± 2.53 | 0.06 ± 0.31 | |
| Self-efficacy total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 22.12 ± 2.60 | 24.33 ± 2.75 | 2.33 ± 0.36 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 22.42 ± 2.97 | 22.86 ± 2.81 | 0.33 ± 0.36 |
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food accessibility/availability | 0.006 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 14.47 ± 2.30 | 15.61 ± 1.88 | 1.29 ± 0.23 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 13.88 ± 2.36 | 14.35 ± 2.39 | 0.33 ± 0.23 | |
| Social support | 0.011 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 6.56 ± 1.22 | 7.26 ± 1.32 | 0.71 ± 0.17 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 6.60 ± 1.47 | 6.68 ± 1.29 | 0.06 ± 0.17 | |
| Environmental factors total score | < 0.001 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 21.03 ± 2.88 | 22.86 ± 2.60 | 2.00 ± 0.28 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 20.48 ± 2.91 | 21.03 ± 3.03 | 0.39 ± 0.29 |
| Variables/group | Pre | Post | Adjusted change ([post–pre] ± SE |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balance domain | 0.013 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 60.51 ± 13.47 | 65.78 ± 13.68 | 5.68 ± 1.89 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 61.00 ± 15.98 | 59.87 ± 17.01 | –1.54 ± 1.91 | |
| Moderation domain | 0.412 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 65.96 ± 31.18 | 74.76 ± 28.06 | 5.44 ± 3.57 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 59.64 ± 30.99 | 66.12 ± 30.37 | 9.89 ± 3.60 | |
| Practice domain | 0.047 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 66.61 ± 12.54 | 71.15 ± 12.54 | 4.53 ± 1.24 | |
| Control (n=65) | 65.32 ± 13.94 | 66.08 ± 13.39 | 0.77 ± 1.25 | |
| NQ-E total score | 0.011 | |||
| Intervention (n = 66) | 63.18 ± 10.58 | 68.54 ± 10.53 | 5.25 ± 1.24 | |
| Control (n = 65) | 62.37 ± 12.27 | 62.66 ± 12.12 | 0.40 ± 1.25 |
| Topics | Pre-program interest | Post-program helpfulness | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual nutrition counseling | 4.15 ± 0.68 | 4.64 ± 0.48 | 0.001 |
| Meal planning for regular and balanced diets | 4.08 ± 0.77 | 4.45 ± 0.56 | 0.001 |
| Prevention and management of chewing and swallowing difficulties | 3.95 ± 0.79 | 4.29 ± 0.65 | 0.001 |
| Safe food purchasing and storage practices | 4.24 ± 0.66 | 4.48 ± 0.56 | 0.015 |
| Selection of foods beneficial for health | 4.36 ± 0.60 | 4.52 ± 0.53 | 0.105 |
n (%) or Mean ± SD. NBLS, national basic livelihood security.
Mean ± SD. Dietary knowledge scores ranged from 0 to 14, with 1 point assigned for each correct response. Outcome and value expectations ranged from 5 to 25, and self-efficacy ranged from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate greater dietary knowledge, more positive expectations, and higher self-efficacy. SE, standard error. Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
Mean ± SD. Food accessibility/availability scores ranged from 4 to 20, social support scores ranged from 2 to 10, and total environmental factor scores ranged from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate more favorable environmental conditions. SE, standard error. Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
Mean ± SD. NQ-E domain and total scores were calculated using the official scoring system and converted to a 0–100 scale. Higher scores indicate more favorable dietary behavior outcomes. NQ-E, Nutrition Quotient for the Elderly; SE, standard error. Adjusted mean differences (post–pre) were estimated using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adjusted for age, family type, education level, baseline dietary knowledge, and baseline value expectations.
Mean ± SD. Scores were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating greater interest or perceived helpfulness.
