, 김초일2),†
, Cho-il Kim2),†
1)서울대학교 생활과학연구소 연구부교수
2)서울대학교 식품영양학과 특임교수
1)Associate Research Professor, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
2)Invited Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
© 2026 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
FUNDING
None.
DATA AVAILABILITY
Publicly Accessible Repository. The original data presented in the study are openly available in the KNHANES, Korea Disease Control and Prevention at https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/eng/main.do (accessed on 13 January 2026).
| Group | KNHANES 2019–2024 (year) | Annual percent change (95% CI) | P-value1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||
| 6–11 year, boys | 34.0 | 33.9 | 31.6 | 32.8 | 33.0 | 31.5 | –1.16 (–2.37, –0.06) | 0.036 |
| 6–11 year, girls | 36.8 | 32.1 | 39.1 | 39.5 | 40.5 | 44.5 | 4.43 (1.10, 7.85) | 0.003 |
| 12–18 year, boys | 30.2 | 34.9 | 24.6 | 34.7 | 32.5 | 32.0 | 0.92 (–6.13, 8.93) | 0.769 |
| 12–18 year, girls | 42.3 | 41.0 | 49.3 | 43.8 | 43.6 | 49.1 | 2.20 (–2.38, 7.81) | 0.285 |
| Rank | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | |
| School-age boys (6–11 year) | School-age girls (6–11 year) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Carbonated beverages | 6.4 | 16.8 | 16.8 | Carbonated beverages | 5.2 | 12.7 | 12.7 | Carbonated beverages | 3.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | Carbonated beverages | 4.8 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
| 2 | Sherbets | 2.6 | 6.7 | 23.4 | Breads & rolls | 3.2 | 7.9 | 20.6 | Fruit drinks | 2.8 | 7.4 | 17.2 | Breads & rolls | 2.8 | 7.3 | 19.6 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 2.5 | 6.6 | 30.0 | Fruit drinks | 3.2 | 7.9 | 28.6 | Ice cream | 2.7 | 7.0 | 24.2 | Jellies | 2.4 | 6.2 | 25.8 |
| 4 | Fruit drinks | 2.4 | 6.2 | 36.3 | Jellies | 2.7 | 6.5 | 35.1 | Sherbets | 2.3 | 6.1 | 30.4 | Fruit drinks | 2.4 | 6.1 | 32.0 |
| 5 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.6 | 41.9 | Cookies | 2.2 | 5.5 | 40.6 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.7 | 36.0 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.3 | 37.3 |
| 6 | Ice cream | 1.8 | 4.7 | 46.5 | Yogurt (curd) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 45.8 | Breads & rolls | 2.1 | 5.5 | 41.6 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.9 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
| 7 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.5 | 3.9 | 50.5 | Yogurt (liquid) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 50.9 | Jellies | 2.0 | 5.4 | 46.9 | Cakes | 1.9 | 4.7 | 47.0 |
| 8 | Jellies | 1.4 | 3.7 | 54.2 | Cakes | 1.7 | 4.2 | 55.2 | Ice milk | 1.8 | 4.7 | 51.6 | Milk | 1.7 | 4.5 | 51.5 |
| 9 | Ice milk | 1.4 | 3.6 | 57.7 | Milk | 1.6 | 3.9 | 59.0 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.7 | 4.6 | 56.2 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.9 | 55.4 |
| 10 | Yogurt (liquid) | 1.3 | 3.5 | 61.2 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.7 | 62.7 | Milk | 1.5 | 4.0 | 60.2 | Sherbets | 1.4 | 3.6 | 59.0 |
| Adolescent boys (12–18 year) | Adolescent girls (12–18 year) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Carbonated beverages | 13.1 | 27.6 | 27.6 | Carbonated beverages | 10.4 | 21.6 | 21.6 | Carbonated beverages | 8.3 | 18.7 | 18.7 | Carbonated beverages | 6.4 | 14.6 | 14.6 |
| 2 | Fruit drinks | 2.7 | 5.7 | 33.3 | Fruit drinks | 3.3 | 6.8 | 28.4 | Fruit drinks | 4.0 | 9.0 | 27.6 | Fruit drinks | 3.9 | 8.9 | 23.4 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 2.6 | 5.5 | 38.8 | Breads & rolls | 3.0 | 6.3 | 34.7 | Breads & rolls | 2.7 | 6.0 | 33.7 | Milk | 2.6 | 5.9 | 29.4 |
| 4 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.1 | 4.4 | 43.2 | Cookies | 2.7 | 5.7 | 40.4 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.9 | 4.2 | 37.9 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.6 | 5.8 | 35.2 |
| 5 | Kimchi | 1.8 | 3.8 | 47.0 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.4 | 5.0 | 45.4 | Cookies | 1.8 | 4.1 | 42.0 | Breads & rolls | 2.3 | 5.2 | 40.4 |
| 6 | Cookies | 1.7 | 3.7 | 50.7 | Cakes | 2.3 | 4.9 | 50.2 | Milk | 1.8 | 4.0 | 46.1 | Cakes | 2.2 | 4.9 | 45.3 |
| 7 | Red pepper paste | 1.6 | 3.3 | 54.0 | Milk | 1.7 | 3.6 | 53.8 | Cakes | 1.8 | 4.0 | 50.0 | Cookies | 2.0 | 4.4 | 49.7 |
| 8 | Ice cream | 1.6 | 3.3 | 57.2 | Yogurt (liquid) | 1.5 | 3.1 | 56.9 | Sherbets | 1.8 | 3.9 | 54.0 | Jellies | 1.8 | 4.2 | 53.9 |
| 9 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.5 | 3.2 | 60.4 | Kimchi | 1.4 | 2.9 | 59.8 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 1.7 | 3.9 | 57.9 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.6 | 3.6 | 57.5 |
| 10 | Milk | 1.5 | 3.1 | 63.5 | Red pepper paste | 1.3 | 2.6 | 62.4 | Jellies | 1.7 | 3.8 | 61.6 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.5 | 61.0 |
| Rank | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food1) | Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | |
| Elderly men (65 year & older) | Elderly women (65 year & older) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 5.3 | 24.2 | 24.2 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 4.5 | 19.7 | 19.7 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 2.8 | 17.2 | 17.2 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 2.5 | 15.4 | 15.4 |
| 2 | Kimchi | 2.2 | 10.1 | 34.3 | Kimchi | 2.6 | 11.5 | 31.2 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.3 | 8.3 | 25.5 | Kimchi | 1.5 | 9.6 | 24.9 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 1.6 | 7.5 | 41.8 | Breads & rolls | 1.8 | 8.0 | 39.2 | Kimchi | 1.3 | 8.2 | 33.7 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.2 | 7.6 | 32.5 |
| 4 | Red pepper paste | 1.2 | 5.7 | 47.5 | Red pepper paste | 1.2 | 5.3 | 44.5 | Breads & rolls | 1.2 | 7.5 | 41.2 | Breads & rolls | 1.1 | 7.1 | 39.6 |
| 5 | Carbonated beverages | 1.0 | 4.7 | 52.2 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.1 | 4.7 | 49.1 | Red pepper paste | 0.8 | 4.7 | 45.9 | Soy milk | 1.0 | 6.2 | 45.9 |
| 6 | Yogurt (curd) | 0.9 | 4.3 | 56.5 | Soy milk | 0.9 | 4.1 | 53.3 | Soy milk | 0.7 | 4.5 | 50.4 | Fruit drinks | 0.9 | 5.5 | 51.4 |
| 7 | Cookies | 0.7 | 3.1 | 59.6 | Fruit drinks | 0.8 | 3.6 | 56.9 | Fruit drinks | 0.7 | 4.2 | 54.6 | Red pepper paste | 0.7 | 4.6 | 56.0 |
| 8 | Soy milk | 0.6 | 2.9 | 62.5 | Cookies | 0.7 | 3.2 | 60.1 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.6 | 3.6 | 58.1 | Carbonated beverages | 0.6 | 3.5 | 59.5 |
| 9 | Fruit drinks | 0.6 | 2.6 | 65.1 | Seasoned soybean paste | 0.6 | 2.8 | 62.9 | Cookies | 0.6 | 3.4 | 61.5 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.5 | 2.9 | 62.3 |
| 10 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.5 | 2.4 | 67.5 | Carbonated beverages | 0.6 | 2.5 | 65.5 | Carbonated beverages | 0.5 | 3.0 | 64.5 | Cookies | 0.5 | 2.8 | 65.2 |
| Survey year (round) | Sugar intake | n | Mean | SE | P5 | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 | P95 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescent boys (12–18 year) | |||||||||||
| 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | Total sugar intake (g) | 617 | 69.36 | 2.57 | 11.76 | 17.97 | 34.48 | 61.77 | 90.73 | 135.32 | 164.69 |
| Sugar intake from processed foods (g) | 617 | 47.30 | 2.35 | 4.21 | 5.94 | 17.59 | 37.18 | 63.33 | 99.06 | 141.39 | |
| Energy contribution of sugar intake from processed foods (%) | 617 | 8.16 | 0.34 | 1.14 | 1.68 | 3.43 | 6.79 | 11.17 | 16.02 | 21.18 | |
| 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | Total sugar intake (g) | 554 | 69.93 | 2.39 | 11.42 | 22.62 | 36.39 | 56.60 | 94.61 | 131.61 | 161.67 |
| Sugar intake from processed foods (g) | 554 | 48.19 | 2.12 | 4.63 | 7.62 | 19.03 | 35.73 | 66.41 | 103.95 | 128.81 | |
| Energy contribution of sugar intake from processed foods (%) | 554 | 8.88 | 0.35 | 1.49 | 1.96 | 3.77 | 7.35 | 11.58 | 18.50 | 22.23 | |
| School-age girls (6–11 year) | |||||||||||
| 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | Total sugar intake (g) | 640 | 61.63 | 1.82 | 16.14 | 23.08 | 38.59 | 54.40 | 77.87 | 103.20 | 131.45 |
| Sugar intake from processed foods (g) | 640 | 37.74 | 1.50 | 3.91 | 7.75 | 16.36 | 29.76 | 51.61 | 74.46 | 90.09 | |
| Energy contribution of sugar intake from processed foods (%) | 640 | 9.19 | 0.32 | 1.21 | 2.32 | 4.46 | 7.98 | 12.11 | 16.84 | 21.30 | |
| 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | Total sugar intake (g) | 557 | 61.11 | 1.68 | 13.72 | 23.18 | 37.03 | 54.77 | 76.02 | 107.69 | 129.23 |
| Sugar intake from processed foods (g) | 557 | 39.05 | 1.40 | 4.26 | 8.76 | 19.74 | 33.76 | 51.55 | 72.14 | 91.27 | |
| Energy contribution of sugar intake from processed foods (%) | 557 | 9.66 | 0.34 | 1.26 | 2.41 | 5.05 | 8.85 | 13.14 | 17.42 | 21.21 | |
| Group | KNHANES 2019–2024 (year) | Annual percent change (95% CI) | P-value |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||
| 6–11 year, boys | 34.0 | 33.9 | 31.6 | 32.8 | 33.0 | 31.5 | –1.16 (–2.37, –0.06) | 0.036 |
| 6–11 year, girls | 36.8 | 32.1 | 39.1 | 39.5 | 40.5 | 44.5 | 4.43 (1.10, 7.85) | 0.003 |
| 12–18 year, boys | 30.2 | 34.9 | 24.6 | 34.7 | 32.5 | 32.0 | 0.92 (–6.13, 8.93) | 0.769 |
| 12–18 year, girls | 42.3 | 41.0 | 49.3 | 43.8 | 43.6 | 49.1 | 2.20 (–2.38, 7.81) | 0.285 |
| Rank | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | |
| School-age boys (6–11 year) | School-age girls (6–11 year) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Carbonated beverages | 6.4 | 16.8 | 16.8 | Carbonated beverages | 5.2 | 12.7 | 12.7 | Carbonated beverages | 3.7 | 9.8 | 9.8 | Carbonated beverages | 4.8 | 12.4 | 12.4 |
| 2 | Sherbets | 2.6 | 6.7 | 23.4 | Breads & rolls | 3.2 | 7.9 | 20.6 | Fruit drinks | 2.8 | 7.4 | 17.2 | Breads & rolls | 2.8 | 7.3 | 19.6 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 2.5 | 6.6 | 30.0 | Fruit drinks | 3.2 | 7.9 | 28.6 | Ice cream | 2.7 | 7.0 | 24.2 | Jellies | 2.4 | 6.2 | 25.8 |
| 4 | Fruit drinks | 2.4 | 6.2 | 36.3 | Jellies | 2.7 | 6.5 | 35.1 | Sherbets | 2.3 | 6.1 | 30.4 | Fruit drinks | 2.4 | 6.1 | 32.0 |
| 5 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.6 | 41.9 | Cookies | 2.2 | 5.5 | 40.6 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.7 | 36.0 | Cookies | 2.1 | 5.3 | 37.3 |
| 6 | Ice cream | 1.8 | 4.7 | 46.5 | Yogurt (curd) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 45.8 | Breads & rolls | 2.1 | 5.5 | 41.6 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.9 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
| 7 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.5 | 3.9 | 50.5 | Yogurt (liquid) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 50.9 | Jellies | 2.0 | 5.4 | 46.9 | Cakes | 1.9 | 4.7 | 47.0 |
| 8 | Jellies | 1.4 | 3.7 | 54.2 | Cakes | 1.7 | 4.2 | 55.2 | Ice milk | 1.8 | 4.7 | 51.6 | Milk | 1.7 | 4.5 | 51.5 |
| 9 | Ice milk | 1.4 | 3.6 | 57.7 | Milk | 1.6 | 3.9 | 59.0 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.7 | 4.6 | 56.2 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.9 | 55.4 |
| 10 | Yogurt (liquid) | 1.3 | 3.5 | 61.2 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.7 | 62.7 | Milk | 1.5 | 4.0 | 60.2 | Sherbets | 1.4 | 3.6 | 59.0 |
| Adolescent boys (12–18 year) | Adolescent girls (12–18 year) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Carbonated beverages | 13.1 | 27.6 | 27.6 | Carbonated beverages | 10.4 | 21.6 | 21.6 | Carbonated beverages | 8.3 | 18.7 | 18.7 | Carbonated beverages | 6.4 | 14.6 | 14.6 |
| 2 | Fruit drinks | 2.7 | 5.7 | 33.3 | Fruit drinks | 3.3 | 6.8 | 28.4 | Fruit drinks | 4.0 | 9.0 | 27.6 | Fruit drinks | 3.9 | 8.9 | 23.4 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 2.6 | 5.5 | 38.8 | Breads & rolls | 3.0 | 6.3 | 34.7 | Breads & rolls | 2.7 | 6.0 | 33.7 | Milk | 2.6 | 5.9 | 29.4 |
| 4 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.1 | 4.4 | 43.2 | Cookies | 2.7 | 5.7 | 40.4 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.9 | 4.2 | 37.9 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.6 | 5.8 | 35.2 |
| 5 | Kimchi | 1.8 | 3.8 | 47.0 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 2.4 | 5.0 | 45.4 | Cookies | 1.8 | 4.1 | 42.0 | Breads & rolls | 2.3 | 5.2 | 40.4 |
| 6 | Cookies | 1.7 | 3.7 | 50.7 | Cakes | 2.3 | 4.9 | 50.2 | Milk | 1.8 | 4.0 | 46.1 | Cakes | 2.2 | 4.9 | 45.3 |
| 7 | Red pepper paste | 1.6 | 3.3 | 54.0 | Milk | 1.7 | 3.6 | 53.8 | Cakes | 1.8 | 4.0 | 50.0 | Cookies | 2.0 | 4.4 | 49.7 |
| 8 | Ice cream | 1.6 | 3.3 | 57.2 | Yogurt (liquid) | 1.5 | 3.1 | 56.9 | Sherbets | 1.8 | 3.9 | 54.0 | Jellies | 1.8 | 4.2 | 53.9 |
| 9 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.5 | 3.2 | 60.4 | Kimchi | 1.4 | 2.9 | 59.8 | Other sugar-sweetened beverages | 1.7 | 3.9 | 57.9 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.6 | 3.6 | 57.5 |
| 10 | Milk | 1.5 | 3.1 | 63.5 | Red pepper paste | 1.3 | 2.6 | 62.4 | Jellies | 1.7 | 3.8 | 61.6 | Ice cream | 1.5 | 3.5 | 61.0 |
| Rank | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | 2019–2021 (KNHANES VIII) | 2022–2024 (KNHANES IX) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | Food |
Mean (g) | Proportion (%) | Cumulative proportion (%) | |
| Elderly men (65 year & older) | Elderly women (65 year & older) | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 5.3 | 24.2 | 24.2 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 4.5 | 19.7 | 19.7 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 2.8 | 17.2 | 17.2 | Coffee, with sugar & creamer | 2.5 | 15.4 | 15.4 |
| 2 | Kimchi | 2.2 | 10.1 | 34.3 | Kimchi | 2.6 | 11.5 | 31.2 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.3 | 8.3 | 25.5 | Kimchi | 1.5 | 9.6 | 24.9 |
| 3 | Breads & rolls | 1.6 | 7.5 | 41.8 | Breads & rolls | 1.8 | 8.0 | 39.2 | Kimchi | 1.3 | 8.2 | 33.7 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.2 | 7.6 | 32.5 |
| 4 | Red pepper paste | 1.2 | 5.7 | 47.5 | Red pepper paste | 1.2 | 5.3 | 44.5 | Breads & rolls | 1.2 | 7.5 | 41.2 | Breads & rolls | 1.1 | 7.1 | 39.6 |
| 5 | Carbonated beverages | 1.0 | 4.7 | 52.2 | Yogurt (curd) | 1.1 | 4.7 | 49.1 | Red pepper paste | 0.8 | 4.7 | 45.9 | Soy milk | 1.0 | 6.2 | 45.9 |
| 6 | Yogurt (curd) | 0.9 | 4.3 | 56.5 | Soy milk | 0.9 | 4.1 | 53.3 | Soy milk | 0.7 | 4.5 | 50.4 | Fruit drinks | 0.9 | 5.5 | 51.4 |
| 7 | Cookies | 0.7 | 3.1 | 59.6 | Fruit drinks | 0.8 | 3.6 | 56.9 | Fruit drinks | 0.7 | 4.2 | 54.6 | Red pepper paste | 0.7 | 4.6 | 56.0 |
| 8 | Soy milk | 0.6 | 2.9 | 62.5 | Cookies | 0.7 | 3.2 | 60.1 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.6 | 3.6 | 58.1 | Carbonated beverages | 0.6 | 3.5 | 59.5 |
| 9 | Fruit drinks | 0.6 | 2.6 | 65.1 | Seasoned soybean paste | 0.6 | 2.8 | 62.9 | Cookies | 0.6 | 3.4 | 61.5 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.5 | 2.9 | 62.3 |
| 10 | Yogurt (liquid) | 0.5 | 2.4 | 67.5 | Carbonated beverages | 0.6 | 2.5 | 65.5 | Carbonated beverages | 0.5 | 3.0 | 64.5 | Cookies | 0.5 | 2.8 | 65.2 |
KNHANES, Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SE, standard error; P, percentile.
WHO, World Health Organization; KNHANES, Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval.
KNHANES, Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Foods are classified at the tertiary food code level.
KNHANES, Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Foods are classified at the tertiary food code level.
