, 신은경2)
, 이연경3),†
, Eun-Kyung Shin2)
, Yeon-Kyung Lee3),†
1)경북대학교 교육대학원 영양교육전공, 학생
2)경북대학교 식품영양학과, 강사
3)경북대학교 식품영양학과, 교수
1)Student, Major in Nutrition Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
2)Lecture, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
3)Professor, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
© 2023 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conflict of Interest
There are no financial or other issues that might lead to conflict of interest.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability
The participants of this study did not give written consent for their data to be shared publicly so due to the sensitive nature of the research supporting data is not available.
| Items | Total (n = 164) | Boys (n = 76) | Girls (n = 88) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eat regularly scheduled meals | 3.46 ± 1.05 | 3.63 ± 1.05 | 3.32 ± 1.06 | 0.057 |
| Eat evenly without being picky | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.66 ± 1.04 | 3.52 ± 1.09 | 0.135 |
| Eat in moderation without overeating | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 3.64 ± 0.95 | 3.74 ± 0.86 | 0.508 |
| Eat always food less salty | 2.55 ± 0.99 | 2.47 ± 0.97 | 2.63 ± 1.01 | 0.332 |
| Eat while watching TV or cell phone R) | 3.52 ± 1.38 | 3.38 ± 1.42 | 3.64 ± 1.33 | 0.238 |
| Eat protein foods such as fish, legumes and eggs every day | 3.87 ± 0.96 | 3.72 ± 0.99 | 3.99 ± 0.93 | 0.079 |
| Eat a vegetable side dish at every meal | 3.93 ± 1.02 | 3.86 ± 1.03 | 3.99 ± 1.01 | 0.405 |
| Eat fruits every day | 3.88 ± 1.07 | 3.74 ± 1.04 | 4.00 ± 1.08 | 0.116 |
| Eat milk or dairy products (such as yogurt) every day | 3.75 ± 1.13 | 3.71 ± 1.07 | 3.78 ± 1.19 | 0.679 |
| Often eat fast food such as hamburgers, pizza, and chicken R) | 3.62 ± 0.97 | 3.51 ± 0.99 | 3.70 ± 0.96 | 0.211 |
| Total (100 point conversion) | 71.70 ± 10.76 | 70.66 ± 11.00 | 72.61 ± 10.47 | 0.246 |
Mean ± SD
Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
Consumption frequency: 0, not at all; 2, 1-3/week; 5, 4-6/week; 7, 1/day 7; 14, 2/day
The higher the high-sugar food consumption frequency score, the higher the sugar consumption.
| Items | Total (n = 164) | Unsweet1) (n = 34) | Normal (n = 37) | Sweet2) (n = 93) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet taste intensity3) | |||||
| 0% | 1.79 ± 0.84 | 2.12 ± 0.97b | 2.11 ± 0.87b | 1.55 ± 0.70a | < 0.001 |
| 2.5% | 2.33 ± 1.05 | 2.53 ± 1.05ab | 2.70 ± 1.07b | 2.11 ± 0.99a | 0.006 |
| 5% | 3.57 ± 0.74 | 3.88 ± 0.76b | 3.76 ± 0.43b | 3.38 ± 0.77a | 0.001 |
| 10% | 4.37 ± 0.80 | 4.65 ± 0.69b | 4.62 ± 0.79b | 4.17 ± 0.78a | 0.001 |
| 20% | 4.52 ± 0.64 | 4.74 ± 0.51b | 4.86 ± 0.37b | 4.31 ± 0.69a | < 0.001 |
| Sweet taste preference4) | |||||
| 0% | 2.68 ± 1.35 | 3.59 ± 1.50b | 3.16 ± 1.32b | 2.16 ± 1.05a | < 0.001 |
| 2.5% | 3.03 ± 1.58 | 4.15 ± 2.04c | 3.35 ± 1.23b | 2.49 ± 1.25a | < 0.001 |
| 5% | 3.80 ± 1.57 | 2.94 ± 1.43a | 3.59 ± 1.01b | 3.44 ± 1.31a | < 0.001 |
| 10% | 3.80 ± 1.87 | 2.26 ± 1.23a | 3.08 ± 1.49b | 4.66 ± 1.72c | < 0.001 |
| 20% | 3.96 ± 1.25 | 2.38 ± 1.18a | 3.35 ± 1.20b | 4.78 ± 1.53c | < 0.001 |
| Sweet taste assessment5) | 3.55 ± 1.25 | 1.59 ± 0.50a | 3.00 ± 0.00b | 4.49 ± 0.53c | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD
Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
1)Unsweet: very unsweet and unsweet
2)Sweet: sweet and very sweet
3)Very unsweet 1, unsweet 2, normal 3, sweet 4, very sweet 5
4)Very dislike 1, dislike 2, so-so 3, like 4, very like 5
5)The higher the sweet taste assessment score, the higher the preference for sweetness.
| Items | Unsweet1) (n = 34) | Normal (n = 37) | Sweet2) (n = 93) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating habits3) | 74.6 ± 11.4b | 73.6 ± 9.4ab | 69.8 ± 10.6a | 0.036 |
| High-sugar food consumption habits4) | 15.2 ± 3.96a | 16.6 ± 4.95a | 18.7 ± 5.37b | 0.001 |
| High-sugar food consumption frequency5) | 17.5 ± 9.1a | 15.7 ± 9.8a | 29.8 ± 19.4b | < 0.001 |
Mean ± SD
Means with different lower case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05.
1)Unsweet: very unsweet and unsweet
2)Sweet: sweet and very sweet
3)The higher the score, the more desirable eating habits were formed.
4)The higher the high-sugar food consumption habit score, the higher the sugar consumption.
5)The higher the high-sugar food consumption frequency score, the higher the sugar consumption.
| Items | Total (n = 164) | Boys (n = 76) | Girls (n = 88) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eat regularly scheduled meals | 3.46 ± 1.05 | 3.63 ± 1.05 | 3.32 ± 1.06 | 0.057 |
| Eat evenly without being picky | 3.59 ± 1.07 | 3.66 ± 1.04 | 3.52 ± 1.09 | 0.135 |
| Eat in moderation without overeating | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 3.64 ± 0.95 | 3.74 ± 0.86 | 0.508 |
| Eat always food less salty | 2.55 ± 0.99 | 2.47 ± 0.97 | 2.63 ± 1.01 | 0.332 |
| Eat while watching TV or cell phone |
3.52 ± 1.38 | 3.38 ± 1.42 | 3.64 ± 1.33 | 0.238 |
| Eat protein foods such as fish, legumes and eggs every day | 3.87 ± 0.96 | 3.72 ± 0.99 | 3.99 ± 0.93 | 0.079 |
| Eat a vegetable side dish at every meal | 3.93 ± 1.02 | 3.86 ± 1.03 | 3.99 ± 1.01 | 0.405 |
| Eat fruits every day | 3.88 ± 1.07 | 3.74 ± 1.04 | 4.00 ± 1.08 | 0.116 |
| Eat milk or dairy products (such as yogurt) every day | 3.75 ± 1.13 | 3.71 ± 1.07 | 3.78 ± 1.19 | 0.679 |
| Often eat fast food such as hamburgers, pizza, and chicken |
3.62 ± 0.97 | 3.51 ± 0.99 | 3.70 ± 0.96 | 0.211 |
| Total (100 point conversion) | 71.70 ± 10.76 | 70.66 ± 11.00 | 72.61 ± 10.47 | 0.246 |
| Items | Total (n = 164) | T1 (n = 55) | T2 (n = 55) | T3 (n = 54) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating sweet food makes me feel better. | 3.28 ± 1.04 | 3.36 ± 0.91 | 3.42 ± 1.01 | 3.06 ± 1.15 | 0.145 |
| Drink more sugary drinks, such as soda or fruit juice, rather than water when thirsty | 2.15 ± 1.12 | 2.75 ± 1.12c | 2.09 ± 1.14b | 1.61 ± 0.76a | < 0.001 |
| Drink sweeter milk such as chocolate milk or banana milk more often than white milk | 2.45 ± 1.19 | 2.89 ± 1.30b | 2.42 ± 1.16a | 2.02 ± 0.96a | 0.001 |
| Eat fruit juice more often than fresh fruit | 2.23 ± 1.12 | 2.55 ± 1.19b | 2.22 ± 1.08ab | 1.91 ± 1.01a | 0.012 |
| Spread a lot of jam, when eating bread | 2.55 ± 1.18 | 2.84 ± 1.16b | 2.64 ± 1.20b | 2.17 ± 1.11a | 0.010 |
| There are always sweets or sweet drinks in my house. | 2.57 ± 1.14 | 2.91 ± 1.26b | 2.58 ± 1.13ab | 2.20 ± 0.89a | 0.005 |
| Often eat sweet foods in our house | 2.30 ± 0.99 | 2.76 ± 1.05c | 2.29 ± 0.93b | 1.83 ± 0.74a | < 0.001 |
| Total | 17.5 ± 5.20 | 20.0 ± 5.27c | 17.6 ± 4.92b | 14.8 ± 4.01a | < 0.001 |
| Items | Total (n = 164) | T1 (n = 55) | T2 (n = 55) | T3 (n = 54) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbonated drink | 1.43 ± 2.25 | 2.04 ± 2.86b | 1.35 ± 2.26a | 0.91 ± 1.13a | 0.029 |
| Fruit juice/fruit flavored drink | 1.70 ± 2.62 | 2.04 ± 2.48b | 1.62 ± 2.42ab | 1.44 ± 2.94a | 0.482 |
| Sweetened milk | 0.95 ± 1.81 | 1.35 ± 2.42b | 0.91 ± 1.45a | 0.57 ± 1.29a | 0.083 |
| Soy milk | 0.66 ± 1.83 | 0.51 ± 1.50a | 0.42 ± 0.97a | 1.06 ± 2.59b | 0.144 |
| Drinking yogurt | 1.90 ± 2.28 | 1.82 ± 2.49 | 1.85 ± 2.21 | 2.04 ± 2.15 | 0.868 |
| Scooped yogurt | 1.18 ± 1.91 | 1.25 ± 2.33 | 0.89 ± 1.35 | 1.41 ± 1.92 | 0.352 |
| Other drinks | 1.78 ± 2.50 | 2.84 ± 3.09b | 1.44 ± 2.38a | 1.06 ± 1.36a | < 0.001 |
| Ice cream | 1.88 ± 2.46 | 2.20 ± 2.74b | 2.24 ± 2.76ab | 1.20 ± 1.54a | 0.045 |
| Sweet bread | 1.51 ± 2.18 | 1.55 ± 1.74 | 1.80 ± 2.92 | 1.19 ± 1.63 | 0.338 |
| Cookies/snacks | 2.40 ± 2.36 | 2.55 ± 2.03 | 2.87 ± 3.00 | 1.76 ± 1.72 | 0.039 |
| Cereals | 1.88 ± 2.43 | 2.40 ± 2.87 | 1.82 ± 2.14 | 1.41 ± 2.15 | 0.101 |
| Candy/jelly/caramal | 2.09 ± 2.67 | 2.55 ± 2.72b | 2.35 ± 3.21ab | 1.37 ± 1.71a | 0.048 |
| Chocolate | 1.81 ± 2.67 | 1.98 ± 2.99b | 2.36 ± 3.03ab | 1.07 ± 1.58a | 0.034 |
| Tteokbokki | 1.63 ± 1.69 | 2.04 ± 1.90 | 1.31 ± 1.42 | 1.54 ± 1.64 | 0.068 |
| Seasoned chicken/dak gangjeong | 1.27 ± 1.85 | 2.04 ± 2.52 | 0.91 ± 1.25 | 0.85 ± 1.25 | 0.001 |
| Total | 24.7 ± 17.1 | 29.1 ± 16.5b | 24.1 ± 19.6a | 18.8 ± 13.3a | 0.007 |
| Items | Total (n = 164) | Unsweet |
Normal (n = 37) | Sweet |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet taste intensity |
|||||
| 0% | 1.79 ± 0.84 | 2.12 ± 0.97b | 2.11 ± 0.87b | 1.55 ± 0.70a | < 0.001 |
| 2.5% | 2.33 ± 1.05 | 2.53 ± 1.05ab | 2.70 ± 1.07b | 2.11 ± 0.99a | 0.006 |
| 5% | 3.57 ± 0.74 | 3.88 ± 0.76b | 3.76 ± 0.43b | 3.38 ± 0.77a | 0.001 |
| 10% | 4.37 ± 0.80 | 4.65 ± 0.69b | 4.62 ± 0.79b | 4.17 ± 0.78a | 0.001 |
| 20% | 4.52 ± 0.64 | 4.74 ± 0.51b | 4.86 ± 0.37b | 4.31 ± 0.69a | < 0.001 |
| Sweet taste preference |
|||||
| 0% | 2.68 ± 1.35 | 3.59 ± 1.50b | 3.16 ± 1.32b | 2.16 ± 1.05a | < 0.001 |
| 2.5% | 3.03 ± 1.58 | 4.15 ± 2.04c | 3.35 ± 1.23b | 2.49 ± 1.25a | < 0.001 |
| 5% | 3.80 ± 1.57 | 2.94 ± 1.43a | 3.59 ± 1.01b | 3.44 ± 1.31a | < 0.001 |
| 10% | 3.80 ± 1.87 | 2.26 ± 1.23a | 3.08 ± 1.49b | 4.66 ± 1.72c | < 0.001 |
| 20% | 3.96 ± 1.25 | 2.38 ± 1.18a | 3.35 ± 1.20b | 4.78 ± 1.53c | < 0.001 |
| Sweet taste assessment |
3.55 ± 1.25 | 1.59 ± 0.50a | 3.00 ± 0.00b | 4.49 ± 0.53c | < 0.001 |
| Items | Unsweet |
Normal (n = 37) | Sweet |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eating habits |
74.6 ± 11.4b | 73.6 ± 9.4ab | 69.8 ± 10.6a | 0.036 |
| High-sugar food consumption habits |
15.2 ± 3.96a | 16.6 ± 4.95a | 18.7 ± 5.37b | 0.001 |
| High-sugar food consumption frequency |
17.5 ± 9.1a | 15.7 ± 9.8a | 29.8 ± 19.4b | < 0.001 |
| Items | Eating habits |
Sweet taste assessment |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlation | P-value | Correlation | P-value | |
| High-sugar food consumption habits | -0.461 | < 0.001 | 0.291 | < 0.001 |
| High-sugar food consumption frequency | -0.316 | < 0.001 | 0.350 | < 0.001 |
| Sweet taste assessment | -0.180 | 0.021 | ||
Mean ± SD Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at reverse response; 5-point Likert scale: The higher the score, the more desirable eating habits were formed.
Mean ± SD Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5-point Likert scale: The higher the high-sugar food consumption habit score, the higher the sugar consumption.
Mean ± SD Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at Consumption frequency: 0, not at all; 2, 1-3/week; 5, 4-6/week; 7, 1/day 7; 14, 2/day The higher the high-sugar food consumption frequency score, the higher the sugar consumption.
Mean ± SD Means with different lowercase letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at Unsweet: very unsweet and unsweet Sweet: sweet and very sweet Very unsweet 1, unsweet 2, normal 3, sweet 4, very sweet 5 Very dislike 1, dislike 2, so-so 3, like 4, very like 5 The higher the sweet taste assessment score, the higher the preference for sweetness.
Mean ± SD Means with different lower case letters in the same row are significantly different by Duncan’s multiple range test at Unsweet: very unsweet and unsweet Sweet: sweet and very sweet The higher the score, the more desirable eating habits were formed. The higher the high-sugar food consumption habit score, the higher the sugar consumption. The higher the high-sugar food consumption frequency score, the higher the sugar consumption.
