Yoon Suk Suh; Min Seon Park; Young-Jin Chung

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.41

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An Evaluation of Chronic Disease Risk Based on the Percentage of Energy from Carbohydrates and the Frequency of Vegetable Intake in the Korean Elderly: Using the 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Yoon Suk Suh, Min Seon Park, Young-Jin Chung; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2015;20(1):41-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.41
Published online: February 28, 2015

¹Graduate School of Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.

Corresponding author: Young-Jin Chung. Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro(St), Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. Tel: (042) 821-6833, Fax: (042) 821-8887, yjchung@cnu.ac.kr

• Received: January 26, 2015 • Revised: February 25, 2015 • Accepted: February 26, 2015

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
Korean elderly people are known to consume diets high in carbohydrates low in vegetables compared to other age groups. This study evaluated the chronic disease risks and nutritional status in this group based on the percentage of energy from carbohydrates and the frequency of vegetable intake.
Methods
Using the 2007~2009 Korean National Health Nutrition Examination Survey data, except those who were undergoing treatment for chronic disease, final 1,487 subjects aged 65 and older were divided into 4 groups: moderate carbohydrate energy ratio of 55~70% and low frequency of vegetable intake defined as less than 5 times per day (MCLV), moderate carbohydrate ratio and high frequency of vegetable intake more than 5 times (MCHV), high carbohydrate energy ratio above 70% and low frequency of vegetable intake less than 5 times (HCLV), and high carbohydrate ratio and high frequency of vegetable intake more than 5 times (HCHV). All data were analyzed after the application of weighted value, using a general linear model or logistic regression.
Results
More than half of Korean elderly consumed diets with HCLV, and this group showed poor nutritional status and lower frequency of intake of most food items, but with no risk of chronic disease such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or anemia probably due to low intake of energy. On the contrary, MCHV group with a high percentage of energy from fat and protein showed the highest intake of energy and most nutrients, the highest frequency of intake of most of food items and a tendency of high risk of abdominal obesity, being followed by the MCLV group. Meanwhile, HCHV group showed a tendency of high risk of hypertension, followed by HCLV group with low frequency of intake of vegetables compared with the two moderate carbohydrate groups.
Conclusions
The results suggested that the percentage of energy from carbohydrate and the frequency of vegetable intake affected the nutritional status, but not significantly affected the risk of chronic disease in Korean elderly. Further studies using more detailed category of % energy from carbohydrates and of type and amount of vegetables with consideration of individual energy intake level, excessive or deficient, are needed to confirm the results.
Keywords: elderly; percentage of energy from carbohydrate; vegetable frequency; chronic disease risk factor; nutrition

REFERENCES

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Table 1

General characteristics of the study subjects by the dietary carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake

1) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: High carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

2) Calculated by Complex Samples χ²-test

3) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric, blood pressure, and blood biochemical indices of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA 4) Mean±SE

†: Adjusted not for energy intake

‡: macronutrient energy ratio

Table 4

Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of the study subjects by the carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 5

Daily food item consumption frequency (times/day) of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, and education level

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 6

The odds ratio of chronic disease risk in the study population by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of intake of vegetables¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples Logistic Regression

4) N (%), 5) 95% confidence interval of Odds ratio, 6) Cut off point for male, 7) Cut off point for female

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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An Evaluation of Chronic Disease Risk Based on the Percentage of Energy from Carbohydrates and the Frequency of Vegetable Intake in the Korean Elderly: Using the 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Community Nutr. 2015;20(1):41-52. Published online February 28, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.41

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Table 1

General characteristics of the study subjects by the dietary carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake

1) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: High carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

2) Calculated by Complex Samples χ²-test

3) N (%)

Table 2

Anthropometric, blood pressure, and blood biochemical indices of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 3

Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA 4) Mean±SE

†: Adjusted not for energy intake

‡: macronutrient energy ratio

Table 4

Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of the study subjects by the carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 5

Daily food item consumption frequency (times/day) of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, and education level

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 6

The odds ratio of chronic disease risk in the study population by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of intake of vegetables¹⁾

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples Logistic Regression

4) N (%), 5) 95% confidence interval of Odds ratio, 6) Cut off point for male, 7) Cut off point for female

Table 1 General characteristics of the study subjects by the dietary carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake

1) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: High carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

2) Calculated by Complex Samples χ²-test

3) N (%)

Table 2 Anthropometric, blood pressure, and blood biochemical indices of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake1)

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 3 Daily energy and nutrient intakes of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake1)

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA 4) Mean±SE

†: Adjusted not for energy intake

‡: macronutrient energy ratio

Table 4 Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of the study subjects by the carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake1)

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 5 Daily food item consumption frequency (times/day) of the study subjects by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of vegetable intake1)

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, and education level

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples General Linear Model ANOVA

4) Mean±SE

Table 6 The odds ratio of chronic disease risk in the study population by carbohydrate energy ratio and the frequency of intake of vegetables1)

1) Adjusted for sex, age, residential area, income, education level, and energy intake

2) MCLV: Moderate carbohydrate·low vegetables, MCHV: Moderate carbohydrate·high vegetables

HCLV: high carbohydrate·low vegetables, HCHV: high carbohydrate·high vegetables

3) Calculated by Complex Samples Logistic Regression

4) N (%), 5) 95% confidence interval of Odds ratio, 6) Cut off point for male, 7) Cut off point for female