Hye-Sang Lee

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.479

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 19(5); 2014 > Article

Research Article
The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012: Hye-Sang Lee; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2014;19(5):479-489.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.479
Published online: October 31, 2014

Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk, Korea.

Corresponding author: Hye-Sang Lee. Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, 1375, Gyeongdongro, Andong, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea. Tel: (054) 820-5493, Fax: (054) 820-6281, hslee@anu.ac.kr

• Received: August 6, 2014 • Revised: September 23, 2014 • Accepted: September 30, 2014

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

55 Views
0 Download
27 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study intended to determine significant factors that influence the health-related quality of life ("HRQoL"; EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life (EQ_5D) & EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ_VAS)) of the elderly in Korea.
Methods
This study was based on 3,903 subjects aged 65 years or more who participated in the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012. The HRQoL was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, health habits, mental health, chronic diseases, nutrient intakes). SPSS statistics for complex samples (Windows ver. 21.0) was used.
Results
The HRQoL was higher in the males, those with higher educational level or higher income level while it was lower in those belong to single households. In particular, the EQ_5D was significantly higher in the group who reported walking practice, moderate physical activity (male), and the group who reported no vigorous physical activity (female). The EQ_VAS was significantly higher in the group who reported walking practice. Both EQ_5D and EQ_VAS were significantly lower in the group with stress, melancholy, suicidal thinking, and osteoarthritis. EQ_5D was significantly lower in the group with < 75% Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) in energy intake, and with < Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) in iron or niacin intake. A stepwise regression analysis revealed that i) higher educational level (male), and good self-rated health status significantly increased the EQ_5D, ii) age, alcohol intake (male), melancholy (female), suicidal thinking, osteoarthritis, and niacin intake deficiency (male) significantly decreased the EQ_5D, iii) higher income level (male) and good self-rated health status significantly increased the EQ_VAS, and iv) age (male), stress, suicidal thinking (female) and osteoarthritis significantly decreased the EQ_VAS.
Conclusions
This study suggested that general characteristics, mental health, osteoarthritis, and niacin intake were associated with the HRQoL. Prospective research of long-term control is needed to establish the causal relationship between factors and the HRQoL.
Keywords: KNHANES V; the elderly; the health-related quality of life (HRQoL); EQ_5D; EQ_VAS

REFERENCES

1. Atlantis E, Chow CM, Kirby A, Singh MF. An effective exercise-based intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2004; 39(2): 424-434.PubMed
2. Bae SY, Ko DS, Noh JS, Lee BH, Park HS, Park J. Relation of physical activity and health-related quality of life in Korean elderly. J Korea Contents Assoc 2010; 10(10): 255-266.
3. Chang YK, Park HR, Byun KW, Lee BK, Kwon JS. Basic nutrition. Seoul: Kyomunsa; 2006. p. 198-288.
4. Chung JY, Lee MY, Kim MJ. A study on the prevalence of chronic diseases, health-related habits and nutrients intakes according to the quality of life in Korean adults. Korean J Community Nutr 2010; 15(4): 445-459.
5. Jiménez-Redondo S, Beltrán de Miguel B, Gavidia Banegas J, Guzmán Mercedes L, Gómez-Pavón J, Cuadrado Vives C. Influence of nutritional status on health-related quality of life of non-institutionalized older people. J Nutr Health Aging 2014; 18(4): 359-364.PubMed
6. Kang EJ, Shin HS, Park HJ, Jo MW, Kim NY. A valuation of health status using EQ-5D. Korean J Health Econ Policy 2006; 12(2): 19-43.
7. Keddie AM. Associations between severe obesity and depression: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2006. Prev Chronic Dis 2011; 8(3): A57.PubMed PMC
8. Kim HJ, Park K. Egg consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Korean J Community Nutr 2011; 16(3): 364-374.
9. Kim JG. An analysis on income-related health inequality of the aged applied to EQ-5D. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2012; 32(3): 759-776.
10. Kim JI. Levels of health-related quality of life (EQ-5D) and its related factors among vulnerable elders receiving home visiting health care services in some rural areas. J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs 2013; 24(1): 99-109.
11. Kim JY, Lee SG, Lee SK. The relationship between health behaviors, health status, activities of daily living and health-related quality of life in the elderly. J Korean Gerontol Soc 2010; 30(2): 471-484.
12. Kim KI, Lee JH, Kim CH. Impaired health-related quality of life in elderly women is associated with multimorbidity: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Gend Med 2012; 9(5): 309-318.
13. Kim MH, Cho YS, Uhm WS, Kim S, Bae SC. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the EQ-5D in patients with rheumatic diseases. Qual Life Res 2005; 14(5): 1401-1406.
14. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2012: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-3). 2013; cited January 13, 2014]. Available from: http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/.
15. Statistics Korea. Annual report on the statistics for elderly. 2014; cited June 19, 2014]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/.
16. Lee CJ, Joung H. Milk intake is associated with metabolic syndrome: using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2010. Korean J Community Nutr 2012; 17(6): 795-804.
17. Lee DH, Bin SO. Structure relationships for diseased and health-related quality of life in the elderly. J Korea Contents Assoc 2011; 11(1): 216-224.
18. Lee HS. Prevalence of hypertension and related risk factors in the elderly: data from the 4th Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2009. J Korean Diet Assoc 2013; 19(1): 14-24.
19. Lee HS. Prevalence of osteoarthritis and related risk factors in the elderly: data from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010-2012. J Korean Diet Assoc 2014; 20(2): 99-109.
20. Oh SW. Obesity and metabolic syndrome in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35(6): 561-566.
21. Olivares PR, Gusi N, Prieto J, Hernandez-Mocholi MA. Fitness and health-related quality of life dimensions in communitydwelling middle aged and older adults. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011; 9:117.
22. Park H, Lee SK. The association between osteoarthritis and health-related quality of life in women aged 50 years and over: using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. J Korean Soc Health Educ Promot 2012; 29(2): 23-32.
23. Sohn S. Factors related to the health related quality of life in elderly women. Korean J Women Health Nurs 2009; 15(2): 99-107.
24. Solli O, Stavem K, Kristiansen IS. Health-related quality of life in diabetes: The associations of complications with EQ-5D scores. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010; 8:18.
25. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2010. p. 578-583.

Table 1

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to general characteristics

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Mean ± SE

2) Compared with elementary school level

3) Adjusted per capita income (monthly household income/vnumber of household members) grouped by gender and ages (5years span)

4) Compared with low income level

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 2

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to health habits

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) < 1 glass/month

3) ≥ 20 min/day, ≥ 3 days/week

4) ≥ 30 min/day, ≥ 5 days/week

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to mental health

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) Compared with very good level

3) Continuous melancholy for over 2 weeks

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 4

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to chronic disease

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) BMI < 18.5

2) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

3) BMI ≥ 25

4) Compared with normal

5) Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (M); 85 cm (F)

6) 140 > Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or 90 > diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg

7) Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or drug

8) Total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl or drug

9) TG ≥ 200 mg/dl

10) Hemoglobin < 13 g/dl (M);12 g/dl (F)

11) 100 mg/dl ≤ Fasting blood glucose ≤ 125 mg/dl

12) Fasting blood glucose ≥ 125 mg/dl or drug or insulin

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 5

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to nutrient intake status

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level-(male), age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 6

Prediction of EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects using linear regression model

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale, New independent variables introduced in case of ΔR² ≥ 0.005

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Snack Provision Practice in Long-Term Care Hospitals and Facilities in Korea
Dayeong Yeo, Hae Jin Kang, Hyejin Ahn, Yoo Kyoung Park
Clinical Nutrition Research.2024; 13(2): 108. CrossRef
Study on the relationship between dietary habits and the quality of life of some high school students in Seoul based on the nutrition quotient for adolescents (NQ-A)
Ho-Jung Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Yookyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(3): 320. CrossRef
The effect of physical activity and mental health on chewing discomfort in the age group 40 to 64: using the 2022 Community Health Survey Data
Jung-Hee Bae, Da-Yae Choi, Min-Hee Hong
Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science.2024; 40(3): 114. CrossRef
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef
Factors Related to the Life Satisfaction of Elderly Baby Boomers: An Analysis of the 2020 Korean National Survey of Elderly
Soo-Ji Jin, Yeon-Hwan Park
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2023; 35(2): 184. CrossRef
Protective Effect of Andrographis paniculata against Oxidative Damage in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells
Eunjeong Seong, Hyeonjeong Choe, Huijin Heo, Hana Lee, Mansu Kim, Younghwa Kim, Heon Sang Jeong, Junsoo Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(12): 1259. CrossRef
Health and nutrition intake status of the Korean elderly according to their food security level: data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII), 2016–2018
Ahreum Maeng, Jeehyun Lee, Eunju Yoon
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(2): 179. CrossRef
Comparison of the health and nutritional status of Korean elderly considering the household income level, using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Jin Mo Khil
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 39. CrossRef
Factors Influencing Unmet Healthcare Needs among Older Korean Women
Jung A. Choi, Oksoo Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(13): 6862. CrossRef
Analysis of Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior about Food Hygiene·Safety Among the elderly
Mi Sook Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 200. CrossRef
Health and Nutrition Status of Elderly People with Multimorbidity: A Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013~2015)
Na-Gyeong Oh, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 502. CrossRef
Association between Dietary Habits and Self-rated Health According to Sasang Constitution
Kyoungsik Jeong, Hoseok Kim, Siwoo Lee, Younghwa Baek
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine.2020; 34(1): 53. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Quality of Life of Korean Elderly Women by Economic Status
Myoungjin Kwon, Sun Ae Kim, Wi-Young So.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(3): 888. CrossRef
Evaluation of the dietary quality and nutritional status of elderly people using the Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E) in Seoul
Sun-Wook Ham, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 68. CrossRef
Food and nutrient intake status of Korean elderly by perceived anxiety and depressive condition: data from Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 ~ 2015
Da-Mee Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(1): 58. CrossRef
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and Tear Lipid Layer Analysis after Cataract Surgery
Ju Heun Oh, Chang Hyun Park, Woong Joo Whang, Kyung Sun Na, Hyun Seung Kim
Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society.2019; 60(6): 519. CrossRef
Quality of Life of Patients with Post-Stroke Speech-Language Disorders
Yun Kyung Hwang, Yunji Hwang, Soo Ryon Kim
Audiology and Speech Research.2018; 14(4): 292. CrossRef
Health Behaviors and Quality of Life in the Elderly with High Blood Pressure
So-Youn Bang, Sa-Sang Hyeon
Journal of Digital Contents Society.2018; 19(11): 2159. CrossRef
Prevention of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain by Nutrition Education Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Masoomeh Goodarzi-Khoigani, Mohammad Hossein Baghiani Moghadam, Azadeh Nadjarzadeh, Farahnaz Mardanian, Hossein Fallahzadeh, Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad
Health Scope.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Health Behavior and Health Status on Heath-related Quality of Life in Older People: Gender Analysis by using the 2012 Korea Health Panel Data
Min-Jeong Park, So Eun Choi
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2017; 28(2): 118. CrossRef
Relationship between residential district and health-related quality of life in Chungnam industrial complex area
Heechan Kim, Sangchul Roh
Environmental Health and Toxicology.2016; 31: e2016017. CrossRef
Study on Energy and Nutrient Intake and Food Preference of the Elderly in Care Facilities
Jong-Sook Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Kang Min Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 200. CrossRef
Health Promotion Behaviors of Rural Elderly Women Living Alone and Their Life Satisfaction
Ha Jeong Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2016; 27(3): 254. CrossRef
Quality of Nutrient Adequacy and Health-related Quality of life of the Rural Elderly
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(6): 423. CrossRef
Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly
Eun Jin So, Hyojee Joung
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(4): 371. CrossRef
Association between the number of existing permanent teeth and health-related quality of life (EuroQol-5 Dimension) among adults: findings from the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2012
Hye-Sun Shin, Hyun-Duck Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Oral Health.2015; 39(4): 303. CrossRef
Weight Control Behaviors, Health-related Quality of Life and Nutritional Status by Overestimation of Body Image among Young Korean Females: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010-2011
Seulki Park, Taisun Hyun, Hongmie Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 362. CrossRef

PubReader

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012

Korean J Community Nutr. 2014;19(5):479-489. Published online October 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.5.479

XML Download

We recommend

Related articles

Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8 th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)

Table 1

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to general characteristics

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Mean ± SE

2) Compared with elementary school level

3) Adjusted per capita income (monthly household income/vnumber of household members) grouped by gender and ages (5years span)

4) Compared with low income level

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 2

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to health habits

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) < 1 glass/month

3) ≥ 20 min/day, ≥ 3 days/week

4) ≥ 30 min/day, ≥ 5 days/week

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to mental health

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) Compared with very good level

3) Continuous melancholy for over 2 weeks

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 4

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to chronic disease

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) BMI < 18.5

2) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

3) BMI ≥ 25

4) Compared with normal

5) Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (M); 85 cm (F)

6) 140 > Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or 90 > diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg

7) Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or drug

8) Total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl or drug

9) TG ≥ 200 mg/dl

10) Hemoglobin < 13 g/dl (M);12 g/dl (F)

11) 100 mg/dl ≤ Fasting blood glucose ≤ 125 mg/dl

12) Fasting blood glucose ≥ 125 mg/dl or drug or insulin

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 5

EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to nutrient intake status

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level-(male), age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 6

Prediction of EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects using linear regression model

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale, New independent variables introduced in case of ΔR² ≥ 0.005

^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 1 EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to general characteristics

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Mean ± SE

2) Compared with elementary school level

3) Adjusted per capita income (monthly household income/vnumber of household members) grouped by gender and ages (5years span)

4) Compared with low income level

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 2 EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to health habits

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) < 1 glass/month

3) ≥ 20 min/day, ≥ 3 days/week

4) ≥ 30 min/day, ≥ 5 days/week

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 3 EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to mental health

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

2) Compared with very good level

3) Continuous melancholy for over 2 weeks

^*: p < 0.05, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 4 EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to chronic disease

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) BMI < 18.5

2) Age, educational level, income level (male)-, age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

3) BMI ≥ 25

4) Compared with normal

5) Waist circumference ≥ 90 cm (M); 85 cm (F)

6) 140 > Systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg or 90 > diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg

7) Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or drug

8) Total cholesterol ≥ 240 mg/dl or drug

9) TG ≥ 200 mg/dl

10) Hemoglobin < 13 g/dl (M);12 g/dl (F)

11) 100 mg/dl ≤ Fasting blood glucose ≤ 125 mg/dl

12) Fasting blood glucose ≥ 125 mg/dl or drug or insulin

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01, ^***: p < 0.001

Table 5 EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects according to nutrient intake status

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale

1) Age, educational level, income level-(male), age, educational level, income level, number of family members (female)-adjusted Mean ± SE

^*: p < 0.05, ^**: p < 0.01

Table 6 Prediction of EQ_5D and EQ_VAS of subjects using linear regression model

EQ_5D is EuroQol 5 Dimension health-related quality of life, and EQ_VAS is EuroQol visual analogue scale, New independent variables introduced in case of ΔR² ≥ 0.005