Jeong Ohn Jung; Hee Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.26

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Original Article
Intake Pattern and Needs Assessment for the Development of Web-Contents on Health Functional Foods according to Age of Adults: Jeong Ohn Jung, Hee Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2012;17(1):26-37.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.26
Published online: December 18, 2012

Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Jung Hee Kim, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, 623 Hwarangno, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-774, Korea Tel: (02) 970-5646, Fax: (02) 976-4049 E-mail: jheekim@swu.ac.kr

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

This study was done to analyze the consumption patterns of health functional food (HFF) as well as to perform needs assessment for the development of web-contents on HFF according to age of adults. The subjects were 238 male and female adults, divided into 4 groups by their age. This study collected all information by self-administrated questionnaires. The awareness on HFF was high in the older adults. The younger adults showed more negative responses to reliability and safety on HFF. The main reason for the consumption of HFF was to supplement nutrients and to prevent diseases. The main types of HFF consumed by adults were nutritional supplementary food, red ginseng products, and glucosamine products. There was higher consumption of nutritional supplementary food in the younger adults and glucosamine products in the older adults. Internet users had low level of satisfaction, with tendency to complain poor contents, reliability, difficulties in searching as problems of the pre-existing HFF websites. As useful methods for provision of information on HFF, most adults wanted general information, articles written by experts and videos. They also wanted to know the safety and side effects of HFF. Requirement of contents composition were various in-depth information, clear indication of citation, fresh updated data while that of display composition was easily-findable, uncomplicated, allowing mutual exchange of communication through bulletin board. These results can be used as basic data that reflect the consumer's needs for developing HFF web-contents according to age of adults. (Korean J Community Nutr 17(1): 26~37, 2012)
Keywords: KEY WORDS; health functional food; consumption pattern; needs assessment; web-contents

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
Age (years)		36.7 ± 10.6¹⁾	25.6 ± 2.5	34.0 ± 3.0	46.4 ± 2.6	54.0 ± 2.6
Gender	Men	72 (30.3)²⁾	27 (35.1)	22 (27.8)	13 (28.3)	10 (27.8)	1.2
Gender	Women	166 (69.7)	50 (64.9)	57 (72.2)	33 (71.7)	26 (72.2)	1.2
Marital status	Single	74 (31.1)	59 (76.6)	11 (13.9)	3 (56.5)	1 (52.8)	117.5∗∗∗
	Married	158 (66.4)	17 (22.1)	68 (86.1)	40 (87.0)	33 (91.7)
	Divorced/Widowed/Separated	6 (52.5)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	3 (56.5)	2 (55.6)
Education level	Elementary school	1 (0.4)	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	25.1∗
	Middle school	4 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (6.5)	1 (2.8)
	High school	72 (30.3)	20 (26.0)	20 (26.0)	20 (25.3)	12 (33.3)
	University	141 (59.2)	53 (68.8)	47 (59.5)	47 (59.5)	20 (55.6)
	Graduate school or abov	20 (58.4)	3 (53.9)	12 (15.2)	12 (15.2)	3 (58.3)
Monthly income	Less than 1 million won	12 (5.0)	8 (10.4)	1 (1.3)	2 (4.3)	1 (2.8)	32.6∗∗
	1 – 2 million won	46 (19.3)	22 (28.6)	12 (15.2)	7 (15.2)	5 (13.9)
	2 – 3 million won	56 (23.5)	12 (15.6)	29 (36.7)	10 (21.7)	5 (13.9)
	3 – 4 million won	554 (22.7)	17 (22.1)	17 (21.5)	9 (19.6)	11 (30.6)
	Above 4 million won	64 (26.9)	14 (18.2)	19 (24.1)	18 (39.1)	13 (36.1)
	Other	556 (52.5)	54 (55.2)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.8)

1) Mean ± SD

2) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗, ∗∗, ∗∗∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 by χ²-test

Table 2.

Perception of effectiveness, credibility and safety for health functional foods

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
Awareness of health functional food	Yes	204 (85.7)¹⁾	62 (80.5)	65 (82.3)	42 (91.3)	35 (97.2)	7.5
Awareness of health functional food	No	34 (14.3)	15 (19.5)	14 (17.7)	4 (14.3)	1 (52.8)	7.5
Effectiveness	Effective like medical products	13 (55.5)	1 (51.3)	5 (56.3)	2 (54.3)	5 (13.9)	3.8∗
	Effective, but less than medical products	189 (79.4)	59 (76.6)	62 (78.5)	38 (82.6)	30 (83.3)
	Not effecective	536 (15.1)	17 (22.1)	12 (15.2)	6 (13.0)	1 (2.8)
Credibility	Not trust at all	559 (53.8)	3 (53.9)	4 (55.1)	2 (54.3)	0 (50.0)	19.1∗
	Little trust	113 (47.5)	37 (48.1)	37 (46.8)	21 (45.7)	18 (50.0)
	Trust because of government's approval	67 (28.2)	17 (22.1)	16 (20.3)	18 (39.1)	16 (44.4)
	Not sure	49 (20.6)	20 (26.0)	22 (27.8)	5 (10.9)	2 (5.6)
Safety	Not safe at all	552 (50.8)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	12.3
	Little safe	110 (46.2)	39 (50.6)	37 (46.8)	21 (45.7)	13 (36.1)
	Safe because of government's approval	68 (28.6)	19 (24.7)	17 (21.5)	16 (34.8)	16 (44.4)
	Not sure	58 (24.4)	19 (24.7)	23 (29.1)	9 (19.6)	7 (19.4)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05 by χ²-test

Table 3.

Reasons for use/non-use of health functional food

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
User		163 (100.0)¹⁾	45 (100.0)	49 (100.0)	37 (100.0)	32 (100.0)
Reasons for use	Disease treatment	4 (2.5)	2 (4.4)	1 (2.0)	1 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	25.6
	Disease prevention	544 (527.0)	6 (513.3)	9 (518.4)	16 (543.2)	13 (540.6)
	Weight loss	553 (551.8)	1 (552.2)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.7)	1 (553.1)
	Nutrient supplements	584 (551.5)	29 (564.4)	26 (553.1)	15 (540.5)	14 (543.8)
	Reinforcing strength and stamina	526 (516.0)	7 (515.6)	12 (524.5)	3 (558.1)	4 (512.5)
	Skin care	551 (550.6)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	Other	551 (550.6)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.7)	0 (550.0)
Effects after use	Very effective	511 (556.7)	2 (554.4)	4 (558.2)	2 (555.4)	3 (559.4)	15.1
	Effective	574 (545.4)	16 (535.6)	18 (536.7)	23 (562.2)	17 (553.1)
	Little effective	510 (556.1)	6 (513.3)	1 (552.0)	1 (552.7)	2 (556.3)
	Not effective at all	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	Not sure	68 (541.7)	21 (546.7)	26 (553.1)	11 (529.7)	10 (531.3)
Non-user		75 (100.0)	32 (100.0)	30 (100.0)	9 (100.0)	4 (100.0)
Reasons for non-use	Incredibility on effectiveness	515 (520.0)	7 (521.9)	5 (516.7)	2 (522.2)	1 (525.0)	17.2
	Side-effects	551 (551.3)	0 (550.0)	1 (553.3)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	High cost	514 (518.7)	6 (518.8)	4 (513.3)	3 (533.3)	1 (525.0)
	Healthy already	525 (533.3)	10 (531.3)	13 (543.3)	2 (522.2)	0 (550.0)
	Lack of information	9 (512.0)	6 (518.8)	3 (510.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	Lack of credibility by false advertising	558 (510.7)	2 (556.3)	4 (513.3)	1 (511.1)	1 (525.0)
	Other	553 (554.0)	1 (553.1)	0 (550.0)	1 (511.1)	1 (525.0)
Future inclination for use	Yes	197 (582.8)	59 (576.6)	61 (577.2)	42 (591.3)	35 (597.2)	11.4∗
Future inclination for use	No	541 (517.2)	18 (523.4)	18 (522.8)	4 (558.7)	1 (552.8)	11.4∗

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05 by χ²-test

Table 4.

Subjects' information sources of health functional foods

	Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	50s χ²-value
	(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	50s χ²-value
TV/radio	61 (25.6)	23 (29.9)	16 (20.3)	12 (26.1)	10 (27.8)	3.2
Internet	38 (16.0)	15 (19.5)	18 (22.8)	2 (54.3)	3 (58.3)
Newspapers/magazines	18 (57.6)	5 (56.5)	2 (52.5)	7 (15.2)	4 (11.1)
Pharmacies/stores	22 (59.2)	5 (56.5)	10 (12.7)	3 (56.5)	4 (11.1)
Doctors	3 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	2 (52.5)	1 (52.2)	0 (50.0)
Family, relatives	78 (32.8)	23 (29.9)	24 (30.4)	16 (34.8)	15 (41.7)
Door-to-door salespeople	8 (53.4)	2 (52.6)	3 (53.8)	3 (56.5)	0 (50.0)
Other	10 (54.2)	4 (55.2)	4 (55.1)	2 (54.4)	0 (50.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 5.

Kinds of health functional foods consumed by subjects

	Total	20s	30s	40s	50s
	(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)
Nutrient supplements	113 (47.5)¹⁾	33 (42.9)	34 (43.0)	25 (54.3)	21 (58.3)
Ginseng products	21 (58.8)	0 (50.0)	5 (56.3)	7 (15.2)	9 (25.0)
Red ginseng products	71 (29.8)	15 (19.5)	24 (30.4)	23 (50.0)	9 (25.0)
EPA or DHA containing products	22 (59.2)	4 (55.2)	3 (53.8)	8 (17.4)	7 (19.4)
Royal jelly products	13 (55.5)	2 (52.5)	3 (53.8)	1 (52.2)	7 (19.4)
Squalene products	17 (57.1)	2 (52.5)	5 (56.3)	3 (57.0)	7 (19.4)
Lactobacillus containing products	23 (59.7)	5 (56.5)	7 (58.9)	6 (13.0)	5 (13.9)
Chlorella products	16 (56.7)	4 (55.2)	5 (56.3)	5 (10.9)	2 (55.5)
Spirulina products	1 (50.4)	0 (50.0)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)
Gamma-linolenic acid containing products	16 (56.7)	1 (51.3)	1 (51.3)	10 (21.7)	4 (11.1)
Gemmule products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.8)
Lecithin products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	2 (55.5)
Fungus products	12 (55.0)	3 (53.9)	2 (52.5)	3 (57.0)	4 (11.1)
Aloe products	13 (55.5)	2 (52.5)	5 (56.3)	3 (57.0)	3 (58.3)
Soft-shelled turtle products	1 (50.4)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)
Beta-carotene containing products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	2 (54.3)	0 (50.0)
Chitosan containing products	10 (54.2)	2 (52.5)	2 (52.5)	2 (54.3)	4 (11.1)
Glucosamine products	31 (13.0)	3 (53.9)	3 (53.8)	13 (28.3)	12 (33.3)
Propolis extract products	14 (55.9)	1 (13.0)	2 (52.5)	6 (13.0)	5 (13.9)
Other	7 (52.9)	4 (55.2)	2 (52.5)	1 (52.2)	0 (50.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 6.

Frequency and experience of acquiring information on health functional foods through the internet

		Total (n = 238)	20sf (n = 77)	30s (n = 79)	40s (n = 46)	50s χ²-value (n = 36)
Frequency of internet use	Hardly ever	2 (58.8)¹⁾	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	9 (19.6)	12 (33.3)
	1 – 3 times a month	17 (57.1)	0 (50.0)	2 (52.5)	9 (19.6)	6 (16.7)
	1 – 3 times a week	35 (14.7)	7 (59.1)	12 (15.2)	8 (17.4)	92.5∗∗∗ 8 (22.2)
	4 – 6 times a week	28 (11.8)	9 (11.7)	13 (16.5)	3 (56.5)	3 (58.3)
	Everyday	137 (57.6)	61 (79.2)	52 (65.8)	17 (37.0)	7 (19.4)
	Never	113 (47.5)	33 (42.9)	33 (41.8)	25 (54.3)	22 (61.1)
Frequency of information use on HFF through internet	Hardly ever	66 (27.7)	21 (27.3)	27 (34.2)	11 (23.9)	7 (19.4)
	Occasionally when necessary	51 (21.4)	20 (26.0)	17 (21.5)	7 (15.2)	11.7 7 (19.4)
	At least once a month	5 (52.1)	1 (51.3)	2 (52.5)	2 (54.3)	0 (50.0)
	At least once a week	3 (51.3)	2 (52.6)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.2)	0 (50.0)
Awareness about providing HFF information by KFDA	Know Don't know	31 (13.0) 207 (87.0)	12 (15.6) 65 (84.4)	7 (58.9) 72 (91.1)	5 (10.9) 41 (89.1)	7 (19.4) 53.2 29 (80.6)
Experience visited websites on HFF	Yes No	49 (20.6) 189 (79.4)	13 (16.9) 64 (83.1)	18 (22.8) 61 (77.2)	9 (19.6) 37 (80.4)	9 (25.0) 51.3 27 (75.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗∗∗p < 0.001 by χ²-test

HFF: Health Functional Food; KFDA: Korea Food and Drug Administration

Table 7.

Information for health functional food websites used by subjects

Total 49 (100.0)		20s 13 (100.0)	30s 18 (100.0)	40s 9 (100.0)	50s χ^2--value 9 (100.0)
Internet search portals (Naver, Daum etc)	33 (567.3)¹⁾	7 (553.8)	15 (583.3)	6 (566.7)	5 (555.6)
Types of websites used KFDA health functional foods Information website Sales websites of health functiona foods companies	3 (556.1) l 12 (524.5)	2 (515.4) 4 (530.8)	0 (550.0) 3 (516.7)	0 (550.0) 3 (533.3)	10.5 1 (511.1) 2 (522.2)
Other	1 (552.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	1 (511.1)
Not satisfied at all	1 (552.0)	1 (557.7)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Not satisfied	9 (518.4)	2 (515.4)	4 (522.2)	1 (511.1)	2 (522.2)
Satisfaction on websites Not satisfied Average	9 (518.4) 35 (571.4)	2 (515.4) 10 (576.9)	4 (522.2) 11 (561.1)	1 (511.1) 7 (577.8)	57.2 2 (522.2) 7 (577.8)
websites A little satisfied	4 (558.2)	0 (550.0)	3 (516.7)	1 (511.1)	0 (550.0)
Very satisfied	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Lack of credibility on websites	6 (512.2)	1 (557.7)	2 (511.1)	2 (522.2)	1 (511.1)
Boring information	3 (556.1)	1 (557.7)	1 (555.6)	0 (550.0)	1 (511.1)
Too much content	17 (534.7)	2 (515.4)	5 (527.8)	4 (544.4)	6 (566.7)
Not enough content	12 (524.5)	4 (530.8)	5 (527.8)	2 (522.2)	1 (511.1)
Problems on websites Difficulty of contents Slow connection	1 (552.0) 2 (554.1)	0 (550.0) 1 (557.7)	0 (550.0) 1 (555.6)	1 (511.1) 0 (550.0)	25.9 0 (550.0) 0 (550.0)
Uncomfortable searching	5 (510.2)	4 (530.8)	1 (555.6)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Infrequent updates	1 (552.0)	0 (550.0)	1 (555.6)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
Lack of communication between website users	2 (554.1)	0 (550.0)	2 (511.1)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 8.

Methods for providing useful information on health functional foods

	Total (n = 238)	20s (n = 77)	30s (n = 79)	40s (n = 46)	50s (n = 36)	χ^2--value
General information + expert's opinions	124 (52.1)¹⁾	38 (49.4)	45 (57.0)	22 (47.8)	19 (52.8)
General information + videos	37 (15.5)	9 (11.7)	8 (10.1)	13 (28.3)	7 (19.4)
General Information + pictures/photographs	37 (15.5)	18 (23.4)	8 (10.1)	4 (58.7)	7 (19.4)	21.8∗∗
General information + quiz/games	4 (51.7)	3 (53.9)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)
Questions and answers bulletin board	36 (15.1)	9 (11.7)	17 (21.5)	7 (15.2)	3 (58.3)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects ∗∗: p < 0.01 by χ²-test

Table 9.

Interest informations that want to obtain from health functional food website

	Total	20s	30s	40s	50s
	(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)
Types of health functional foods	136 (57.1)¹⁾	⁾ 52 (67.5)	35 (44.3)	23 (50.0)	26 (72.2)
Health functional food related side-effects, safety information	204 (85.7)	62 (80.5)	73 (92.4)	38 (82.6)	31 (86.1)
Health functional food's functionality (content and effect)	202 (84.9)	64 (83.1)	64 (81.0)	41 (89.1)	33 (91.7)
Current degree of approval of health functional foods	100 (42.0)	32 (41.6)	41 (51.9)	15 (32.6)	12 (33.3)
Understanding labelling of health functional foods	571 (29.8)	20 (26.0)	24 (30.4)	21 (45.7)	6 (16.7)
Newest trends in health functional foods	542 (17.6)	9 (11.7)	15 (19.0)	7 (15.2)	11 (30.6)
Health functional food related laws and management systems	547 (19.7)	16 (20.8)	17 (21.5)	10 (21.7)	4 (11.1)
Country of origin, imports and production companies of health functio	nal foods 175 (73.5)	57 (74.0)	61 (77.2)	32 (69.6)	25 (69.4)
Introduction of health functional food websites	546 (19.3)	14 (18.2)	10 (12.7)	12 (26.1)	10 (27.8)
Proper storage method of health functional foods (production date, expiration date etc)	167 (70.2)	59 (76.6)	55 (69.6)	31 (67.4)	22 (61.1)

1) Number of subjects who selected 5 items, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 10.

Needs for contents and composition when developing a health functional food website

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)
Needs related to content	Less text and more picture-centred composition	44(18.5)¹⁾	23 (29.9)	12 (15.2)	4 (58.7)	5 (13.9)
	Needs for amusing materials like quizzes, games, songs etc	24 (10.1)	13 (16.9)	6 (57.6)	2 (54.3)	3 (58.3)
	Needs for materials fit for an adult level	77 (32.4)	23 (29.9)	17 (21.5)	16 (34.8)	21 (58.3)
	Frequent updates with new information Depth and variety in the content updated Good support with searches and navigation within the website	127 (53.4) 164 (68.9) 99 (41.6)	40 (51.9) 43 (55.8) 38 (49.4)	47 (59.5) 61 (77.2) 35 (44.3)	21 (45.7) 35 (76.1) 18 (39.1)	19 (52.8) 25 (69.4) 8 (22.2)
	Clear references about the source of information	140 (58.8)	39 (50.6)	51 (64.6)	29 (63.0)	21 (58.3)
	Clear indication of date the information was provid	ed 36 (15.1)	10 (13.0)	8 (10.1)	13 (28.3)	5 (13.9)
	Other	3 (51.3)	2 (52.6)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.8)
	Use of various colors	21 (58.8)	10 (13.0)	5 (56.3)	4 (58.7)	2 (55.6)
	Avoiding complicated screen displays	185 (77.7)	66 (85.7)	55 (69.6)	35 (76.1)	29 (80.6)
Needs related to screen composition	Easiness to enter Use of many pictures or photographs	208 (87.4) 97 (40.8)	65 (84.4) 32 (41.6)	73 (92.4) 31 (39.2)	39 (84.8) 16 (34.8)	31 (86.1) 18 (50.0)
	Use of a unique screen display	26 (10.9)	4 (55.2)	7 (58.9)	9 (19.6)	6 (16.7)
	Mutual communication through bulletin board, consultation etc	177 (74.4)	54 (70.1)	66 (83.5)	35 (76.1)	22 (61.1)

1) Number of subjects who selected 3 items, (): Percentage of subjects

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Intake Pattern and Needs Assessment for the Development of Web-Contents on Health Functional Foods according to Age of Adults

Korean J Community Nutr. 2012;17(1):26-37. Published online February 29, 2012

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.26

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Intake Pattern and Needs Assessment for the Development of Web-Contents on Health Functional Foods according to Age of Adults

Table 1.

General characteristics of subjects

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
Age (years)		36.7 ± 10.6¹⁾	25.6 ± 2.5	34.0 ± 3.0	46.4 ± 2.6	54.0 ± 2.6
Gender	Men	72 (30.3)²⁾	27 (35.1)	22 (27.8)	13 (28.3)	10 (27.8)	1.2
Gender	Women	166 (69.7)	50 (64.9)	57 (72.2)	33 (71.7)	26 (72.2)	1.2
Marital status	Single	74 (31.1)	59 (76.6)	11 (13.9)	3 (56.5)	1 (52.8)	117.5∗∗∗
	Married	158 (66.4)	17 (22.1)	68 (86.1)	40 (87.0)	33 (91.7)
	Divorced/Widowed/Separated	6 (52.5)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	3 (56.5)	2 (55.6)
Education level	Elementary school	1 (0.4)	1 (1.3)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	25.1∗
	Middle school	4 (1.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	3 (6.5)	1 (2.8)
	High school	72 (30.3)	20 (26.0)	20 (26.0)	20 (25.3)	12 (33.3)
	University	141 (59.2)	53 (68.8)	47 (59.5)	47 (59.5)	20 (55.6)
	Graduate school or abov	20 (58.4)	3 (53.9)	12 (15.2)	12 (15.2)	3 (58.3)
Monthly income	Less than 1 million won	12 (5.0)	8 (10.4)	1 (1.3)	2 (4.3)	1 (2.8)	32.6∗∗
	1 – 2 million won	46 (19.3)	22 (28.6)	12 (15.2)	7 (15.2)	5 (13.9)
	2 – 3 million won	56 (23.5)	12 (15.6)	29 (36.7)	10 (21.7)	5 (13.9)
	3 – 4 million won	554 (22.7)	17 (22.1)	17 (21.5)	9 (19.6)	11 (30.6)
	Above 4 million won	64 (26.9)	14 (18.2)	19 (24.1)	18 (39.1)	13 (36.1)
	Other	556 (52.5)	54 (55.2)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.8)

1) Mean ± SD

2) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗, ∗∗, ∗∗∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 by χ²-test

Table 2.

Perception of effectiveness, credibility and safety for health functional foods

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
Awareness of health functional food	Yes	204 (85.7)¹⁾	62 (80.5)	65 (82.3)	42 (91.3)	35 (97.2)	7.5
Awareness of health functional food	No	34 (14.3)	15 (19.5)	14 (17.7)	4 (14.3)	1 (52.8)	7.5
Effectiveness	Effective like medical products	13 (55.5)	1 (51.3)	5 (56.3)	2 (54.3)	5 (13.9)	3.8∗
	Effective, but less than medical products	189 (79.4)	59 (76.6)	62 (78.5)	38 (82.6)	30 (83.3)
	Not effecective	536 (15.1)	17 (22.1)	12 (15.2)	6 (13.0)	1 (2.8)
Credibility	Not trust at all	559 (53.8)	3 (53.9)	4 (55.1)	2 (54.3)	0 (50.0)	19.1∗
	Little trust	113 (47.5)	37 (48.1)	37 (46.8)	21 (45.7)	18 (50.0)
	Trust because of government's approval	67 (28.2)	17 (22.1)	16 (20.3)	18 (39.1)	16 (44.4)
	Not sure	49 (20.6)	20 (26.0)	22 (27.8)	5 (10.9)	2 (5.6)
Safety	Not safe at all	552 (50.8)	0 (0.0)	2 (2.5)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	12.3
	Little safe	110 (46.2)	39 (50.6)	37 (46.8)	21 (45.7)	13 (36.1)
	Safe because of government's approval	68 (28.6)	19 (24.7)	17 (21.5)	16 (34.8)	16 (44.4)
	Not sure	58 (24.4)	19 (24.7)	23 (29.1)	9 (19.6)	7 (19.4)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05 by χ²-test

Table 3.

Reasons for use/non-use of health functional food

		Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	χ²-value
		(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	χ²-value
User		163 (100.0)¹⁾	45 (100.0)	49 (100.0)	37 (100.0)	32 (100.0)
Reasons for use	Disease treatment	4 (2.5)	2 (4.4)	1 (2.0)	1 (2.7)	0 (0.0)	25.6
	Disease prevention	544 (527.0)	6 (513.3)	9 (518.4)	16 (543.2)	13 (540.6)
	Weight loss	553 (551.8)	1 (552.2)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.7)	1 (553.1)
	Nutrient supplements	584 (551.5)	29 (564.4)	26 (553.1)	15 (540.5)	14 (543.8)
	Reinforcing strength and stamina	526 (516.0)	7 (515.6)	12 (524.5)	3 (558.1)	4 (512.5)
	Skin care	551 (550.6)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	Other	551 (550.6)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)	1 (552.7)	0 (550.0)
Effects after use	Very effective	511 (556.7)	2 (554.4)	4 (558.2)	2 (555.4)	3 (559.4)	15.1
	Effective	574 (545.4)	16 (535.6)	18 (536.7)	23 (562.2)	17 (553.1)
	Little effective	510 (556.1)	6 (513.3)	1 (552.0)	1 (552.7)	2 (556.3)
	Not effective at all	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	Not sure	68 (541.7)	21 (546.7)	26 (553.1)	11 (529.7)	10 (531.3)
Non-user		75 (100.0)	32 (100.0)	30 (100.0)	9 (100.0)	4 (100.0)
Reasons for non-use	Incredibility on effectiveness	515 (520.0)	7 (521.9)	5 (516.7)	2 (522.2)	1 (525.0)	17.2
	Side-effects	551 (551.3)	0 (550.0)	1 (553.3)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	High cost	514 (518.7)	6 (518.8)	4 (513.3)	3 (533.3)	1 (525.0)
	Healthy already	525 (533.3)	10 (531.3)	13 (543.3)	2 (522.2)	0 (550.0)
	Lack of information	9 (512.0)	6 (518.8)	3 (510.0)	0 (550.0)	0 (550.0)
	Lack of credibility by false advertising	558 (510.7)	2 (556.3)	4 (513.3)	1 (511.1)	1 (525.0)
	Other	553 (554.0)	1 (553.1)	0 (550.0)	1 (511.1)	1 (525.0)
Future inclination for use	Yes	197 (582.8)	59 (576.6)	61 (577.2)	42 (591.3)	35 (597.2)	11.4∗
Future inclination for use	No	541 (517.2)	18 (523.4)	18 (522.8)	4 (558.7)	1 (552.8)	11.4∗

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

^∗: Significantly different at p < 0.05 by χ²-test

Table 4.

Subjects' information sources of health functional foods

	Total	20s	30s	40s	50s	50s χ²-value
	(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)	50s χ²-value
TV/radio	61 (25.6)	23 (29.9)	16 (20.3)	12 (26.1)	10 (27.8)	3.2
Internet	38 (16.0)	15 (19.5)	18 (22.8)	2 (54.3)	3 (58.3)
Newspapers/magazines	18 (57.6)	5 (56.5)	2 (52.5)	7 (15.2)	4 (11.1)
Pharmacies/stores	22 (59.2)	5 (56.5)	10 (12.7)	3 (56.5)	4 (11.1)
Doctors	3 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	2 (52.5)	1 (52.2)	0 (50.0)
Family, relatives	78 (32.8)	23 (29.9)	24 (30.4)	16 (34.8)	15 (41.7)
Door-to-door salespeople	8 (53.4)	2 (52.6)	3 (53.8)	3 (56.5)	0 (50.0)
Other	10 (54.2)	4 (55.2)	4 (55.1)	2 (54.4)	0 (50.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 5.

Kinds of health functional foods consumed by subjects

	Total	20s	30s	40s	50s
	(n = 238)	(n = 77)	(n = 79)	(n = 46)	(n = 36)
Nutrient supplements	113 (47.5)¹⁾	33 (42.9)	34 (43.0)	25 (54.3)	21 (58.3)
Ginseng products	21 (58.8)	0 (50.0)	5 (56.3)	7 (15.2)	9 (25.0)
Red ginseng products	71 (29.8)	15 (19.5)	24 (30.4)	23 (50.0)	9 (25.0)
EPA or DHA containing products	22 (59.2)	4 (55.2)	3 (53.8)	8 (17.4)	7 (19.4)
Royal jelly products	13 (55.5)	2 (52.5)	3 (53.8)	1 (52.2)	7 (19.4)
Squalene products	17 (57.1)	2 (52.5)	5 (56.3)	3 (57.0)	7 (19.4)
Lactobacillus containing products	23 (59.7)	5 (56.5)	7 (58.9)	6 (13.0)	5 (13.9)
Chlorella products	16 (56.7)	4 (55.2)	5 (56.3)	5 (10.9)	2 (55.5)
Spirulina products	1 (50.4)	0 (50.0)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)
Gamma-linolenic acid containing products	16 (56.7)	1 (51.3)	1 (51.3)	10 (21.7)	4 (11.1)
Gemmule products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	1 (52.8)
Lecithin products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	2 (55.5)
Fungus products	12 (55.0)	3 (53.9)	2 (52.5)	3 (57.0)	4 (11.1)
Aloe products	13 (55.5)	2 (52.5)	5 (56.3)	3 (57.0)	3 (58.3)
Soft-shelled turtle products	1 (50.4)	1 (51.3)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)
Beta-carotene containing products	2 (50.8)	0 (50.0)	0 (50.0)	2 (54.3)	0 (50.0)
Chitosan containing products	10 (54.2)	2 (52.5)	2 (52.5)	2 (54.3)	4 (11.1)
Glucosamine products	31 (13.0)	3 (53.9)	3 (53.8)	13 (28.3)	12 (33.3)
Propolis extract products	14 (55.9)	1 (13.0)	2 (52.5)	6 (13.0)	5 (13.9)
Other	7 (52.9)	4 (55.2)	2 (52.5)	1 (52.2)	0 (50.0)

1) Number of subjects, (): Percentage of subjects

Table 6.

Frequency and experience of acquiring information on health functional foods through the internet