Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Original Articles

[English]
Blood Pressure and Dietary Related Risk Factors Associated with High Sodium Intake Assessed with 24-hour Urine Analysis for Korean Adults: Yeon Seon Jeong, Hwa Jae Lim, Sook Bae Kim, Hee Jun Kim, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(6):537-549. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.537

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine blood pressure and other characteristics of a high sodium intake group assessed with 24-hr urine analysis and the dietary factors related to the risk of high sodium intake among Korean adults.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with adults aged 20-59 years. Subjects who completed 24-hr urine collection (N = 205) were divided into 3 groups (tertile) according to the sodium intake estimated with 24-hour urine analysis. We compared the blood pressure, BMI and dietary related factors of the 3 groups (low, medium, high sodium intake group) with General Linear Model (GLM) and Duncan's multiple range test (p < 0.05). The risk factors related to high sodium intake were assessed with odds ratio (p < 0.05).
RESULTS
The sodium intake (mg/day) of the 3 groups were 3359.8 +/- 627.9, 4900.3 +/- 395.1 and 6770.6 +/- 873.9, respectively, corresponding to daily salt intake (g/day) 8.5, 12.4 and 17.2, respectively. High sodium group showed significantly elevated age, BMI and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. Being male gender was associated with significantly increased risk of sodium intake (OR = 1.972; 95%CI: 1.083-3.593). The other factors related to high sodium intake were higher BMI (> or = 25) (OR = 2.619; 95% CI: 1.368-5.015), current alcohol consumption (OR = 1.943; 95%CI: 1.060-3.564), and having salty soybean paste with salt percentage > 14% (OR = 3.99; 95% CI: 1.404-6.841). The dietary attitude related to increased risk of high sodium intake included 'enjoy dried fish and salted mackerel' (p < 0.001) and 'eat all broth of soup, stew or noodle' (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Because high sodium intake was associated with higher blood pressure, nutrition education should focus on alcohol consumption, emphasis on related dietary factors such as using low salt soybean paste, improvements in the habit of eating dried fish and salted mackerel or eating all broth of soup, stew or noodle.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effect of fermented soybean on metabolic outcomes, anthropometric indices, and body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Fatemeh Maleki Sedgi, Nazanin Mozaffari, Mohammad Reza Pashaei, Fatemeh Hajizadeh-Sharafabad
Food & Function.2025; 16(2): 389. CrossRef
Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults
Taisun Hyun, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Heekyong Ro, Young-Hee Han, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 284. CrossRef
Development and application of the sodium index to estimate and assess sodium intake for Korean adults
Yeon-Kyung Lee, Taisun Hyun, Heekyong Ro, Young-Ran Heo, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Nutrition Research and Practice.2022; 16(3): 366. CrossRef
Comparison of Sodium-Related Dietary Behavior and Low-Salt Dietary Attitude Based on the Gender and Salty Taste Assessment of Chinese International Students in the Jeonbuk Area
Qi Li, Ji Eun Lee, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2021; 31(2): 91. CrossRef
Estimation model for habitual 24-hour urinary-sodium excretion using simple questionnaires from normotensive Koreans
Ji-Sook Kong, Yeon-Kyung Lee, Mi Kyung Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Taisun Hyun, Sun Mee Kim, Eun-Soon Lyu, Se-Young Oh, Hae-Ryun Park, Moo-Yong Rhee, Hee-Kyong Ro, Mi Kyung Song, Tatsuo Shimosawa
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(2): e0192588. CrossRef
Relationship of sodium consumption with obesity in Korean adults based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2014
Se Young Cheon, Hye Won Wang, Hwa Jung Lee, Kyung Mi Hwang, Hae Seong Yoon, Yoon Jung Kang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 64. CrossRef
Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
Correlation analysis of sodium-related knowledge, dietary behavior, attitudes towards a low-salt diet and meal attitude guidance for elementary school teachers in Jeonbuk area
Hyun Ok Moon, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 180. CrossRef
Verification of Utility of Simple Mensuration of Cl-from Urine to Estimate the Amount of Sodium Intake
Sung-Ho Lee, Chae-Joon Lee, Sung-Mi Ju, Hyun-Joo Lee, Wang-Yeon Ra, Soon-Ok Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(1): 27. CrossRef

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[English]
Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30-70 Years Old Women: Based on 2011 KNHANES: Jae Ok Koo, Myung Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):328-341. Published online August 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.328

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, age and biochemical index and nutrient intakes, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, blood pressure, biochemical index, nutrient intakes of Korean women.
METHODS
The study subjects were 499 women with a age range of 30-79 years living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into 5 age groups: 30 years (145), 40 years (110), 50 years (102), 60 years (85) and 70 years (57), and 3 BMD groups: normal 258 (50.4%), osteopenia 163 (32.9%) and osteoporosis 78 (16.7%).
RESULTS
The average waist circumference, BMI and body fat increased with age, but fat free mass decreased with age. Average BMD and T-score was decreased from 0.84, 0.74 g/cm2 in 30 years to 0.05, -1.05 g/cm2 in 70 years. The rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis increased significantly 22% in 30~40 years, 47% in 50 years and 56% in 60~70 years. Systolic blood pressure and cholesterol were significantly increased with age. The rates of hypertension was significantly increased 2.1% in 30 years, 30.4% in 50 years 89.5% in 70 years. Average nutrient intakes such as protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A and C were significantly decreased with age. There were significant negative correlations between age and calcium, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we found the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension were significantly increase with over 50 years age. Calcium and protein intake decreased with age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, adult women need to be educated regarding the importance of protein, calcium and other nutrients in their diet.

Citations

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Association between dietary intake, body measurements, and urinary bone resorption markers in young adults with osteopenia and osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study
Mi-Hyun Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 282. CrossRef
Dietary behaviors and nutritional status according to the bone mineral density status among adult female North Korean refugees in South Korea
Su-Hyeon Kim, Soo-Kyung Lee, Sin-Gon Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 449. CrossRef

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[English]
Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake and Dietary Behavior Changes by Session Attendance on Salt Reduction Education Program for Pre-hypertensive Adults in a Public Health Center: Eun Jin Jung, Jong Sook Kwon, So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):626-643. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.626

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was performed to evaluate the differences in blood pressure, sodium intake and dietary behavior changes according to the extent of session attendance on sodium reduction education program for pre-hypertensive adults in a public health center. Sodium reduction education program consisted of 8 sessions for 8 weeks. Fifty three patients who completed the pre and post nutritional assessments were classified into 2 groups according to the session attendance rate. Nineteen participants who attended the education program 3 times or less (< or = 3) were categorized into the less attendance (LA) group and 34 participants attended 4 times or more (> or = 4) into the more attendance (MA) group. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile, nutrient intakes including sodium, nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior score were assessed before and after the nutrition education program. Mean sodium intakes (p < 0.001), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and weight (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the MA group after sodium reduction education program. Compared to the MA group, mean sodium intakes, systolic/diastolic blood pressure were not significantly changed after the education program even with significantly increased nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05) and dietary behavior score (p < 0.01) in the LA group. It appears that pre-hypertensive adults need to attend the sodium reduction education program for at least 4 times or more to gain beneficial effects from the intervention. Positive feedback of healthcare team or offering more cooking classes may be needed to raise the attendance rate in the sodium reduction education program.

Citations

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Effect of nutrition education in reducing sodium intake and increasing potassium intake in hypertensive adults
You-Sin Lee, Moo-Yong Rhee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(5): 540. CrossRef
Status of Recognition, Effort, and Satisfaction of Customers on Low-Sodium Diet in Industry Foodservice
Sang Jin Yoon, Kun Og Kang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(2): 168. CrossRef
Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
The Effects of Hypertension Health School Program on Hypertension-related Knowledge, Self-efficacy, Self-care Behavior and Physiological Parameters in Hypertensive Patients
Koung Oh Chang
Journal of muscle and joint health.2016; 23(1): 49. CrossRef
Food Safety and Nutrition Education Program for Elderly and Assessment of Program Effectiveness Based on Health Belief Model
Jung-Hwa Choi, Eun-Sil Lee, Yoon-Jin Lee, Hye-Sang Lee, Hye-Ja Chang, Kyung-Eun Lee, Na-Young Yi, Yoon Ahn, Tong-Kyung Kwak
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2016; 45(9): 1366. CrossRef
Dietary Life related to Sodium of Participants in Hypertension and Diabetes Preventive Education at the Public Health Center
Hee-Ok Pak, Chun-Young Sohn, Jung-Hwa Park
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(2): 219. CrossRef
A Study on Eating Out Behavior and Recognition of Salinity in Restaurant Food in Jecheon Area
Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(1): 20. CrossRef
Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
The Study on Dietary Behavior and Health Related Behaviors of Self Perceived Sodium Intake Groups
Juhyeon Kim, Hei-Ryeo Yoon, Nam-E Kang
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(6): 511. CrossRef
The Relationship between Dietary Behaviors/health Risk Factors and Preference for Salty Taste among Korean Elderly People Living in Rural Areas
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 448. CrossRef

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[English]
Association of Bone Mineral Density and Blood Pressure, Calcium Intake among Adult Women in Seoul, Kyunggi Area: Based on 2011 KNHANES: Jae Ok Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):269-282. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.269

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was carried out to investigate bone mineral density (BMD), blood pressure, calcium, sodium intake and related biochemical variables, and to analyze the relationship between BMD, and blood pressure, physical characteristics, nutrient intakes of Korean adult women. The study subjects were 30~80years old, 513 women living in Seoul and Kyunggi area who participated in 2011 KNHANES. The study subjects were divided into three BMD groups; normal, n = 259 (50.4%), osteopenia, n = 169 (32.9%), and osteoporosis, n = 85 (16.7%). Average height and weight and fat free mass decreased with a decrease in BMD. Average BMD of normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis were 0.87, 0.79, 0.70 g/cm2, and T-score were 0.42, -0.66, -1.62, respectively. Higher systolic blood pressure, alkaline phosphatase, and triglyceride were significantly associated with a decrease in the BMD. The rates of hypertension were significantly increased from normal to osteoporosis. i.e. 18.5% in normal, 34.3% in osteopenia and 63.5% in osteoporosis. Average nutrientintakes such as protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin B2, and vitamin C were significantly lower in subjects with lower BMD.n. Average calcium intake of normal, osteopernia and osteoporosis were 528.50, 416.96, 389.56 mg, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between calcium, phosphorus and age, systolic blood pressure, triglyceride. Also, there were negative correlation systolic blood pressure (incomplete sentence). In this study, we found low BMD according to low calcium intake increase the risk of osteoporosis and hypertension rather than sodium intake, also calcium intake decreased with increase age. Therefore, in order to prevent osteoporosis and hypertension, subjects need to be educated regarding the importance of calcium nutrients in diet.

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Developing the Osteoporosis Risk Scorecard Model in Korean Adult Women
Ilsu Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(1): 44. CrossRef
Dietary behaviors and nutritional status according to the bone mineral density status among adult female North Korean refugees in South Korea
Su-Hyeon Kim, Soo-Kyung Lee, Sin-Gon Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 449. CrossRef
Effects of Nutrition Education at a Community Health Center on Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women in Jeonbuk Area-Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units
Se-Yeon Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(4): 307. CrossRef
Prevalence of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis and Related Risk Factors of Men Aged 50 Years and Older: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(2): 106. CrossRef
The Effects of Korean DASH Diet Education with Calcium/Vitamin D Supplements on Nutrient Intakes, Food Consumption, Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density among Korean Elderly Women
Haeyoung Lee, Smi Choi-Kwon, Seung-Hye Choi
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2015; 27(1): 94. CrossRef
Various Factors Affecting the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Young Adult Women: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011
Kwang-Hyun Jho, Soon-Nam Choi, Nam-Yong Chung
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 110. CrossRef
Association of Anthropometric and Biochemical Factors with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Women Data from the Fourth (2008~2009) and Fifth (2010~2011) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES IV & V)
Soon-Nam Choi, Kwang-Hyun Jho, Nam-Yong Chung
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 157. CrossRef
Analysis of Bone Mineral Density, Biochemical Index and Nutrient Intakes of 30-70 Years Old Women: Based on 2011 KNHANES
Jae Ok Koo, Myung Sook Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 328. CrossRef
Factors associated with the bone mineral density in Korean adults: Data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V
Kyung Sook Kim
Journal of agricultural medicine and community health.2014; 39(4): 240. CrossRef

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[English]
The Effect of Sodium Reduction Education Program of a Public Health Center on the Blood Pressure, Blood Biochemical Profile and Sodium Intake of Hypertensive Adults: Eun Jin Jung, Sook Mee Son, Jong Sook Kwon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):752-771. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.752

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of sodium reduction education program of a public health center on the blood pressure, blood biochemical profile and sodium intake of hypertensive adults. The program continued for 16 weeks with an 8-week nutrition education and an 8-week follow-up to forty two subjects, 6 males and 36 females aged 46 to 80 years. Subjects received nutrition education including lectures, activities, cooking classes and nutrition counseling. Physical fitness, management of stress, and nutrition counseling were provided during the follow-up. The program was evaluated three times, before and after the nutrition education, and after the follow-up. Systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001) and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) were decreased after completion of the program. Body weight (p < 0.005), percent body fat (p < 0.005) and body mass index (p < 0.001) were decreased, too. There were no significant differences in blood glucose, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, while elevated levels of total cholesterol (p < 0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.001) appeared after the program completion. Decreased intakes of vitamin A (p < 0.05), beta-carotene (p < 0.001) and sodium (p < 0.001) were observed. Consumption frequency of noodles, soups, stews, kimchi, fishes/shellfish, seasoned vegetables, and salted seafoods/pickles (p < 0.05~p < 0.001) were decreased, while that of all food groups were not changed during the follow-up. Total score of nutrition knowledge related to sodium intake and hypertension (p < 0.001), and that of dietary behavior associated with high sodium intakes were changed positively (p < 0.001) only during the nutrition education. This sodium reduction education program, including the follow-up study showed positive effects on the blood pressure, sodium intake, nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior of hypertensive adults.

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Changes in the importance and performance of low-sodium management among childcare center cooks in Yongin, South Korea, after salinometer support programs: a descriptive study
Jiwoo Min, Youngmi Lee, Yunhee Chang, Yujin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 304. CrossRef
Effects of nutrition education on cardio-metabolic outcomes: A randomised clinical trial
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Current status, perception and practicability of restaurant staffs related to reducing sodium use in Seongnam, Korea
So-Hyun Ahn, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Yoonna Lee, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 475. CrossRef
Effect of a public health center-based nutrition education program for hypertension in women older than 50 years of age
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Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(3): 228. CrossRef
Effects of Korean diet control nutrition education on cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients who underwent cardiovascular disease surgery
Su-Jin Jung, Soo-Wan Chae
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(3): 215. CrossRef
Stages of Behavioral Change for Reducing Sodium Intake in Korean Consumers: Comparison of Characteristics Based on Social Cognitive Theory
So-hyun Ahn, Jong Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Nutrients.2017; 9(8): 808. CrossRef
Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
Dietary Life related to Sodium of Participants in Hypertension and Diabetes Preventive Education at the Public Health Center
Hee-Ok Pak, Chun-Young Sohn, Jung-Hwa Park
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(2): 219. CrossRef
Evaluation of Consumer Nutrition Education Program to Reduce Sodium Intake Based on Social Cognitive Theory
So-Hyun Ahn, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyung Min Kim, Jin-Sook Yoon, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(6): 433. CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Education on Low-sodium Diet Adaptation
Hae Young Kim, Juhyeon Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 212. CrossRef
Implementation and Evaluation of Nutrition Capacity Training Program for Dietitians and Related Professionals Working at Customized Home Visiting Health Services
Sook Bae Kim, Jin Sook Yoon, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 71. CrossRef
The Study on Dietary Behavior and Health Related Behaviors of Self Perceived Sodium Intake Groups
Juhyeon Kim, Hei-Ryeo Yoon, Nam-E Kang
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(6): 511. CrossRef
Sodium Related Recognition, Dietary Attitude and Education Needs of Dietitians Working at Customized Home Visiting Health Service
Yun-Jeong Mo, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 558. CrossRef
Development of Nutrition Education Program for Consumers to Reduce Sodium Intake Applying the Social Cognitive Theory: Based on Focus Group Interviews
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Hyewon Shin, Youngmee Lee
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Soo Bin Jeong, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Jin Nam Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 513. CrossRef
Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake and Dietary Behavior Changes by Session Attendance on Salt Reduction Education Program for Pre-hypertensive Adults in a Public Health Center
Eun-Jin Jung, Jong-Sook Kwon, So-Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 626. CrossRef
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[English]
A Study on the Sodium and Potassium Intakes and Urinary Excretion of Adults in Busan: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):737-751. Published online December 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.737

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to assess sodium and potassium intakes and urinary excretion of adults in Busan and to evaluate the relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion (UNa/UK) to the status of anthropometric, blood pressure, urine analysis, and nutrient intake of subjects. Nutrient intake by 24-h recall, 24-h UNa/UK were measured with 87 adults aged 20-59 yrs (42 men and 45 women). The mean intakes of sodium and potassium were 3915.4 mg and 3093.9 mg, respectively. The mean 24-h UNa/UK was 3457.0/1680.4 mg. UNa showed significant positive correlations with sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), sodium/potassium ratio (p < 0.001, p < 0.01), UK (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), and UNa/UK ratio (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) in men and women and with age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure in women (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The UK showed significant positive correlations sodium intake (p < 0.001, p < 0.001), UNa (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) in men and women and with sodium density in men (p < 0.001) and with age, intakes of protein and potassium in women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Mean SBP was lowest in the second quartile and highest in the fourth quartile of UNa. Mean UNa in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 2821.1 mg, 3621.3 mg, and 5456.4 mg, respectively. Mean SBP in the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 115.8 mmHg, 120.7 mmHg, and 125.9 mmHg, respectively. Based on the results, UNa was related to sodium intake, UK, and SBP. We conclude that nutritional education for the reduction of high sodium intake is needed in the general population to prevent and control adverse blood pressure levels.

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Comparison between 24-hour diet recall and 24-hour urine collection for estimating sodium and potassium intakes and their ratio among Korean adults
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Association between Sodium Excretion and Obesity of Adults in Gwangju
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 38. CrossRef
A Comparison of Sources of Sodium and Potassium Intake by Gender, Age and Regions in Koreans: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010-2012
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Processing and Characteristics of Snacks Make from Extrusion Rice Oryza sativa and Dried Shrimp Acetes chinensis
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Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
Nutrient Intake Status of Male and Female University Students in Chuncheon Area
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[English]
Association between Risk Factors for Health and Taste Perceptions of Middle-aged and Elderly People Living in Rural Areas: Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):145-154. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.145

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between taste perceptions and risk factors for health of Korean elderly living in rural areas. Recognition thresholds for four basic tastes, drug consumption, BMI, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were assessed in 176 males and 312 females aged between 50 and 88 years. For the recognition threshold of the four basic tastes, alcohol drinking did not influence their sensitivities, but the alcohol drinking group preferred a higher pleasant concentration of NaCl than did the non-alcohol drinking group. However, smoking significantly decreased sensitivities of the four basic tastes. For the pleasant concentration of NaCl, the smoking group tended to prefer a higher concentration than the non-smoking group. Drug consumption, fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, and serum triglycerides did not have a significant correlation to the sensitivity of the four basic tastes and preference of salty solution. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure may have been positively correlated with the pleasant concentration of NaCl but did not correlate with the recognition thresholds of NaCl and sucrose. Further, systolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with the recognition thresholds of caffeine, whereas diastolic blood pressure was negatively correlated with the recognition thresholds of caffeine and citric acid. The finding that the risk factors for health correlated with taste perception has diagnostic and practical implications for health promotion for the elderly.

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A Study on Eating Out Behavior and Recognition of Salinity in Restaurant Food in Jecheon Area
Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(1): 20. CrossRef
Appetite and Related Factors among Community Elders in Korea
Soojin Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2014; 43(9): 1431. CrossRef

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2 Crossref

[English]
Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers: Myeong Ok Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Eunju Park, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):783-795. Published online December 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: 44.4 +/- 7.8 yrs). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic (134.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the diastolic blood (87.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG (173.6 +/- 9.4 mg/dL) and fasting blood glucose (109.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dL) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.

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[English]
Analysis of BMI Menopose, Blood Pressure and Dietary Habits Affecting Born Mineral Density of 30~60 Years Women: Jae Ok Koo, Seoyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):403-414. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: Reducing women's bone mineral density (BMD) has close relationship to risk in osteoporosis. This study was carried out to identify bone density risk factors affecting women's BMD, and to analyze the relationship of age, between BMD and menopause, BMI, blood pressure lifestyle and dietary habits for bone health by physical measurement and questionnaires. The study subjects, 128 women living in Seoul, were divided into 4 age group; 30~39 years (17), 40~49 years (54) and 50~59 years (36) and 60~69 years (21). There were significant differences in mean height, BMI, systolic blood pressure, menache and menopause age and menopause ratio and BMD T-score among the 4 age groups. BHD was significantly decreased according to increasing age and BMI and menopause. The rate of BMD risk subjects was significantly different increasing with age and BMI. The rate of risk group were 0%, 13%, 22.2% and 71.4%, by age groups and 0%, 16.2%, 33.3% and 52.9% by BMI respectively. BMD of menopause groups was significantly decreased from 1.23 (40 years) to 1.34 (60 years). p < 0.001. Also systolic blood pressure were significantly increased from 116.5 mmHg (30 years) to 130.81 mmHg (60 years). The T-score of normal group also decreased significantly from 1.27 to 0.13 (60years) with age. There were significant negative correlation between BMD and age (r = -0.409) menopause (r = -0.346), BMI (r = -0.218) systolic blood pressure (r = -0.193), salty taste eating out (r = -0.185) (p < 0.05). There were significant positive correlation between BMD and meat fish and walking time. In conclusion, bone density decreased with age. Most of the 50 years' subjects were in risk group. BMI, menopause, systolic blood pressure, frequency alcohol consuming. To prevent osteoporosis, over 40 years needed to be educated to maintain normal weight and the improvement of eating and living habits.

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[English]
A Survey on Blood Pressure and Hematic Parameters During Pregnancy by Women of Premature Delivery: Seung Lim Lee, Yu Kyung Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(6):903-911. Published online December 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for preventing preterm delivery in the aspects of blood pressure and hematic parameters. The blood pressure, hematic parameters, relationship between hematic parameters and nutritional intakes and pregnancy outcomes were compared between a preterm delivery group and a normal term delivery group. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Diastolic blood pressure was statistically higher in the preterm delivery group. White blood cells (p < 0.005) and alanine amino transferase (p < 0.05) of 3rd trimester in pregnancy were statistically higher in the preterm delivery group. Alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.0001) and lactate dehydrogenase (p < 0.05) were statistically lower in the preterm delivery group. Inverse relationships between niacin, vitamin B6 and zinc intakes and bilirubin (p < 0.05) were shown. Vitamin A intakes (p < 0.05) were significantly negatively correlated with blood protein, but zinc intakes (p < 0.05) were significantly positively correlated with blood protein. Vitamin B6 intakes (p < 0.05) were significantly negatively correlated with blood albumin. Calcium intakes (p < 0.005) and iron intakes (p < 0.05) were significantly positively correlated with blood lactate dehydrogenase. Also, vitamin A intakes (p < 0.05) were significantly positively correlated with blood glucose. Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (p < 0.005) was statistically lower in the preterm delivery group. Birth weight (p < 0.0001) and birth length (p < 0.005) of the neonates were all statistically lower in the preterm delivery group.

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[English]
A Study on Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure of Adult Men and Women According to Vegetable Intake: Mi Kyeong Choi, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):761-772. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: It has been suggested that vegetables protect the cardiovascular system in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to examine blood lipids according to vegetable intakes. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressures, nutrient intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of < 50th percentile vegetable intake group (< 50th percentile VIG; men = 66, women = 111) and > or = 50th percentile vegetable intake group (> or = 50th percentile VIG; men = 83, women = 94) were estimated. The average age, height, and BMI were 54.7 years, 158.2 cm, 62.2 kg, and 24.9 kg/m2 for < 50th percentile VIG and 53.7 years, 159.6 cm, 63.0 kg, and 24.7 kg/m2 for > or =50th percentile VIG, respectively. The daily food intake of the > or = 50th percentile VIG was significantly higher than that of the < 50th percentile VIG (p < 0.001). Also, daily intakes of cereals (p < 0.001), legumes (p < 0.05), nuts (p < 0.05), vegetables (p < 0.001), and fruits (p < 0.05) of the > or = 50th percentile VIG were significantly higher than those of the < 50th percentile VIG. The daily energy intakes of > or = 50th percentile VIG and< 50th percentile VIG were 1342.7 kcal and 1782.0 kcal (p < 0.001), and most nutrient intakes of the > or = 50th percentile VIG was significantly higher than that of the < 50th percentile VIG. Serum cholesterol of the > or = 50th percentile VIG were significantly lower than that of the < 50th percentile VIG (p < 0.01). Also, vegetable intake showed significantly negative correlations with total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05). Based on these results, it should be emphasized that increase of vegetable intake improves the blood lipid profile.

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[English]
Changes in Blood Pressures, Blood Profiles and Physical Conditions among Adults in the Daejeon Area: Hae Kyung Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):633-644. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The body mass index, blood pressures and blood profiles of adults, who worked at three colleges in the Daejeon area, were evaluated for use in developing well-balanced menus at their workplace cafeterias and/or in creating nutrition education programs tailored to their health statuses. The data analyzed were from physical examinations performed in 2002 and in 2004 by the National Health Insurance Corporation. Overall, levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol were lower in the 2004 samples than in those of 2002, but most samples in 2004 showed higher levels of SGOT. In 2002, statistical differences occured in the levels of blood pressure and serum cholesterol among age groups, but not in 2004. And in 2004, the older the age group, the higher the BMI. Among subjects in their twenties, three variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol) showed statistical differences; this increased to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their thirties and to six variables (Hb, SGOT, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among those in their forties, followed by a decline to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Hb and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their fifties. In general, the results of physical examinations showed improvements in blood pressure and blood profiles in 2004 in comparison with results in 2002. The level of SGOT was the exception. Despite these improvements, of those employees who had physical examinations in 2004, 5.2% had high blood glucose and 18.1% hypertension, 27.9% hypercholesterolemia, 8.3% registered abnormal liver functions, and 31.3% were classified as overweight and obese. Moreover, because some vulnerable blood profiles were found in the older age groups, various programs, including nutrition education, and/or development of healthful diets as well as excercise activities, may be needed within their workplaces.

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Clinical Trial

[English]
A Study on Relation among Habitual Isoflavone Intake, Blood Pressure, and Serum Lipid Parameters in Korean Men and Women over 20 Years Old: Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim, Chung Ja Sung, Won Young Lee, Jung Duck Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):493-500. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: There is some evidence that soy isoflavone has beneficial effects on the concentration of blood lipids. In this study, we investigated habitual isoflavone intake levels and the relation among dietary isoflavone intake, blood pressure, and blood lipids of adult men (n = 149) and women (n = 205). Anthropometric measurements including blood pressure, dietary intake assessment using 24-hour recall method, and biochemical assessment using blood were conducted. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 54.7 years, 168.5 cm, 67.3 kg, and 24.5 kg/m2 for men and 53.9 years, 153.8 cm, 59.2 kg, and 25.0 kg/m2 for women, respectively. The mean daily intakes of total food and energy were 1219.1 g and 1740.9 kcal for men and 1071.3 g and 1432.6 kcal for women, respectively. The mean daily isoflavones (daidzein + genistein) intake of men and women were 20.0 mg and 14.2 mg, respectively. Blood pressure of the subjects was 128.3/75.5 mmHg for men and 124.1/73.7 mmHg for women. Serum lipids of men and women were 180.2 and 184.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 160.8 and 137.6 mg/dL for triglyceride, 41.5 and 44.7 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 106.6 and 112.7 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.3 for atherogenic index, respectively. Serum triglyceride and atherogenic index of men were significantly higher than those of women. In men, isoflavone intake and the level of total serum cholesterol were negatively (p < 0.05) correlated, after adjusted age. In women, there were significant correlations between isoflavone intake and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), after adjusted age (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that higher isoflavone intake seemed to be related to a better lipid profile in men and lower blood pressure in women. But more epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials would help to confirm the optimal amount required for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

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Original Articles

[English]
A Study on the Health and Nutritional Status of Bus Drivers in the Masan Area: Hyun Sook Yoon, Gi Ryun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):316-326. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out on 178 bus drivers in the Masan area to investigate their health and nutritional status. THe nutritional status of the subjects was surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and blood analyses were conducted through annual health examinations in June, 1999. The results were as follows: About 51% were classified as normal, 33% as health-concerned, and 17% as disease-suspected. The levels of total serum cholesterol were significantly higher in the over 20 year group (194.64 +/- 41.42 mg/dl) than in the under 10 year group (175.00 +/- 31.33 mg/dl) with respect to the length of their driving careers. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The total serum cholesterol increased with increasing age (p < 0.001), and SBP increased with increasing Body Mass Index (BMI)(p < 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), hemoglobin (p < 0.05)and glutamate-pyruvate-aminotransferase (GPT)(p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the BMI of over 20, than in the BMI under 20. The GPT was significantly higher in the BMI over 25 than in the BMI under 25. In The mean daily energy intake was 1912.7 kcal (76.5% of the RDA) and the protein intake was 74.3 g (106.2% of the RDA). Compared with the recommended allowance, the energy, calcium, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were below, and the Fe, vitamin A, vitamin C intakes were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 66 : 15 : 19, respectively. The length of their driving careers had a positive correlation with their ages and total serum cholesterol levels, and their ages had a positive correlation with their blood pressures, total serum cholesterol and hemoglobin levels and BMI. Their BMI had a positive correlation with their ages, blood pressures, total serum cholesterol, hemoglobin, GPT and GOT levels. The results of this study indicate that bus drivers needed regular exercise, and control of their body weights to prevent chronic diseases, and that their health status should be monitored as the length of their driving careers and ages increase.

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[English]
An Analysis of the Correlation between Health-related Habits and the Biochemical Characteristics of the Blood of Bus Drivers in the Masan Area: Gi Ryun Kim, Hyun Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):232-244. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the correlation between health-related habits and the biochemical characteristics of the blood of Korean bus drivers. A total of 178 bus drivers working in the Masan area participated in this study. The general characteristics and health-related habits of the subjects were surveyed using a serf-administered questionnaire. The biochemical date were collected from regular health check-ups done through their workshop health insurance company in lune, 1999. The results were as follows : The average age of the subjects was 38 years, and 44.2% had a driving career of between 10 and 19 years. About 90% of the subjects ate irregularly, and 36% ate. health floods. Their rates of drinking, smoking and exercise were 74.6%, 83.6% and 70.8%, respectively. Their frequency of drinking was significantly increased as the length of their driving career increased (p<0.001). Their levels of total serum cholesterol, in relation to the length of their driving career was significantly higher in the over 20 year group than in the below 10 year group (p<0.05). Their systolic blood pressures, according to age, were significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Their total um cholesterol levels signiscantly increased with increasing age (p<0.001). Their diastolic blood pressures (p<0.001) and blood glucose levels (p<0.05) were significantly higher among the subjects who drinking alcohol almost everyday, than among other subjects. Their systolic blood pressures who significantly increased with increasing frequency of their drinking (p<0.001). The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were positively related to age, the amount of drinking, the frequency of drinking and the obesity index, and negatively related to exercise and the duration of exercise. The hemoglobin was positively related to age, preference for a meat diet and the obesity index. The blood glucose was positively related to the amount of drinking, and the total serum cholesterol was positively related to age, length of driving career, period of smoking and the obesity index. The results of this study indicated that bus drivers need regular exercise, moderation of their drinking and smoking, and control of their body weights so as to prevent chronic diseases.

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[English]
The Effects of Eating Habits and Health-related Lifestyle on Blood Pressure, gamma-GPT, Blood Glucose and HDL-Cholesterol in the Cheon-Ju Area: In Sook Kim, Eun Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(4):574-582. Published online October 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to discover the effects of eating habits and health-related life style on blood pressure, gamma-Glutamic acid Peptide Transferase(gamma-GPT), blood glucose and High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol(HDL-C). 185 subjects(85 male, 100 female) were selected, who were living in the Cheonju area aged 40's to 60's. The mean systollic blood pressure(SBP), diastollic blood pressure (DBP), gamma-GPT, fasting blood sugar(FBS) and HDL-C for all the subjects were 118 mmHg, 77 mmHg, 281U/l, 90 mg/dl and 45 mg/dl, respectively. The SBP and DBP for subuects over 60 years old were 126 mmHg and 81 mmHg and were significantly higher than subjects in their 40's and 50's(p<0.001, p<0.005). The HDL-C of the group that rarely ate breakfast was 57 mg/dl and that was significantly higher than the 44 mg/dl scored by those who ate breakfast everyday(p<0.05). The SBP for subjects having a snack 2-3 times/week was 125 mmHg and that was significantly higher than the 114 mmHg of those having a snack everyday(p<0.05). The gamma-GPT for subjects consuming alcohol everyday was 44IU/L and that was significantly higher than 18IU/I of the non-drinking group(p<0.001). The gamma-GPT of light smokers was 53IU/I and that was significantly higher than the 22IU/I for non-smoking participants(p<0.001). The DBP, SBP, gamma-GPT, FBS and HDL-C related to exercise not significantly different. The SBP(p<0.001) and DBP(p-0.01) between age group was positively correlated. The gamma-GPT between drinking frequency(p<0.001), drinking quantity(p<0.05), and smoking(p-0.05) was also positively correlated. The FBS between exercises had a negative correlation(p<0.05), and the HDL-C between breakfast had a negative correlation(p<0.05). These results indicate that decreasing drinking and smoking, when combined with appropriate exercise, will decrease the gamma-GPT and fasting blood sugar level, and help preventing adult diseases.

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[English]
Studies on Blood Pressure and Diet for Kangwha and Nepal Adolescents: Young Ok Kim, Yeon yeung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(2):151-158. Published online May 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to observe the relationship between diet and blood pressure for Korean(kangwha) and Nepali adolescents. 542 middle school students in Korea and 159 students in Nepal in the same age(14-15yr) group were investigated as the study subjects. Data for blood pressure as well as weight and diet were collected for the analysis. multiple regression analysis was employed to identify the influencing factors among the variables considered. As the results, the mean body weight of body weight of boys and girls in Kangwha was 54.5Kg, 50.6Kg which was 17Kg and 10Kg heavier than the weight of the Nepal students. Dietary survey result showed that there was no big difference in energy intake in Kangwha and Nepal students., Mean energy intake of Kangwha boys was 2,848kcal and that of Nepal boys was 2,720 kcal. The similar result showed significantly lower intake in other nutreints than that of Kangwha subjects whose consumption level was close to the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances. The result of multiple regression analysis showed that weight was the greatest influencing factor on blood pressure both in Kangwha and in Nepal subjects. Nevertheless, after controlling the weight factor, there were axxociations observed between diet and blood pressure. And the relationship was stronger in case of Nepal than in Kangwha.

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