Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[English]
Dietary Quality Comparison of the School and Home Lunches Consumed by Chinese School-Age Children and Adolescents:Analysis of the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey: Chengyu Zhang, Suhua Jin, Jihyun Yoon, Meeyoung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):474-484. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.474

Objectives
The number of schools offering school lunches has increased in China. This study examined the dietary quality of the lunches consumed by Chinese school-age children and adolescents, with a focus on comparing school lunches with home lunches. Methods: The first weekday 24-hour dietary recall data of 6~17-year-old students (n=1,084) from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The subjects were divided into the school lunch group and the home lunch group, and the dietary quality of lunches was compared between the two groups among 6~11-year-old students (n=634; 177 in the school lunch group and 457 in the home lunch group) and 12~17-year-old students (n=450; 144 in the school lunch group and 306 in the home lunch group), respectively. Frequently consumed foods, amount of food group intake, food group intake pattern, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and Dietary Variety Score (DVS) were examined. Results: The most frequently consumed foods in both lunch groups were rice and pork. An excessive intake of meat and insufficient intake of seafood were noted in both lunch groups. The school lunch group showed a lower level of vegetable consumption than the home lunch group (P=0.017 in 6~11-year-old students, P=0.003 in 12~17-year-old students).Although more students ate meals with a better dietary pattern in the school lunch group than the home lunch group, there were no significant differences in DDS and DVS between the two groups. Conclusions: Overall, the dietary quality of lunches was not superior in the school lunch group compared to the home lunch group. This suggests that much room remain for improving dietary quality of school lunches in China.

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[Retracted] Analysis of the Influence of Rural Family Education Environment on School‐Age Children’s Social Behavior and Patterns
Wenwen Yao, Ying Zhen, Yu Zhang, Zhao Kaifa
Journal of Environmental and Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women - Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016 -: Bo-Young Seo, Eun-Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(5):406-415. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.5.406

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional intake and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) of gynecological cancer survivors and normal women. Methods This study compared the anthropometric indices, dietary behavior, nutritional intake, and DQI-I in women with previous history of breast or uterine cancer [Gynecological cancer survivors group (GCSG, n=126)] and normal women [Normal control group (NCG, n=7,011)] using the 2013~2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Results Body mass index and waist circumference were lower in the GCSG compared the NCG. The frequency of skipping breakfast and eating out was higher in the NCG compared to GCSG. Energy and fat intake were significantly higher in the NCG than in the GCSG, whereas intake of all minerals and vitamins (excluding thiamine), and dietary fiber intake were higher in GCSG. It was observed that the fatty acid intake of the GCSG was significantly lower than that of the NCG. The diet quality evaluation using DQI-I results showed that GCSG was higher in the “within-group” diet variety and adequacy of vegetable group than the NCG, whereas the intake level of the fruit group was higher in NCG. Besides, protein, calcium, and vitamin C intake were higher in the GCSG than in the NCG. The GCSG showed higher levels of total fat and saturated fat moderation than the NCG, whereas cholesterol moderation showed the opposite results. The results of DQI-I comparison according to the cancer survival years showed that the overall score and scores related to diet adequacy and balance were higher in the below 5-year group, whereas the over 5-year group scored higher in terms of moderation of diet. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that a chronic disease based management approach is needed in cancer survivors. The study provides important data which can help in the preparation of guidelines for long-term lifestyle and diet management, in these patients.

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Mediating Effect of Vitamin Intake on the Relationship Between Depression and Health-related Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors (Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2020)
Min Ho Yun, Jong Eun Oh
Information.2024; 27(2): 131. CrossRef
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Relation between the Total Diet Quality based on Korean Healthy Eating Index and the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Constituents and Metabolic Syndrome among a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults: Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):61-70. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.61

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OBJECTIVES
This study examined the association of the total diet quality with the incidence risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults.
METHODS
Based on a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2014, data from a total of 5,549 subjects (2,805 men & 2,744 women) aged 40~69 years at the baseline with a total follow-up period of 38,166 person-years were analyzed. The criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel was employed to define metabolic syndrome. The total diet quality was estimated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome in relation to KHEI quintile groups was calculated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
RESULTS
After adjusting for age, energy intake, income, education, physical activity, smoking, and drinking, the incidence of abdominal obesity and high blood pressure was significantly lower, by approximately 29.7% (P < 0.01) and 25.2% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile in men. A significant decreasing trend of the metabolic syndrome incidence was observed across the improving levels of KHEI (HRq5vs.q1: 0.775, 95% CIq5vs.q1: 0.619~0.971, P for trend < 0.01). In women, the incidence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was significantly lower, by approximately 29.8% (P < 0.01) and 22.5% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile adjusting for multiple covariates. On the other hand, the linear trend of metabolic syndrome risk across the KHEI levels did not reach the significance level.
CONCLUSIONS
A better diet quality can prevent future metabolic syndrome and its certain risk factors among Korean men and women.

Citations

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Association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: the mediating effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
Jina Yoon, Dayeon Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 88. CrossRef
Association between Dietary Quality and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study Using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (2013–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Taeyeon Kim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1516. CrossRef
TAS2R38 bitterness receptor genetic variation is associated with diet quality in Koreans
Hae Young Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Appetite.2024; 200: 107561. CrossRef
Association between green tea consumption and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: results from the Health Examinees study
Hyeonjin Cho, Sunwoo Han, Jiwon Jeong, Hyein Jung, Sangah Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(1): 70. CrossRef
Obesity-Status-Linked Affecting Factors of Dyslipidemia in Korean Young-Adult Men: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Min Kwon, Jinheum Kim, Eunjeong Cha
Healthcare.2023; 11(14): 2015. CrossRef
The association of the Korean Healthy Eating Index with chronic conditions in middle-aged single-person households
EunJung Lee, Ji-Myung Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 316. CrossRef
Association between the Korean Healthy Eating Index and Serum Vitamin D Level in Korean Adults: 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
So-Yoon Choi, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2023; 13(4): 218. CrossRef
Benefits of adherence to the Korea Healthy Eating Index on the risk factors and incidence of the metabolic syndrome: analysis of the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(1): 120. CrossRef
Prediction of metabolic and pre-metabolic syndromes using machine learning models with anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical factors from a middle-aged population in Korea
Junho Kim, Sujeong Mun, Siwoo Lee, Kyoungsik Jeong, Younghwa Baek
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the Nutrition Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Carrots and Parsnips
Yeon-Jin Park, So-Yeon Han, Jae-Joon Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(1): 83. CrossRef
Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124. CrossRef
Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef
Association between frailty and dietary quality in community-dwelling elderly: data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2015)
Woori Na, Hyeji Kim, Cheongmin Sohn
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition.2021; 68(3): 268. CrossRef
Changes in Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
Ji Young Kwon, Sang-Wook Song, Ha-Na Kim, Sung Gu Kang
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(4): 304. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Diet Quality and Diversity according to Obesity Type among 19-64 year old Korean Adults: Hyae Min Gu, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Yeong Eun Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(6):545-557. Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.6.545

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OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to compare the diet quality and diversity according to types of obesity categorized by body mass index and waist circumference among Korean adults aged 19-64 years.
METHODS
This study used the data of the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V) and included 11,081 study participants. Type of obesity was categorized into 4 groups (Type 1: BMI obesity + abdominal obesity; Type 2: BMI obesity only; Type 3: abdominal obesity only; Type 4: Normal). To compare the diet quality and diversity according to obesity type, ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) was used with stratification of age groups (19-44 years, 45-64 years).
RESULTS
With regard to comparative analysis of diet quality, there were significant differences between diet qualities in energy, protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorous and iron and type of obesity in the 19-44 age group, while there were significant differences between diet qualities on protein, vitamin C, phosphorous and type of obesity in the 45-64 age group. There was no significant difference between diet diversity score and type of obesity in Korean adults.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that in Korean adults, diet qualities of some nutrients were different among obesity types, while diet diversity was not. These observations should be considered in an effort to improve intake of over-and deficient nutrients and in further studies to evaluate the effects of nutrient quality on obesity.

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Prevalence of pre-obesity and above and its associated factors in adult women: an analysis of the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Hyunju Chae
Women's Health Nursing.2024; 30(2): 117. CrossRef
The Factors Influencing the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Men : Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 136. CrossRef

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[English]
Quality of Diet and Nutritional Intake and Mortality Risk among South Korean Adults Based on 12-year Follow-up Data: Hye Ryun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(4):354-365. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.354

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OBJECTIVES
Studies that reported the association between diet quality/nutritional intake status and mortality have rarely used long-term follow-up data in Asian countries, including Korea. This study investigated the association between the risk of mortality (all-cause and cause-specific) and the diet quality/nutritional intake status using follow-up 12-year mortality data from a nationally representative sample of South Koreans.
METHODS
8,941 individuals who participated in 1998 and 2001 Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were linked to mortality data from death certificates. Of those individuals, 1,083 (12.1%) had died as of December, 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relative risks of mortality according to the level of diet quality and intakes of major nutrients. Indicators for diet quality index and nutritional intake status were assessed using MAR (mean adequacy ratio) and energy and protein intake level compared with the 2010 Korean DRI.
RESULTS
Higher diet quality/nutritional intake status were associated with lower mortality; the mortality risk (95% confidence interval) from all-cause of lowest MAR group vs highest was 1.66 (1.27 to 2.18) among â‰¥ 30 year old, and 1.98 (1.36 to 2.86) among 30~64 year old individuals. Those with below 75% of energy and protein intake of Korean DRI had higher mortality risks of all-cause mortality compared to the reference group. Diet quality/nutritional intake status was inversely associated with mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Poor Diet quality/nutritional intake status were associated with a higher risk of mortality from all-cause and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and cancer among South Korean adults.

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Risk of all-cause mortality is associated with multiple health-related lifestyle behaviors and does not differ between urban and rural areas in Korea
Seunghee Kim, Clara Yongjoo Park
Nutrition Research and Practice.2024; 18(4): 554. CrossRef
Development of an evaluation tool for dietary guideline adherence in the elderly
Young-Suk Lim, Ji Soo Oh, Hye-Young Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 1. CrossRef
Effect of Soymilk Intake on Diet Management and Blood Biochemistry in Diabetes Patients
Kyung-Ok Shin, Hyo-Jeong Hwang, Soon-Hee Park, Kwang-Jin Chon, Chung-Hwa Song, Dae-Gyun Moon
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(3): 154. CrossRef
The relationship between diet quality indices and odds of breast cancer in women: a case–control study
Mohammad Hassan Sohouli, Genevieve Buckland, Cain C. T. Clark, Heitor O. Santos, Felipe L. Athayde, Vahid Sanati, Leila Janani, Akram Sadat Sajadian, Mitra Zarrati
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Relationship between Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Korean Older Adults
Ae-Rim Seo, Tae-Yoon Hwang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(7): 3703. CrossRef
Do Where The Elderly Live Matter? Factors Associated with Diet Quality among Korean Elderly Population Living in Urban Versus Rural Areas
Sohyun Park, Hyun Ja Kim, Kirang Kim
Nutrients.2020; 12(5): 1314. CrossRef
A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016
Bo-Young Seo, Eun-Sil Her
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 406. CrossRef
Association between Breakfast Frequency and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cross-Sectional Study of KNHANES Data, 2014–2016
Hyeon Ji Lee, Jieun Jang, Sang Ah Lee, Dong-Woo Choi, Eun-Cheol Park
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(10): 1853. CrossRef
Effect of nutrition care process-based nutrition intervention on improvement of intake in the elderly in-patients with malnutrition
Ji-Hyun Park, Min-Ji Kang, Jung-Sook Seo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(4): 307. CrossRef

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[English]
Relationship between Bone Mineral Density and Bone Metabolic Biochemical Markers and Diet Quality Index-International(DQI-I) in Postmenopausal Obese Women: Yeonah Jeong, Misung Kim, Saeron Shin, Ahreum Han, Geomsuk Seo, Cheongmin Sohn; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(3):284-292. Published online June 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.3.284

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study compared the differences of postmenopausal women's bone mineral density in relation to the degree of obesity, metabolism index and dietary factors that affect bone mineral density.
METHODS
The subjects included in the study are 39 postmenopausal women of normal weight with body mass index less than 25 kg/m2 and 32 postmenopausal who are obese. Anthropometry and biochemical analysis were performed and nutrient intakes and DQI-I were assessed.
RESULTS
Normal weight women were 56.03 Â± 3.76 years old and obese women were 58.09 Â± 5.13 years old and there was no significant difference in age between the two groups. The T-score of bone mineral density was 0.03 Â± 1.06 in normal weight women and -0.60 Â± 1.47 in obese women and this was significantly different between the two groups (p<0.05). Blood Leptin concentration was significantly lower in normal weight women (6.09 Â± 3.37 ng/mL) compared to obese women in (9.01 Â± 4.99 ng/mL) (p<0.05). The total score of diet quality index-international was 70.41Â±9.34 in normal weight women and 64.93 Â± 7.82 in obese women (p<0.05). T-score of bone mineral density showed negative correlations with percentage of body fat (r = -0.233, p=0.05), BMI (r = -0.197, p=0.017), triglyceride (r = -0.281, p=0.020) and leptin (r = -0.308, p=0.011). The results of multiple regression analysis performed as the method of entry showed that with 22.0% of explanation power, percentage of body fat (Î²=-0.048, p<0.05), triglyceride (Î²=-0.005, p<0.05) and HDL-cholesterol (Î²=0.034, p<0.01), moderation of DQI-I (Î²=-0.231, p<0.05) affected T-score significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the study showed that obese women have less bone density than those with normal weight women. In addition, the factor analysis result that affect bone mineral density showed that intake of fat is a very important factor. Therefore, postmenopausal women need to maintain normal weight and manage blood lipid levels within normal range. They also need to take various sources of protein and reduce consumption of empty calorie foods that have high calories, fat, cholesterol and sodium.

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[English]
The Effects of Low-sodium Diet Education Program on Dietary Habits, Diet Quality and Obesity Index in Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women: Soo Bin Jeong, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Jin Nam Kim, Hye Kyeong Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(6):513-526. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.513

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low sodium diet education program on dietary habits, diet quality, and measures of obesity in overweight or obese middle-aged women.
METHODS
Subjects were 81 individuals aged 45 years or over, who completed an 8-week nutrition education. The subjects were divided into a normal group (N = 30) and an overweight-obese group (N = 51) according to the BMI. The effects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, biochemical analysis, questionnaire, and diet records before and after the program.
RESULTS
Overweight-obese group showed significant decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), percent of body fat (p = 0.0087), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), systolic (p = 0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0261). Nutrients intakes were not different between the two groups and only sodium intake was decreased after education. Total score of general dietary habits, dietary behavior related to sodium intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet variety score (DVS), and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) were improved in both groups compared to the baseline. Overweight-obese group showed significant improvement in 'having fruits everyday', 'having fish everyday', 'trying to eat many kinds of food', 'eating less broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles', 'eating less kimchi and salt-fermented vegetable', and 'propensity to think that dishes should be pretty seasoned'. In addition, moderation of empty calories food (p = 0.0064) and macronutrient ratio (p = 0.0004) were improved in the overweigh-obese group, but in the normal group, the results did not reach statistical significance.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that low sodium diet education program may contribute to obesity management by improving diet quality and dietary habits in middle-aged women.

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[English]
A Study on Nutritional Status and Dietary Quality of University Students by Body Image: Jee Young Yeon, Seung Hee Hong, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):543-554. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.543

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This study was performed to investigate the satisfaction of body image, dietary habits, nutrition intake and dietary quality according to body image of university students (n = 290). The subjects (male = 178, female = 112) were classified to lean, normal and overweight/fat groups according to body image. The weight, body fat and body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the students who recognized their body image as 'overweight/fat'. The satisfaction of body image, interest of weight control and experience of weight control were significantly higher in students who recognized their body image as 'normal' in both the male and female subjects. The intakes of nutrients, dietary habits and life styles were not different according to body image. In the male subjects, the niacin intake density, the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin B1 and the dietary diversity score (DDS) in the students who recognized their body image as 'overweight/fat' were significantly lower than in students who recognized their body image as 'normal' and 'lean'. In female subjects, no significant differences in nutrient intakes, NAR, MAR and DDS were observed according to body image. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed for further assessment of the relationship between nutritional status/diet quality and body image in university students.

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[English]
Relationship between Nutrients Intakes, Dietary Quality, and Serum Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers in Metabolic Syndrome Patients: Misung Kim, Juyoung Kim, Wookyung Bae, Sohye Kim, Yesong Lee, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):51-61. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/KJCN.2011.16.1.51

Abstract PDF PubReader

Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects (65.87 +/- 9.86) than in male subjects (62.60 +/- 8.95). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.

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Relation between the Total Diet Quality based on Korean Healthy Eating Index and the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Constituents and Metabolic Syndrome among a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults
Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(1): 61. CrossRef
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BMJ Open.2018; 8(12): e020642. CrossRef
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Development of dietary pattern evaluation tool for adults and correlation with Dietary Quality Index
Yeo Do Lee, Kyung Won Kim, Kyung-Suk Choi, Misung Kim, Yeo Jin Cho, Cheongmin Sohn
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(3): 305. CrossRef
Analysis of Dietary Inflammatory Index of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean : Data from the Health Examinee Cohort (2012-2014)
Mi-Sung Kim, Cheong-Min Sohn
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(6): 823. CrossRef
A study on dietary habits, nutrient intakes and dietary quality in adults of a health screening and promotion center according to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Ji Ho Chang, Hye Seung Lee, Eun Hee Kang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(5): 330. CrossRef
Correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease predictors in overweight and obese Koreans
Misung Kim, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition.2013; : 167. CrossRef
Comparison of health outcomes according to intervention compliance in male Korean workers with metabolic syndrome
Kyung-Hui Nam, Ji-Yeon Kang, Yeon-Ju Lee, Sook-Hee Sung, Youn-Koun Chang, Ji-Young Lee, Ill-Keun Park, Tae-In Choi
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2013; 46(2): 156. CrossRef
Effect of the Telephone-Delivered Nutrition Education on Dietary Intake and Biochemical Parameters in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Juyoung Kim, Wookyung Bea, Kiheon Lee, Jongsoo Han, Sohye Kim, Misung Kim, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
Clinical Nutrition Research.2013; 2(2): 115. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutrient intake and diet quality of gastric cancer patients in Korea
Heesook Lim, Gyuseok Cho, Soonkyung Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2012; 6(3): 213. CrossRef
The framingham risk score, diet, and inflammatory markers in Korean men with metabolic syndrome
Cheongmin Sohn, Juyong Kim, Wookyung Bae
Nutrition Research and Practice.2012; 6(3): 246. CrossRef
The Effects of 12-Weeks Intensive Intervention Program on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Adipocytokines and Nutrients Intakes in Industrial Male Workers
Kieun Moon, Ill Keun Park, Yeon Sang Jo, Yun Kyun Chang, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(4): 292. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Diet Quality of Children and Adolescents Based on Nutrient and Food Group Intake and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I): Mi Hyun Kim, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):1-14. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: It is suggested that evaluation of diet quality may be a great indicator of nutritional assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diet quality of children and adolescents based on nutrient and food group intake and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I). This survey was conducted through questionnaires and diet record survey to 477 students (elementary school students; n = 131, middle school students; n = 136, and high school students; n = 210). The results showed that high school students were significantly more often to skip breakfast compared with the other groups. The middle and high school students consumed significantly higher intakes of food and energy compared to the elementary school students. Also the number of nutrients in Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) < 1.0 of high school students were significantly higher than that of elementary and middle school students. The Korean's dietary diversity score (KDDS) of elementary school, middle school and high school students were 4.1, 4.4 and 4.3 respectively. The average DQI-I of elementary school, middle school and high school students were 66.7, 65.5, and 63.7, respectively and there was significant difference. Also, middle school students showed to have higher score in variety and adequacy category compared with the other groups, and elementary school students appeared to have higher score in moderation category. In conclusion, high school students appeared to have unhealthy dietary habits in terms of high frequency of skipping breakfast and lower INQ and DQI-I score compared to the elementary school and middle school students. Therefore, the proper dietary management should be needed for high school students.

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[English]
Relation of Breakfast Intake to Diet Quality in Korean School-Aged Children: Analysis of the Data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Yoon Jae Yeoh, Jihyun Yoon, Jae Eun Shim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):1-11. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: The aims of this study were to assess the quality of breakfast intake and to examine the relation of breakfast intake to the quality of daily diet in Korean school-aged children. The one day 24-hour recall data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The sample of this study consisted of 1,600 children aged 7 to 18 years attending elementary, middle, or high schools. By calorie level of breakfast intake, the children were grouped into Breakfast Skippers (0 kcal; n = 268, 17%), Low Calorie Breakfast Eaters (0 kcal < and < 10% of Estimated Energy Requirement (EER); n = 190, 12%), Moderate Calorie Breakfast Eaters (10% < or = and < 25% of EER; n = 861, 54%), or Sufficient Calorie Breakfast Eaters (> or = 25% of EER; n = 281, 17%). General characteristics including weight status and nutritional quality of breakfast and daily diet were compared among the four groups. The average daily calorie intake of Breakfast Skippers, Low, Moderate, and Sufficient Breakfast Eaters were 1,771 kcal, 1,719 kcal, 1,902 kcal, and 2,349 kcal, respectively; they were 86.3%, 85.9%, 98.0%, and 124.9% of EER, respectively. The percentages of students consuming daily diet with protein, vitamin A, B1, B2, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, or iron less than Estimated Average Requirement decreased in the breakfast groups with the higher calorie level of breakfast intake. The Dietary Variety Score of daily diet significantly increased by increasing the calorie level of breakfast intake. The results indicated the quality of daily diet was positively related to the level of calorie intake from breakfast.

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[English]
The Analysis of the Dietary Factors Related to Climacteric Symptoms in Middle-aged Women: Soon Kyung Kim, Jae Gun Sunwoo; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):25-39. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intakes in middle-aged women (pre and postmenopausal) and relation to climacteric symptoms. We conducted the anthropometric measurements, climacteric symptoms survey, and dietary intake to assess the nutrient intakes. Also, dietary quality indices were evaluated. The subjects, over 40 years old, were 168 middle aged women ( pre = 74, postmenopausal = 94), mean age was 48.9 +/- 3.6yr. The anthropometric measurements showed that 59% of subjects were overweight and obese. Climacteric symptoms that were answered "yes" in 50% plus in the subjects, were dry eyes, forgetfulness, difficult concentration, large joint pain (shoulder), fatique, backache, dry skin, joint pain (ankle and knee), dry mouth, dizziness, depression and lonesomeness, snore, morning stiffness, and hot flash. Some symptoms showed significant difference between pre and postmenopausal groups. The average energy intake was 1602.1 Kcal, which was 82% of the Korean EER. The subjects had lower vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, Fe, Zn and Ca intake than Korean RI. The lowest nutrient intake was Ca. The mean of food intake was 1294.2 g and MAR of diet quality indices was 0.83. In relation to dietary factors with climacteric symptoms, significant correlations have been found between total protein, animal protein, lipid, cholesterol and niacin intake and "fatique", energy, carbohydrate, thiamin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin C, Na, K and Fe intake and "dry skin", Ca intake and "difficult concentration". Our results indicate that dietary factors (food and nutrients intake, INQ, NAR, MAR) may effect the prevention and reduction of some climacteric symptoms in middle aged women.

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[English]
Comparison of Indices for Diet Quality Evaluation of Korean Adolescents by Residence Area and Body Size: Min Young Park, Ji Sook Um, Hwa Jin Hyun, Hae Ryun Park, Young Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):180-190. Published online April 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess several indices of diet quality based on nutrient, food and food group intake of Korean adolescents based on several indices on diet quality according to residence area and body size. Using the data from the 1998 National Health and Nutrition Survey, twenty-four-hour-dietary recalls of a total of 1,110 Korean adolescents aged 13-19 years (male 543, female 567) were analyzed for nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), index of nutritional quality (INQ), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS) and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS). In doing that, it was attempted to apply only the minimum amount of solid foods of Kant's without inclusion of liquid foods because of the very limited variety in Korean foods. Based on weight length index, 13.1% of the subjects were categorized as obese, 14.2%, overweight, 44.4%, normal and 28.3%, underweight. Only vitamin B2 intake was higher in the obese group than in the underweight group. There was no meaningful difference in energy, protein and fat intakes according to the grade of the body size. In terms of residence area, intake of fat, niacin, vitamin B6 and folic acid were lower in the rural areas than in the metropolitan city. Only vitamin E intake was higher in the rural areas. Mean value of NARs (MAR) and INQs (mINQ) was also higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference of these two values according to body size of the subjects. Mean DVS was 21.02 for total subjects, and has no difference between male and female and between metropolitan city and other medium-small city. But, the rural areas showed the lowest DVS of 19.05. Mean DDS in which five is a maximum score was 3.3 with no significant difference by sex and by residence area in male subjects. However, in female subjects, DDS in the rural areas was the lowest. According to body size of the subjects, there was no meaningful difference in both scores of DVS and DDS. In conclusion, most indices of nutrient intake and food and food group intake were not significantly different by body size of the subjects, while most indices were significantly different by residence areas: higher in the metropolitan city than in the rural area.

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Evaluation Studies

[English]
A Evaluation Study on Nutrient Intake Status and Diet Quality of Middle and Old Aged Vegetarian Women in Korea: Mi Hyun Kim, Yun Jung Bae, Da Hong Lee, Hye Kyung Cho, Sun Hae Choi, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):869-879. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate on nutrient intake status and diet quality of middle and old aged vegetarian women in Korea. The research group was composed of vegetarian women (n = 91), all of them were Seven Day Adventists, who had been on vegetarian diets, over 20 yrs. Their anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes, and diet quality indices were compared to omnivores (n = 122). The average age of vegetarians and omnivores were 61.8 yrs and 60.3 yrs, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes of vegetarians and omnivores were 1428.8 kcal and 1424.5 kcal, respectively and there was no significant difference. The vegetarians consumed significantly lower intakes of protein (p<0.05), zinc (p<0.001) and vitamin B2 (p<0.05) compared to omnivores. In the diet quality, zinc and vitamin B2 nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vegetarians were significantly lower than those of omnivores. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of vegetarians and omnivores were 0.80 and 0.77, respectively and there was no significant difference. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of vegetarians and omnivores were 3.7 and 4.0, respectively, and there was significant difference (p<0.01). The KDQI (Korean's Diet Quality Index) of vegetarians (1.5) was significantly lower than that (2.1) of omnivores (p<0.001). In conclusion, vegetarian women have low intake status of protein, zinc and vitamin B2, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diets to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in middle and old aged vegetarian women.

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Original Articles

[English]
A Study on the Food Habit and Seasonal Difference of Nutrient Intake of Adult Working Women: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):501-512. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: To assess the food habits and the seasonal differnces of nutrient intakes and diet qualities of adult working women aged 30 - 49y in Busan, dietary survey was conducted in summer and in winter by a questionnaire and two-day food record. Anthropometric assessment was also investigated in two seasons. 91.8% of those skipped breakfast in the main. 44.3% had irregular meals. The mean daily energy intake was 1725.8 kcal with 63.3% of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, 14.7% by protein, 22.3% by fat in summer and 1598.4 kcal with 62.1% of energy intake being supplied by carbohydrates, 15.6% by protein, 22.1% by fat in winter. Over 70% of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. The mean intakes of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin A in summer and energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter were below Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Koreans. As well as insufficiency in iron, the bioavailability of iron is considered to have been low because most of iron intake came from plant origin in two seasons. For calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 75% of RDA were over 40% in summer and over 50% in winter, respectively. The nutrient adequacy ratios (NAR) were below 0.75 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter. NARs of iron (p < 0.05), vitamin A (p < 0.01) and vitamin B2 (p < 0.001) in winter were significantly lower than those in summer. The mean adequacy ratios (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality were 0.85 in summer and 0.80 in winter. The MAR in winter was significantly lower than that in summer (p < 0.05). The indexes of nutritional quality (INQ) were below 1 for calcium and iron in summer and calcium, iron, vitamin A and vitamin B2 in winter. The intake (p < 0.05) and NAR (p < 0.05) of vitamin B2 showed positive significant correlations with height in winter. In conclusion, nutrient intake and diet quality of adult working women were different between the summer and the winter. So nutritional education programs for summer and winter are needed for adult working women.

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[English]
A Comparison between Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women and Normal Women of Their Nutrient Intakes and the Evaluation of Diet Quality: Yun Jung Bae, Chung Ja Sung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(2):205-215. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of postmenopausal osteoporotic women to those of control subjects, and to investigate the relationship among diet quality and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. In this study, we classified the subjects into the postmenopausal osteoporotic women (n = 38) and control (n = 43) according to their lumbar spine bone mineral density and age. Dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and dietary quality indices were measured and evaluated. The average age of osteoporotic and control group were 60.4 yrs and 58.3 yrs, respectively and there was no significant difference. Body weight, body mass index of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of control group. The average energy intake of osteoporotic and control group were 1243.3 kcal and 1475.8 kcal, respectively and there was a significant difference. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower quantities of protein, plant protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, calcium, animal calcium, plant calcium, iron and zinc compared to the control group. The osteoporotic group consumed significantly lower of food, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits intakes compared to the control group. In the diet quality, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, Zinc nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of osteoporotic group were significantly lower than that of control group. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) of osteoporotic and control group were 0.63 and 0.78, respectively and there was significant difference. To evaluate nutrient density, Index of nutritional quality (INQ) was calculated by dividing nutrient content per 1,000 kcal of diet with RDA per 1,000 kcal. The average dietary variety score (DVS) of osteoporotic and control group were 22.4 and 33.2, respectively and there was significant difference. DVSs of pulses (p < 0.01), seeds (p < 0.01) and vegetables (p < 0.05) in osteoporotic group were significantly lower than those of the control. In conclusion, postmenopausal osteoporotic women had lower protein, vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron zinc intake quality and vegetables, mushrooms, fruits DVSs than those of the control. Therefore, to promote skeletal health enough energy and food should be consumed, and the maintenance of vitamin and mineral balance by increasing of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron of intakes are very important.

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[English]
The Iron Status and Diet Quality of Pregnant Women during the First Five Months of Pregnancy: Jin Sook Yoon, Jung A Park, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):803-813. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: Literature suggests that iron deficiency anemia is prevalent among pregnant women all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the iron status of pregnant women during the fist five months, with the intention of determining ways to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women in Korea. We collected dietary information and measured the biochemical status of iron in 171 pregnant women over 16 weeks of gestation (= 16.7 +/- 2.34 week). Dietary intakes for 3 days were collected using the 24 hour recall and food record methods. The daily Fe intake was measured using the food frequency method. The Body Mass Index (BMI), calculated by using the pre-pregnancy weight and height, indicated that 31.3% of subjects were under-weight. We divided the subjects into normal and anemic group by using the serum ferritin levels. It appeared that the mean dietary intake of iron was 52.3% of the recommended level for pregnant women. The dietary quality evaluation showed that pregnant women ate only 58% of the recommended amount in the food groups of meat, fish, eggs, beans and milk and dairy products. The hematological indices showed that the mean Hemoglobin (Hb) was 11.9 g/dl, Hematocrit (Hct) was 35.1%, ferritin was 23.9 ng/ml, and transferrin was 297.3 microgram/dl. The dietary intake of iron was significantly lower and the vitamin C intake was significantly higher in the anemic group. The pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly lower in the anemic group. Variables affecting iron intake were the Fe intake frequency index and the food group score. The Fe index showed significantly positive correlation with the pre-pregnancy food intake and the food group score. Hb showed a significantly positive correlation with the prepregnancy food intake. We concluded that strategies to improve iron status be implemented in the pre-pregnant stage so as to reduce the prevalence of iron deficiency and that we should stress on the importance of an adequate diet as well as the maintenance of a heathy weight.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Dietary Attitudes, Dietary Behaviors and Diet Qualities of Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female University Students: Sun Hee Cheong, Woojung Kwon, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):293-303. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare dietary attitudes, dietary behaviors and diet qualities of Food and Nutrition major and non-major female students at a university located in Inchon. The subjects included 74 female Food and Nutrition majors and 45 non-Food and Nutrition major female university students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, and the data were analyzed by a SPSS 10.0 program. The nutrient intake data collected from Three-day recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors between Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, most of the female university students had poor eating habits, such as overeating, unbalanced meals, and skipping of meals. In particular, more than 50% of the female university students skipped breakfast. As for weighing themselves once a week, changing dietary lifestyles, calculating food calories and having interest in information on nutrition and health, the ratio of Food and Nutrition majors was significantly higher as compared to that of the non-majors. There was a significant difference in food consumption frequency except for milk and milk products, and iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, there was a significant difference in the frequency scores of iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. The MAR of Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors were 0.80 +/- 0.13, 0.79 +/-0.13, respectively. However, in the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors, the NARs of calcium were 0.61 +/- 0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.20, and that of iron were 0.61 +/-0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.16, respectively, which was extremely low when compared to that of the other nutrients. This result was similar to that of the INQ. Therefore, nutritional education is necessary if female university students are to practice optimal nutrition, including well-balanced diets and eating foods of high nutritional quality.

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[English]
Assessment of Dietary Intake of Preschool Children in Busan : Assessment Based on Food Group Intake: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):3-15. Published online February 28, 2001

Abstract PDF: To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six feed group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p<0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p<0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had signigicant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the meat group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and NAR(mean adequacy ratio) increased significantly. NARs of provein iron, vitamin B1, niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B2 had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intake of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 on the v......

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[English]
A Longitudinal Study on the Change of Nutrients and Food Consumption with Advance in Age among Middle-aged and the Elderly: In Sook Kim, Eun A Seo, Hyeon Hee Yu; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(3):394-402. Published online September 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B2 intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age

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