Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Article

[English]
Relationship between Dietary Habits, Life Stress and Nutrition Knowledge of High School Students in Gyeonggi Area: Kyung Ae Park, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):126-136. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.126

Objectives
This study was performed to examine dietary habits, life stress, and nutrition knowledge among high school students in Gyeonggi area.
Methods
A total of 431 high school students (210 males, 221 females) in Gyeonggi area participated in this study from November to December of 2011. The study was a questionnaire-based survey that included dietary habits, dietary attitudes, life stress, and nutrition knowledge.
Results
Body weight, height, and body mass index were all higher in male students than in female students (P < 0.001, respectively). For dietary habits, the average score (P < 0.01) and scores for considering combination of food groups (P < 0.05), eating green and orange vegetables (P < 0.05), eating meat, fish, eggs, or beans everyday (P < 0.05), drinking milk (P < 0.001), and eating seaweed (P < 0.01) were higher in male students than in female students. For dietary attitudes, the average score (P < 0.05) and scores for the five items were significantly different between male and female students. Male students showed a significantly lower nutrition knowledge score than female students (P < 0.05). Life stress score of students largely was attributable to academic factors, and female students showed higher stress score for academic, personal, and surrounding environmental (P < 0.05, respectively) factors than male students. Dietary habit score (P < 0.01) and nutrition knowledge score (P < 0.05) in female students as well as dietary attitude score (P < 0.05) in male students were negatively correlated with life stress score. Dietary habit scores in male and female students were positively correlated with dietary attitude score (P < 0.01, respectively). Need for nutrition education was significantly higher in female students than in male students (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
This study provides basic information on dietary habits, dietary attitudes, life stress, and nutrition knowledge according to sex and suggests gender-specific practical nutrition education programs to address undesirable dietary habits and attitudes in students with higher stress levels.

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Application and effectiveness of a nutrition education program based on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans for undergraduates in Gyeongsangnam-do and Gyeonggi-do
Mijoo Choi, Hyein Jung, Nayoung Kim, Sangah Shin, Taejung Woo, Eunju Park
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(6): 730. CrossRef
Relationship among Health Interest, Depression and Dietary Habits of College Students according to Sex in Seoul and Gyeonggi Areas
Kyung Ae Park, Jiwon Kim, Onjeong Cho, Kyunghee Song
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2021; 31(4): 213. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
A Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude and Behaviors According to Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge of University Students: Mi Hyun Kim, Jee Young Yeon, Jong Wook Kim, Jae Eon Byun, So Young Bu, Mi Kyeong Choi, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(5):327-337. Published online October 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.5.327

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OBJECTIVES
Dietary life is closely associated with dietary attitude and diet-related knowledge. Particularly, dietary habit such as sodium intake can be affected by various dietary behaviors such as food choices, dietary attitude toward salty food and a preference for salty taste. The purpose of this study was to assess sodium-related nutrition knowledge and to identify sodium-related attitude and behaviors according to the level of sodium-related knowledge of university students.
METHODS
Anthropometric measurements were provided by 408 students who participated in this study. The study participants answered questionnaires to provide information on general dietary behaviors, sodium-related dietary attitude and other behavioral factors. A total score of nutrition knowledge was used to categorize study participants in to two groups, namely, low level in sodium-related knowledge (LNaK) or high level in sodium-related knowledge (HNaK) and the attitude and the behaviors of students toward sodium intake were compared between these two groups.
RESULTS
The ratio of female students in HNaK group was higher than that in the LNaK group. HNaK group had a higher score in checking nutrition label of processed food than the LNaK group. Total score of sodium-related attitude and behaviors of HNaK group were 34.81 and 32.75, respectively and these scores were significantly higher than that of the LNaK group whose scores were 32.57 and 30.57, respectively. Total energy intake was not different between two groups but the intakes of calcium, vitamin B2 and folate were higher in HNaK group than in the LNaK group. Correlation analysis adjusted for age and gender revealed that total score of sodium-related nutrition knowledge was positively correlated with total score of sodium-related attitude and behaviors.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, students who had high level of sodium-related nutrition knowledge had desirable attitude and behaviors toward sodium intake and these results can be considered in nutrition education for university students.

Citations

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Maternal nutrition intervention focused on the adjustment of salt and sugar intake can improve pregnancy outcomes
Yuri Seo, Yeon Seon Jeong, Kyung‐A Koo, Jeong In Yang, Yoo Kyoung Park
Food Science & Nutrition.2020; 8(7): 3900. CrossRef
Effect of Protection Motivation Factors on Behavioral Intention to Reduce Sodium Intake among University Students in Gyeongnam and Busan
Soo-Hyun Jang, Eunju Yoon
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(1): 104. CrossRef

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[English]
A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea: Lin Jiang, Yun Young Jung, Hyung Sook Kim, Gi Seon Nam, Jin Sook Yun, Jong Wook Kim, Yeon Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(2):109-119. Published online April 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.2.109

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OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the results of salty taste assessment, dietary attitudes, and dietary behaviors among adult and senior women by region and by age. The results generated from this was expected to provide fundamental data for implementing a nationwide salt reduction education program.
METHODS
The salty taste assessment tool was applied to 4,064 subjects from 15 areas in Korea. Also, a survey of dietary attitude and dietary behavior related to salt intake was conducted for all subjects participated in this study.
RESULTS
The salty taste assessment scores by region and by age were the lowest in capital (p < 0.01) and was highest among the 70+ year age group (p < 0.01). The dietary attitude scores and dietary behavior scores showed that Gyeongsang was the highest (p < 0.001) and the capital was the lowest. The dietary attitude scores were highest at 20&30's followed by 40's and 70's group (p < 0.001). Dietary behavior scores showed that 20's~30's and 40's groups were higher than the other age groups (p < 0.001). The score of 'I like kimchi' was 3.46 +/- 0.88, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions. The score of 'I eat a lot of kimchi' was 3.30 +/- 0.90, which was the highest among 10 dietary behavior questions related to salt intake. The scores of salty taste assessment had significant positive correlations between the scores of dietary attitude (p < 0.001), dietary behavior (p < 0.001) and self-awareness (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of salty taste assessment, we observed a tendency that older people and regions except the capital had higher preference for salty taste. Our results suggested the necessity for a nationwide salty reduction education program tailored for regions and for different age groups.

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Food and dish group diversity on menus of daycare centers provided by Center for Children’s Foodservice Management in Korea: a descriptive study
Youn-Rok Kang, Kyeong-Sook Lim, Hyung-Sook Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(6): 449. CrossRef
A Study on the Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Sodium among the Clients of the General Medical Examination Center
Mi-Jung Yun, Young-Mi Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(6): 404. CrossRef
Correlations Among Threshold and Assessment for Salty Taste and High-salt Dietary Behavior by Age
Lin Jiang, Yun-Young Jung, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 75. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, and Dietary Behavior Related to Salt According to the Dietary Lifestyle Groups
Hei-Ryeo Yoon, Nam-E Kang, Juhyeon Kim
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(3): 333. CrossRef

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[English]
A Survey on the Salt Content of Kindergarten Lunch Meals and Meal Providers' Dietary Attitude to Sodium Intake in Gyeonggi-do Area: Jin Nam Kim, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Hye Kyeong Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(5):478-490. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.5.478

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Dietary habit of excess sodium consumption is formed mainly by excessive salt intake from the younger age and this may lead to hypertension, stroke, and stomach cancer. This study was performed to estimate the salt content in kindergarten meals and provide basic data on meal providers' dietary attitude to sodium intake for nutrition education. We collected data on161 food items from 16 institutions in Gyeonggi-do and salt content was calculated from salinity and weight of individual food items. The average salt content from lunch meals was 2.2 g, which was about daily adequate intake of sodium for children aged 3 to 5 years old. Greatest contributor to the salt content in a meal was soup and stew (47.8%). The most salty dishes were sauces and kimchi followed by stir-fried food, deep-fried food, braised food, and grilled food. The salt content was higher in soup and stew despite of low salinity, due to the large quantity per serving. The salt contents of soups and kimchi were 40.6% and 14.3%, respectively of the total salt content in dish groups. Staff members and caregivers at home who prepared food for the child showed preference for one-dish rice meal, dried fish and salted mackerel, and broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles. Caregivers showed higher sodium index score and had higher preference for processed food such as Ramen, canned food, and ham compared with staff members (p < 0.05). These results suggested that monitoring salt content of kindergarten meals and nutrition education for those prepare meals for children are needed to lower sodium intake in childhood.

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Sodium Reduction Practice and Importance-Performance Analysis of Sodium Reduction Methods in School Foodservice in Daegu
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Salinity Monitoring of Soups of The Institutions Enrolled at Center for Children’s Foodservice Management
Hyun Nae Park, Soon Mi Kim
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Eun Kyung Kim, Hae Young Kim
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So-Young Park, Kyung-A Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2016; 45(5): 757. CrossRef
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Younhee Lee, Nami Joo
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(2): 229. CrossRef
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Dan-Bi Song, Kyung-A Lee
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Sanghyun Park, Nami Joo
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(1): 160. CrossRef
Sodium-related Eating Behaviors of Parents and Its Relationship to Eating Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Ye Seul Kim, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(1): 11. CrossRef
Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
A Study on Eating Out Behavior and Recognition of Salinity in Restaurant Food in Jecheon Area
Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(1): 20. CrossRef
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Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(1): 73. CrossRef
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Hyewon Shin, Youngmee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 425. CrossRef

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[English]
Effectiveness of Nutrition Education and Counseling on the Salty Taste Assessment, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Attitude of Hemodialysis Patients: Young Mi Lee, Yeon Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):402-412. Published online August 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.402

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education and counseling on the salty taste assessment, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude of 21 hemodialysis patients. Five times of the nutrition education and three times of nutrition counseling were performed for a period of 5 months. Biochemical analysis revealed that creatinine was significantly high (p < 0.001), blood urea nitrogen and serum albumin were significantly low (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and Na, K, Cl, K, P and uric acid were not significantly different. The distribution rate of unsalty taste preference were significantly high and the distribution rate of salty taste preference were significantly low after nutrition education and counseling (p < 0.001). Nutrition knowledge significantly improved following 5th month of education and counseling (p < 0.01). Particularly, the scores for questions related to sodium were improved. The dietary attitude was significantly improved during the counseling period (p < 0.05). There were improvements in responses to 'use food exchange list on diet' and 'habitually add salt or soy sauce before the meal'. According to these results, salty taste assessment, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude were significantly improved by the hemodialysis diet therapy practices of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, we conclude that there was a need for low-salt diet education and nutrition counseling to help them recognize the taste of low-salt foods and strive towards a preference for less salty tasting foods and the consumption of a low-salt diet.

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Malnutrition risk, nutritional knowledge, and dietary intake in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis: comparison according to coexisting diabetes
HyunJung Yoo, Sang Cheol Lee, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(5): 481. CrossRef
Comparison Between Semi-Quantitative Frequency Methods and 7-day Dietary Records Methods in Food and Nutrition Intake Status For Hemodialysis Patients
Dong-Ryeol Ryu, Jung-Hyun Kim, Hyun-Jung Kim, Min-Sook Kyung, Jung-Tak Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(5): 426. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education on Improving Dietary Attitudes, Food Habits and Food Frequency - Female in Twenties Shift Work in Gyeonggi Area: Seung Lim Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):55-64. Published online February 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.55

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrition education on improving dietary attitudes, food habits and Food Frequency of 32 female shift workers by administering questionnaires. Dietary nutrient consumption data were obtained from the female shift workers by using 1 day 24-hr recall. The results were as follows: Score on 'Concerns about health (p < 0.05)' was significantly higher after-training. Dietary attitude (32.3 vs. 34.9, p < 0.01) and food habits (60.2 vs. 67.1, p < 0.01) were significantly higher after thetraining. Scores on 'Eating a lot of food that I want to eat is more important than nutrition (p < 0.01)', 'I have a tendency to use instant foods when I am busy (p < 0.01)', 'I am interested in information on nutrition and health (p < 0.01)' were significantly higher after the training. Scores on 'I have three meals a day (p < 0.001)', 'I have breakfast regularly (p < 0.01)', 'I take vegetables other than kimchi at every meal (p < 0.01)', 'I drink milk every day (p < 0.001)', 'I eat fruits every day (p < 0.01)', and 'I apply nutrition knowledge to daily life (p < 0.001)' were significantly higher after the training. Protein (p < 0.05), fiber (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.01), and calcium (p < 0.001) intakes were significantly higher after the training. These results showed that nutrition education had improved the dietary attitudes, food habits, and nutrient intakes. Therefore, we conclude that providing more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to shift workers during their tenure of office period is likely to improve dietary attitudes, food habits, and nutrient intakes.

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The Effect of Frequent Use of Convenience Food from Convenience Stores on the Diet Quality of Women’s University Students: Using the Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adults
Sun Hee Lee, Seung-Lim Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(4): 581. CrossRef
Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef
Effects of nutrition education on nutrition-related knowledge, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes of alcoholic patients
An Na Kim, Hyeon-Sook Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(4): 277. CrossRef
Health-related Factors and Nutritional Status in Shift-workers at Coffee Shops - Focused on Single Women in Twenties in Seoul -
Seung-Lim Lee, Soo-Jin Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(5): 467. CrossRef

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[English]
A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessments and Dietary Attitudes and Dietary Behaviors Associated with High-Salt Diets in Four Regions in Korea: Hyun Hee Kim, Yun Young Jung, Yeon Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(1):38-48. Published online February 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.38

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this study was to compare regional differences in salty taste assessments, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and dietary behaviors associated with high-salt diets in four national regions in Korea (Region 1: Seoul, Sokcho, Region 2: Buyeo, Jecheon, Gong Ju, Region 3: Daegu, Gyeongsan, Region 4: Jeon Ju). Subjects were 860 persons who participated in sodium reduction campaign. The result of the salty taste assessment by region was not significantly different. The nutrition knowledge score of subjects in Region 1 was the highest. Dietary attitude scores that showed preference for high-salt diets of Region 2 and Region 4 subjects were higher than those of Regions 1 and 3 subjects (p < 0.001). Dietary behavior scores were not significantly different among regions. The correlation between sodium intake and salty taste assessment was significant (p < 0.01). Older subjects who had high blood pressure levels and lower nutrition knowledge were more likely to have high sodium intakes. Even though the salty taste assessment and dietary behavior scores by region were not significantly different, the salty taste assessment scores had a significant negative correlation with nutrition knowledge and had a significant positive correlation with dietary attitude and dietary behavior in terms of preference for high-salt diets. Therefore, nationwide education regarding salt intake reduction and health and a campaign to encourage favorable attitudes and behavioral changes regarding consumption of a no-salt / low-salt diet is needed.

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Estimation model for habitual 24-hour urinary-sodium excretion using simple questionnaires from normotensive Koreans
Ji-Sook Kong, Yeon-Kyung Lee, Mi Kyung Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Young-Ran Heo, Taisun Hyun, Sun Mee Kim, Eun-Soon Lyu, Se-Young Oh, Hae-Ryun Park, Moo-Yong Rhee, Hee-Kyong Ro, Mi Kyung Song, Tatsuo Shimosawa
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(2): e0192588. CrossRef
Correlations Among Threshold and Assessment for Salty Taste and High-salt Dietary Behavior by Age
Lin Jiang, Yun-Young Jung, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 75. CrossRef
Salt Preference and Sodium Intake among Pregnant Women
Mi Jeung Im, Dong Sook Cho
Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing.2016; 22(4): 297. CrossRef
Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, and Dietary Behavior Related to Salt According to the Dietary Lifestyle Groups
Hei-Ryeo Yoon, Nam-E Kang, Juhyeon Kim
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(3): 333. CrossRef
Healthy eating exploratory program for the elderly: Low salt intake in congregate meal service
Sunhee Seo, O.Y. Kim, J. Ahn
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2016; 20(3): 316. CrossRef
Comparison of salty taste assessment, high-salt dietary attitude and high-salt dietary behavior by stage of behavior change among students in Daegu
Hye-Hyun Hwang, Eun-Kyung Shin, Hye-Jin Lee, Tae-Yoon Hwang, Young Ae Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(1): 36. CrossRef
Salt-Related Dietary Attitudes, Behaviors, and Nutrition Knowledge of University Students according to Estimated Salt Intake Using Urinary Salt Signal
Mi-Hyun Kim, Daun Min, Eungyoung Jang, Jee-Young Yeon, Jong Wook Kim, Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(2): 226. CrossRef
A Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude and Behaviors According to Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge of University Students
Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon, Jong Wook Kim, Jae-Eon Byun, So-Young Bu, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Yun-Jung Bae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 327. CrossRef
Sodium-related Eating Behaviors of Parents and Its Relationship to Eating Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Ye Seul Kim, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(1): 11. CrossRef
Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude, Behaviors according to Practice of Dietary Guidelines of University Students
Yun-Jung Bae, Seung-Eun No, Jeong-Hwa Seo, Joo-Hee Son, Mi-Jin Lee, Da-Woon Jung
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(3): 376. CrossRef
A Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment, Dietary Attitude and Dietary Behavior among Adult and Senior Women by Region and by Age in Korea
Lin Jiang, Yun-Young Jung, Hyung-Sook Kim, Gi-Seon Nam, Jin-Sook Yun, Jong-Wook Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 109. CrossRef
The Relationship between Dietary Behaviors/health Risk Factors and Preference for Salty Taste among Korean Elderly People Living in Rural Areas
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 448. CrossRef
Salt-related Dietary Behaviors of University Students in Gyeongbuk Area
Kyung-A Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2014; 43(7): 1122. CrossRef
A Study on the Knowledge, Dietary Behavior related to Sodium, Attitudes towards a Low-Salt Diet of Adults in the Jeonbuk Area
Jeongok Rho, Hyuna Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(4): 693. CrossRef
Analysis of presumed sodium intake of office workers using 24-hour urine analysis and correlation matrix between variables
Hyun-Hee Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2013; 46(1): 26. CrossRef
Comparison of Salty Taste Assessment and High-Salt Dietary Behaviors among University Students and Chinese Students in Daegu, South Korea and University Students in Shenyang, China
Lin Jiang, Yeon-Kyung Lee
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The Development of a Taste Kit for Education and Research into Sensory Characteristics
Mi-Hye Kim, Hae-Kyung Chung
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2013; 28(6): 585. CrossRef
Association between Preferences of Salty Food and Acuity and Preferences of Taste of the Elderly People Living in Rural Area
Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 223. CrossRef
The Association between Smoking, Alcohol Intake, and Low-Salt Diet: Results from the 2008 Community Health Survey
In-Ae Chun, Jong Park, Mi-Ah Han, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeon Ryu
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(3): 223. CrossRef
Measurements of Salinity and Salt Content by Menu Types Served at Industry Foodservice Operations in Daegu
Ji-Ae Kim, Yun-Hwa Kim, Moon-Young Ann, Yeon-Kyung Lee
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[English]
Effect of Two-year Course of Food and Nutrition on Improving Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes and Food Habits of Junior College Female Students: Hyun Joo Kang, Ki Won Byun; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):750-759. Published online December 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of two-year course of food and nutrition on improving nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and food habits of junior college female students by questionnaires. The subjects were 108 college female students enrolled in the department of food and nutrition in Gyeonggi area. The results were as follows: There were no significant changes in the weights and BMI (Body Mass Index) after 2-yr course of food and nutrition. Nutrition knowledge (14.7 vs 16.3, p < 0.001) and dietary attitude (34.3 vs 35.8, p < 0.01) increased significantly after 2-yr course. However, no significant changes in food habit were observed. Among nutrition knowledge, the scores of functions (4.5 vs 5.2, p < 0.001) and understanding (6.7 vs 7.4, p < 0.01) of nutrients were significantly increased. The recognition of nutrition knowledge increased significantly (83.1 vs 95.7, p < 0.001). Among food habit, dietary habit (13.2 vs 12.5, p < 0.01) and health related habit (15.6 vs 14.6, p < 0.001) were significantly lowered after 2-yr course. The change in dietary attitudes showed significantly positive correlation with food habit changes (p < 0.05). These results showed that 2-yr course of Food and Nutrition had improved the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes. Therefore, providing the more systematic and appropriate nutrition education to students during their study period will be improved dietary attitudes and food habits.

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[English]
A Study on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes and Nutrition Education Needs among Child-Care Teachers: Kyung Suk Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):137-148. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted on 175 child-care teachers, who participated in in-service education, to research the methods to improve child-care teacher's nutrition management capability for infants and children. Investigated results of child-care teachers' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude status, and needs on nutrition education in child-care centers are as follows: The score of child-care teachers' nutrition knowledge was 10.83 points out of 15, which is about 72%. Total score increased as teachers' age but not significantly different from their career duration, since teachers who have a child-care career less than 5 years acquired 10.91 points, which is higher than 10.64 points of teachers having more than 5 years of child-care career. Teachers' average recognition to the nutrition knowledge was 90.6%, increased significantly by the older they are, and decreased according to the accumulation of their career. The average accuracy of the nutrition knowledge was 79.7%, increased in proportion to the teachers' age. The marks of child-care teachers' dietary attitude were 41.3 points (possible score range 5-50) and 83%, older teachers tended to have more desirable dietary attitude. As indicated by the increment of child-care career, the score of emotional attitude tended to be increased but which of cognitive and behavioral attitude showed a declining tendency. Nutrition information which child-care teachers were mainly interested in were correct selection of food (58.1%), obesity and weight management (52.7%), and nutrient content of food (44.9%). Nutrition education contents which child-care teachers needed were 'nutritious food and menu for child' (72.2%), 'health management of child' (69.2%) and meal management of child (40.2%). Nutrition education methods, which child-care teachers considered as of desirable ones, were cooking class of small scale (31.8%), visiting class at child-care center (26.5%). In consequence, the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude of child-care teachers were not good and showed different issues by age and career duration. Therefore, it is requisite to intensify nutrition management courses in child-care teachers' qualification and in-service education courses which has actual necessity and suitability based on teachers' age, career, and the type of child-care center, and to disseminate these through public health centers and child-care & education information centers to pursue the efficient balance of nutrition education programs.

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[English]
Perception of Nutrition Labeling on Restaurant Menus among Adults in Suwon: Chun Young Sohn; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):420-429. Published online August 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to investigate the perception of nutrition labeling on restaurant menus, and to analyze the differences among subject's characteristics, eating-out behaviors, and dietary attitudes. Information concerning general characteristics, health status, eating-out behaviors and dietary attitudes of subjects was collected by a structured questionnaire. From January 5th to February 27th in 2009, 406 questionnaires were completed by 157 males and 249 females. Statistical analyses were performed using by SPSS 14.0 package program. The perception of the importance of nutrition labeling was 3.89, while knowledge of whether restaurants provided sufficient nutrition information scored 2.26 indicating that being highly conscious of nutrition labeling, respondents did not view the supplied information as sufficient. Nutritional perception was greater in females and varied in both genders with age and health status. Significant differences concerning the perceptions of nutrition labeling were evident, based on eating-out behaviors and dietary attitudes. The results imply that nutrition labeling on restaurant menus should be based on consumer characteristics. Relevant nutrition labeling might help improve health by encouraging proper dietary habits and providing valuable nutritional information. Recognition of the importance of nutrition labeling and strategic implementation of labeling in menus would be prudent strategies for restaurant managers.

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[English]
Nutrition Knowledge and Eating Behaviors of Elementary School Children in Seoul: Na Young Jeong, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):55-66. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study was aimed to examine nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and eating habits of elementary school students and to examine if their characteristics differ by gender. Subjects were 5th and 6th graders of an elementary school (n = 317) in Seoul, and the survey was done during July 2007. Mean height, weight, BMI of subjects was 148.1 cm. 41.7 kg, 19.0, and 14.3% of subjects were categorized as the overweight/obese group. Anthropometric data were not significantly different by gender. Mean score of nutrition knowledge was 14.9 out of 20 showing moderate knowledge levels, and girls scored higher on nutrition knowledge than boys (p < 0.05). Subjects showed knowledge deficit in areas such as nutrients, food groups and specific weight control information. The percentages of correct answers regarding meals for brain function were significantly higher in girls than in boys (p < 0.05). They got nutrition information mainly from mass media and family/relatives. The mean score of dietary attitudes was 41.2 (possible score: 10-50) indicating somewhat positive attitudes, and the score of eating behaviors was 34.8 (possible score: 15-45). Subjects showed problems in eating habits such as having unbalanced diets and snack foods. 82.6% of subjects had unbalanced meals, and these percentages were higher in girls (87.2%) than in boys (78.1%, p < 0.05). Vegetables and fish/shellfish were the most disliked foods. Specific eating behaviors, such as eating slowly, eating grains and having processed foods less frequently, were better in girls than in boys (p < 0.05). Results also showed that majority of subjects need to improve specific behaviors including having diverse foods, eating meals slowly, having meals at regular times, having adequate foods in each food groups, and eating sweets or salty foods less frequently. Only 52.7% of subjects perceived their body images as normal, and 56.4% had experience of weight control. Reasons for weight control were different by gender (p< 0.05). Based on these findings, nutrition education for school children should focus on modifying eating habits or eating behaviors, by suggesting practically applicable methods and providing nutrition information that is interesting and suitable to school-aged children.

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[English]
Dietary Habits, Food Frequency and Dietary Attitudes by Gender and Nutrition Knowledge Level in Upper-grade School Children: Mi Yong Yon, Young Hee Han, Tai Sun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(3):307-322. Published online June 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to examine dietary habits, food frequency and dietary attitudes by gender and nutrition knowledge level in upper-grade school children. Subjects were 223 boys and 208 girls attending 13 elementary schools (5 th and 6 th graders). A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, food frequency, and dietary attitudes. Nutrition knowledge score assessed by 19 questions was significantly higher in girls than in boys. There were significant differences between boys and girls in several items in dietary habits such as enough breakfast time, dinner regularity, number of side dishes, eating speed, type of snack after dinner, and degree of saltiness of dishes. Girls consumed staple foods such as rice, noodles or bread more frequently, and consumed less frequently ramyun, fried foods, fast foods, and Chinese foods than boys. In addition, girls had more positive dietary attitudes in trying to reduce fast foods, Chinese foods, ramyun and fried foods. Also children in the high or moderate nutrition knowledge level groups had better dietary habits in frequency of meals, frequency of breakfast, enough breakfast time, dinner regularity, activity during the meal, number of side dishes, eating speed, type of snack after dinner, and better food choices by eating staple foods and vegetable side dishes, meats and beans more frequently, and fried foods, doughnuts/ cakes, Chinese foods less frequently, and had better dietary attitudes in breakfast, vegetables and fruit intake than children in the low nutrition knowledge level group. Our results showed that dietary habits, food frequency and dietary attitudes were different by gender and nutrition knowledge level. These results suggest that in developing nutrition education program for elementary school children, the differences between gender and nutrition knowledge level should be considered. Nutrition education in elementary schools may change dietary habits and dietary attitudes through increasing nutrition knowledge.

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[English]
Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes, Dietary Habits and Awareness of Food-Nutrition Labelling by Girl's High School Students: Su Hee Cho, Hyeon Hee Yu; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):519-533. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary habits of girl's high school students in Kunsan, and to investigate their recognition of food-nutrition labeling. The results are summarized as follows. General nutrition knowledge is relatively low, with an average of 0.57. It was shown that high school female students skipped breakfast rather than lunch or dinner, with a skipping rate of 28.9% for breakfast, 0.7% for lunch, and 8.6% for dinner. Regarding snacks, 35.5% of all the surveyed students had 1 snack per day, with 31.9% having them between lunch and dinner. The most popular snacks include biscuits (22.3%), noodles (18.3%) and bakery (13.3%). The most popular response was that students 'sometimes checked' the food label of processed domestic and imported processed food. The level of satisfaction with food labels is moderate, with an average of 2.96, out of 5. The most satisfactory title about food labels was 'helpful for food selection' with 3.19. On the other hand, the least satisfactory title was 'understands the label' with 2.78. Regarding the identification of the nutrition labeling, the highest response was 'sometimes watched, sometimes not,' with 40.5%. Products which were most often checked were milk/milk products (3.44), snacks/bread (3.33), and soft drinks (3.07). Among nutrition labeling items, total calories was the most important, followed by fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol and calcium. The question regarding the knowledge of nutrition labeling rated an average of 0.58 (out of 1). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of the nutrition label verification and the dietary attitude score, along with the nutrition labeling knowledge and the nutrition knowledge score of the subjects. On the other hand, the degree of the nutrition label verification and the knowledge on nutrition labeling had a significant negative correlation. Hence, it is of the opinion that education on properly reading nutrient information is necessary to enable adolescents to apply that in real life. Furthermore, labeling nutritional information on processed food through a more comprehensive method is deemed necessary as a supporting measure.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on Fast Food Consumption Patterns Classified by Age in Busan: Jeong Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):534-544. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the fast food consumption patterns classified by age in Busan. The survey was conducted from October 15 to November 15, 2006 by questionnaires and data analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: Forty one point five percent of the elementary group, 40.5% of the high school group, 24.1% of the 30's, 35.0% of the 40's and 18.1% of the 50's took fast foods over once a week. Seventy two point five percent of the elementary group, 61.5% of the high school group, 16.8% of the 30's group, 10.0% of the 40's, and 14.6% of the 50's preferred fast foods. There was a significant difference in the basis for selecting menus among the groups. The most important basis for selecting menus was 'price' in the elementary group and the high school group, but was 'preference' in the adult groups. As their age increased, they spend more money for fast food. Forty six percent of the elementary group and 49.5% of the high school group, 32.1% of the 30's, 36.5% of the 40's, 34.7% of the 50's thought that fast food can substitute for a meal. The age affected significantly the substitutability for the meal of the fast food (p < 0.001). In the high school group, the ratio of skipping breakfast is higher than in the other age groups. Dietary attitude has direct effects on the preference of the fast foods. Nutrition knowledge, degree of unbalanced diet, and obesity rate have direct and indirect effects which were mediated by dietary attitude. Nutrition knowledge showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to the preference of the fast foods. Therefore, nutrition education for the subjects is needed to encourage them to choose more nutritious food and have healthier dietary pattern.

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[English]
A Comparative Study of Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude and Nutrient Intakes of Dietitians and Non-Dietitians Working in the Chonnam Area: Bok Mi Jung, Mi Jeong Kim, Il Su Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):284-298. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was performed by a comparative analysis of nutritional knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrient intakes of dietitians and non-dietitians. The subjects of this study were 103 dietitians and 166 non-dietitians working in the Chonnam area. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and nutrient intakes were examined using 24-hour recall method. The results were as follows: Dietitian group (15.17+/-3.88) scored significantly (p < 0.0001) higher than non-dietitian group (13.34+/-3.31) in nutrition knowledge. Dietitian group (69.58+/-10.67) scored significantly higher on dietary attitudes than the non-dietitian group (63.97+/-11.18). The correlation between nutritional knowledge scores and dietary attitudes scores were statistically significance on job, age (20~39), education level (below university), marital status and work experience (2~5, above 10). The dietitian group was significantly higher than the non-dietitians in body weight and BMI of anthropometric data. The prevalence of obesity was 5.8% from the dietitian group and 6.6% from the non-dietitian group when judged by BMI and therefore obesity rate was significaltly (p < 0.001) different between the two groups. In case of the dietitian group, the average intake of vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin E, phosphorous, zinc were above the Korean RDA whereas the average intake of vitamin C, calcium, iron, folic acid were below the Korean RDA. The average intake of most nutrients, except vitamin B1, vitamin B6, phosphorus, were below the Korean RDA in the non-dietitian group. Therefore the non-dietitian group needs nutrition education in order to improve their nutritional status.

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[English]
Improvement of Dietary Attitudes of Elementary Students by Nutrition Labeling Education: Seon Mi Hyon, Jeong Weon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(2):168-177. Published online April 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to improve the dietary attitudes of elementary students through nutrition labeling education. A class of fifth-grade elementary students was selected and educated for basic nutrition and reading of nutrition labeling for 8 weeks by using education materials from the KFDA. After the education, the children were subjected for the practice of reading nutrition labeling during winter vacation, and the changes in their dietary attitudes and practice were measured by using questionnaires for children and their parents along with measuring physical changes. The results were as follows: The level of nutritional knowledge was improved significantly after the education (p < 0.05). Nutrition labeling education increased the children's frequency of reading nutrition labeling from 34.2% to 57.9% while purchasing processed foods (p < 0.05), and 92.1% of the children answered that their dietary attitudes improved by nutrition labeling education. However, no improvement in physical measurements was observed after education. This result suggested that 8-week of education were not enough to show the improvement in physical measurements, and long-term and repeated education is necessary. After the education, most children answered that they recognized the benefit of reading nutrition labeling and they would read the nutrition labeling when purchasing processed foods. Parents also recognized the necessity of nutrition labeling education in school and suggested the need of nutrition labeling be easy to read. The above results suggested that nutrition labeling education is an effective way for improving dietary attitudes of children.

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[English]
Comparison with Dietary Habits, Dietary Attitudes and Nutritional Knowledge According to Sex of Teenagers in Jeonnam Province: Hye Soon Chang, Seung Mi Roh; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):459-468. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate dietary habits, dietary attitudes, perceptions for nutritional importance, nutritional knowledge and frequency of food intake to get the basic data of effective nutritional knowledge to form desirable dietary habits of students. This study was carried out through a questionnaire. The subjects were 362 teenagers (boys 161, girls 201) in some farming and fishing regions of Jeonnam. The most desirable dietary habit was that both boys and girls never skipped their lunch, the undesirable dietary habit was that boys ate too fast and girls had too many snacks. While boys ate faster than girls (p < 0.01), girls skipped dinner more frequently than boys (p < 0.01). In terms of dietary attitudes, boys had more desirable attitudes than girls in that they "choose nutritious food" (p < 0.01), "enjoyed healthy food more than favorite food" (p < 0.01), "think about basic food groups when having something" (p < 0.01) while girls had more desirable attitudes than boys in that they "only have favorite food" (p < 0.01). In nutritional knowledge, girls showed a percentage of more correct answers than boys in "is likely to suffer anemia without enough iron" (p < 0.05), and "it doesn't need to eat fat, which causes obesity" (p < 0.05). In general, girls had higher nutritional knowledge than boys. For frequency of food intake, boys ate more fried and broiled food than girls (p < 0.05). In general, boys had nutritional unbalanced diets more than girls. As a result, girls had higher levels of nutritional knowledge and boys had more desirable dietary habits and attitudes. We should have systematic and repetitive education about nutrition so that teenagers could practice their nutritional knowledge in diets. Moreover, it is necessary to develop proper education for their genders.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Dietary Attitudes and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Different Income Levels in Busan: Jeong Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):161-171. Published online April 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the dietary attitudes and nutritional status of preschool children in different income levels in Busan. The survey was conducted from November 1 to November 30, 2004 by questionnaires and data analyzed by the SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: The Kaup index of the upper income class group was higher than that of the other income classes. In the middle income class group, nutrition knowledge scores were higher than in any other income class. Sixty-four point nine percent of the upper income class children, 25.7% of the middle income class children and 15.7% of the low income class children had nutrition education experiences. Intake of protein was higher than that of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for children. In the upper income class group, intake of calcium was higher than in any other income class. Intakes of calcium and iron were lower than those of the RDAs in all children. Dietary attitude had positive correlation with frequency of breakfast, time for outdoor activity, and height and weight, and had negative correlation with frequency of fast food and time for watching television. Frequency of snack had positive correlation with frequency of fast food and time for watching television, but frequency of breakfast had negative correlation with those. These results indicate that nutrition education programs linking parents to children should be carried out to improve their nutritional status.

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[English]
A Study on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Food Habit of Middle School Students in Chonbuk Area: Hyo Soon Eom, Mi Jin Jeong, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):574-581. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and a food habits of middle school students. The study was carried out through questionnaire. The subjects were 431 middle school students (boys 298, girls 133) in Chonbuk area. In nutrition knowledge, there were no significant differences in total scores between boys and girls. However, the girls showed higher score in knowledge of weight control than boys did (p < 0.05). In dietary attitude, there were significant differences in attitude of "balanced meal (p < 0.05)", "sufficient protein intake (p < 0.01)", "food diversity (p < 0.001)" and "overeating (p < 0.01)" between boys and girls. The boys showed better dietary attitudes than the girls did. In food habits, there were significant differences in the rate of skipping breakfast (p < 0.05), the rates of skipping dinner (p < 0.01), the frequency of snacks (p < 0.05), the type of snacks (p < 0.05) between boys and girls. The girls showed higher rates of skipping a meal and frequency of snacks than the boys did. It suggests that gender should be considered for an effective and practical nutrition education for middle school students to improve dietary attitudes and food habits.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Dietary Attitudes, Nutrition Knowledge, Nutrient Intake, Eating-Related Characteristics of Dancing Major and Non-major Female University Students: Jeong Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(4):501-510. Published online August 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the dietary attitudes, nutrition knowledge, nutrient intake, eating-related characteristics of dancing major and non-major female university students. The survey was conducted from October 1 to November 10, 2003 by questionnaires and data analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: 25.5% of the underweight group, 53.6% of the normal weight group, 12.5% of the overweight group and 66.7% of the obese group had correct perception about their body image. Eighty-one point three percent of the dancing majors and 77.2% of the non-majors were concerned about weight control, and 71.3% of the dancing majors and 64.5% of the nonmajors had weight control experiences. There were no significant differences in nutrition knowledge scores and dietary attitude scores between dancing majors and non-majors. There were no significant differences in 'predisposition to obesity scores' between dancing majors and non-majors, and the scores were low. 'Predisposition to anorexia' scores and 'uncontrollable urges to eat' scores were significantly higher in the dancing majors compared to the non-majors. Intakes of the nutrients were lower than those of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs), except vitamin C in the dancing majors. Intakes of calories, calcium and iron were lower than those of the RDAs in the nonmajors. Dietary attitude was positively correlated with nutrition knowledge but was negatively correlated with 'uncontrollable urges to eat'. In the dancing majors, 'predisposition to obesity' showed significantly positive correlation with obesity rate and 'uncontrollable urges to eat' and was negatively correlated with nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude. In the non-majors, obesity rate showed positive correlation with 'predisposition to obesity' and 'uncontrollable urges to eat'. Therefore proper nutritional education program and recommended dietary allowances are required for dancing majors to improve their nutritional status.

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[English]
The Effects of Gender, Obesity Rate, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Attitude on the Dietary Self-Efficacy of Adolescents: Jeong Sook Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):652-657. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the gender, obesity rate, nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude on the dietary self-efficacy of adolescents. The subjects were 1,022 (518 male, 504 female), aged 13 - 17 years living in Busan, Masan, Jinju and Jinhae city. This survey was conducted from April 8 to April 22, 2002 by questionnaires and data were analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows. Nutrition knowledge scores and dietary selfefficacy scores of the females were higher than those of the males. The higher the nutrition knowledge and dietary attitude scores, the higher dietary self-efficacy. Dietary attitude has direct effects on dietary self-efficacy and obesity rate has indirect effects which was mediated by nutrition knowledge. Gender and nutrition knowledge have direct effects and indirect effects which were mediated by dietary attitude. Dietary attitude showed the greatest total causal effect in relation to dietary self-efficacy.

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[English]
A Study of the Dietary Attitude, Dietary Self-Efficacy and Nutrient Intake among Middle School Students with Different Obesity Indices in Gyeong-Nam: Jeong Sook Lee, Bok Ja Ha; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(2):171-180. Published online April 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to investigate the perception of body image, the dietary attitude, the nutrient intake and the dietary self-efficacy of middle school students in Kyoung-Nam. The survey was conducted from April 8 to April 22 in 2002. The results are summarized as follows. Twenty three point nine percents of the underweight group, 24.5% of the normal weight group, 57.1% of the overweight group and 62.5% of the obese group had correct perception about their body image. Most of the students were concerned about their body image and weight control. The obesity of the parents correlated significantly with the obesity of the subjects. The higher the obesity rate, the lower the dietary attitude and dietary self-efficacy. There was a significant positive correlation between the education level of their mothers and the dietary attitude of the subjects and a significant negative correlation between the obesity rate of the subjects and their dietary attitudes. Dietary attitude scores showed no significant difference among the groups. Intakes of calories, protein, calcium and iron were lower than those of the Korean recommended dietary allowances (RDAs).

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Dietary Attitudes, Dietary Behaviors and Diet Qualities of Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female University Students: Sun Hee Cheong, Woojung Kwon, Kyung Ja Chang; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):293-303. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to compare dietary attitudes, dietary behaviors and diet qualities of Food and Nutrition major and non-major female students at a university located in Inchon. The subjects included 74 female Food and Nutrition majors and 45 non-Food and Nutrition major female university students. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, and the data were analyzed by a SPSS 10.0 program. The nutrient intake data collected from Three-day recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program and then the diet quality was estimated using the Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and the Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors between Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, most of the female university students had poor eating habits, such as overeating, unbalanced meals, and skipping of meals. In particular, more than 50% of the female university students skipped breakfast. As for weighing themselves once a week, changing dietary lifestyles, calculating food calories and having interest in information on nutrition and health, the ratio of Food and Nutrition majors was significantly higher as compared to that of the non-majors. There was a significant difference in food consumption frequency except for milk and milk products, and iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. However, there was a significant difference in the frequency scores of iron-rich foods between the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors. The MAR of Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors were 0.80 +/- 0.13, 0.79 +/-0.13, respectively. However, in the Food and Nutrition majors and non-majors, the NARs of calcium were 0.61 +/- 0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.20, and that of iron were 0.61 +/-0.21 and 0.59 +/-0.16, respectively, which was extremely low when compared to that of the other nutrients. This result was similar to that of the INQ. Therefore, nutritional education is necessary if female university students are to practice optimal nutrition, including well-balanced diets and eating foods of high nutritional quality.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on Dietary Habits and Dietary Attitudes among Middle School Students with Different Obesity Indexes: Young Hee Jin; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(2):156-166. Published online April 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The object of this study was done to assert the dietary habits, food intake, and dietary attitudes of 332 middle school students in a small city. The subject were divided into doe groups based on weight length index (WLI). Anthropometric data showed that the mean height and weight were 169.5 +/-8.2 cm and 55.1 +/-11.5 kg in the male students and 158.9 +/-5.9 cm and 48.1 +/-7.6 kg in the female students. The mean WLIs for male and female students were 103.0 +/-19.7 and 96.3 +/-12.8, respectively. Of the male students 27.9% and of the female students 32.1% were underweight, and of the male students 28.9% and of the female students 13.0% were overweight based on WLI index. Lack of good dietary habits in the overweight group tended to be the highest, the normal group was the second highest, and the underweight group was the lowest. The regularity of eating breakfast and flood prejudice scores in the overweight group were significantly higher than those in the normal and underweight group. With respect to flood intake, the normal group tended to consume grains, yellow or green vegetables, vegetables with light color, fruits, milk, yogurt, cheese\`, seaweeds, fat-floods, instant floods, sweet floods, carbonated drinks, and spicy and salty floods more frequently. The underweight group tended to consume meat-ham, eggs, fish and fried, stir-fried flood more frequently In dietary attitudes, the overweight group tended to have more favorable dietary attitudes, and the normal group tended to have negative dietary attitudes. The underweight group showed more negative responses to trying to eat/drink milk, yogurt, or cheese everyday than the overweight groups. It might be suggested that more effective nutritional programs should be developed and implemented to ensure good dietary habits in middle school students, including the overweight, as well as the underweight group. Further research on the comparison of dietary characteristics is needed, with consideration of the subjects' WLI.

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Dietary Habits and Life Style on the Health of College Students in the Chungnam Area: In Sook Kim, Hyeon Hee Yu, Hyeo Sook Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):45-57. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this research of this research was to survey the health of 181 male and 130 female students at K University in Chunganm from June 1 to June 23, 2001. It analyzed the students' dietary behaviors, life styles and perceived body shapes and the correlation of these factors to the health condition of the students surveyed. The results of the survey are summarized as follows. The average nutrition knowledge score (out of a possible 20 points), dietary attitudes score (out of a possible 50 points) and dietary habits score (out of a possible 30 points) were 8.66, 33.14 and 19.02 for males, and 9.99, 32.64, and 19.05 for females, respectively. The percentages of those who smoked, drank, smoked and drank and exercised regularly were 55.2, 92.8, 54.1, 82.9% for males, and 6.9, 91.5, 6.9, 63.1 for females, respectively. A significantly higher proportion of males smoked, drank, and exercised as compared to females (p<0.001). The percentages of students who were underweight, normal or overweight by BMI were 5.0, 79.0 and 16.0 for males, and 20.0, 78.5 and 1.5 for females, respectively. Fifty percent of females indicated that they felt they were obese, versus only 31.1% of males. Half of the females thought they were fattish, while only 31.1% of males thought that. Seventy-six point nine percent of females and 61.9% of males, more females than males, were dissatisfied with their weights. The health scores (the higher the point, the better the health condition) of the females (44.17) were significantly lower than those of the males (47.17) (p<0.001). A stepwise multiple regression analysis with health scores as the dependent variable and other scores as independent variables, indicated that the health scores of males were highly correlated with satisfaction with his body weight, smoking and drinking, and perceived body shape, whereas the females' health scores were highly correlated with obesity level, satisfaction with her body weight, and smoking and drinking.

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[English]
Comparison of Dietary Attitudes and Attitudes to the School Lunch Service of Elementary and Middle School Students Living in the Same Region: Myung Hee Park, Young Sun Choi, Yeun Ju Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):3-13. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine dietary attitudes of students and changes in their attitudes toward the school lunch service. The participants of the study were 483 students ranging from third grade elementary school students to middle school sophomores living in the Seoguipo area of Jeju Island. The subjects were asked to complete questionnaires under the supervision of their teachers or dietitians, and data were grouped into elementary school 3rd and 4th grades, elementary school 5th and 6th grades; and middle school 1st and 2nd grades for each gender. There were no significant differences among the groups with respect to their regularity of food intake, dietary considerations, or the frequency of imbalance in their diets. In the case of female participants, their frequency of snacking decreased as their grade level increased. In general, the overall changes in dietary attitudes became more negative as their grade level increased. Male students demanded increased serving sizes of both staple food and side dishes, while female students demanded increased serving sizes dishes, but not staple food as their grade levels increased. there was also an increase in the number of student sin higher grades who discarded or did not eat enough their entire meals. The major reasons for not eating the food were : no taste to the food and not proper saltiness of food. These results may suggest that school dietitians need to pay more attention to increased taste and proper seasoning of meals. Students suggested that the school lunch service should be continued, but that it needs improvement. Students in higher grades were more aware of the importance of the environment in which the meal was provided. Also, an early education in nutrition and healthy diets seemed important in preparing them for following a healthy lifestyle in later life.

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[English]
Nutrient Intake According to Dietary Attitudes of School Foodservice Dietitians: Hyun Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(3):306-316. Published online August 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the correlations between nutrient intake and dietary attitudes in Korean school dietitians. A total of 493 school dietitians working in the Kangwon and Kyungnam areas participated in this study. The subjects were classified as the good group(33.5%), fair group(36.9%) and bad group(29.6%) based on dietary attitude score. The results were as follows. The average intake of energy, calcium, and iron were lower than the Korean RDA and average CPF ratio of energy intake was 64 : 17 : 19. The percent RDAs of nutrient intake of energy, calcium, iron and vitamin B1 were lower in the bad group than those in the fair group and good groups(p<0.001). The mean adequacy ratio(MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were different among the three groups(p<0.001), the highest was 0.96 in the good group, the lowest was 0.88 in the bad group. The index of nutritional quality(INQ) was significantly higher in the good group than the other groups. The nutrient intakes were positively correlated with dietary attitudes(p<0.01). The nutrient intakes, INQ, NAR and MAR were significantly increased as the dietary attitude score increased.

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[English]
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Nutrition Education Program for Hypertensive Patients at the Community Level: Kyeong Sook Yim; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):654-661. Published online December 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: Hypertension is the major risk factor for cardiovascular disease which is considered the leading cause of death in Korea. Since nonpharmarologic dietary intervention is recommended as the first step in the management of hypertension, evaluation of intervention programs is needed to formulate strategies for improving patients' dietary adherence. This study was designed to evaluate the overall effectiveness of a hypertension nutrition education program (HNEP) at a public health center, by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and nutrient intake after program completion. An HNEP was conducted in Suwon city for 5 months in 1999 by a public health center. The program provided 3 sessions of group education with individual nutrition counseling. Thirty-five patients participated fully in the program out of 62 enrollees. Data about nutrition knowledge, food attitude, self-efficacy, dietary behavior, and intake (24-hour recall) were collected before (baseline) and after the program. Post program results indicate the following : 1) nutrition knowledge and perception of importance of nutrition significantly increased, 2) food attitudes also improved, 3) the self-efficacy for maintaining a low salt diet was increased significantly, whereas self-efficacy for maintaining a low fat diet or dietary guidelines was not improved, 4) frequency of intake of processed food, animal fat, and sweets as well as frequency of dining out were significantly reduced, 5) nutrient intake was not improved after the program, 6) the most serious barrier for participating in the program and practicing diet therapy was lack of time and willingness. In conclusion, it appears that HNEP might improve food attitudes, individual perceptions and self-efficacy for desirable eating behavior, but it might not improve dietary intake. It follows then, that a long term intervention program may need to increase effectiveness of patient dietary adherence.

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[English]
Strategies of Improve Elderly Nutrition through Nutrition Education : Evaluation of the Effectivenss of the Program: Kyeong Sook Yim, Young Hee Min, Tae Young Lee, Young Joo Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(2):207-218. Published online June 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: The increased number of elderly in Korea presents great challenges for community nutrition programs. Strategies to enchance elderly nutrition are needed, as well as dietary advice that are reality-based and tailored to the need of the elderly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the overall effectiveness of an elderly nutrition improvement program(ENIP), by assessing changes in nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and behavior after program completion. ENIP was conducted in Suwon for 4 months in 1998 at 5 centers for the elderly. The program provided individual nutrition counseling and brief biweekly group education sessions. To stimulate participation and motivation, the elderly in two centers were served free milk packs(200ml) three time a week during the program(milk+education group), and the elderly in 3 other centers were served yoghurt on the program day(education group). Altogether, 102 subjects finished the program(milk+education group 67 ; education group 35). Data about nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, diet records(24 hour recall) and dietary habit was collected before(baseline) and after the program(follow-up). The Drop-out rate for the milk+education group(2.9%) was significantly lower than that for the education group(30.0%)(p<.001). The Nutrition Knowledge fo females milk+education group increased significantly after the program, but no significant differences were observed in other groups. Over 60% of all the elderly showed positive responses to the healthy eating attitudes. Energy, protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, Calcium and Potassium intakes improved in the male milk+education group. The Vitamin C intake improved in the male education group. Energy and vitamin A intakes improved in the female milk+education group and energy, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, Ca nad P in the female education group. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of food intake changes on overall nutrient quality. For all elderly, the fish intake explained 12.6% of the variance, followed by candy intake and vegetable intake(model R2=19.6%). Dietary habits such as meal time regularity and salty food reduction were markedly improved in both groups. Sixty-one percent of the milk+education subjects stated their participation was voluntary and active, while 51% of education subjects did. Sixty four percent of the subjects stated their interest on diet increased remarkably through program participation. Considering the results, it is conjectured that ENIP had a great impact on nutrient intake, dietary attitudes and habits. Milk supplement showed no direct effects on elderly nutrition improvement, but it encouraged the program by reducting drop-out rates and inducing voluntary participation. Therefore milk supplement could enhance the community nutrition education program. Moreover it is strongly suggested that the ENIP be expanded to other communities.

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[English]
A Study of the food Habits of College Students by Body Mass Index: Bok Ran Kim, Yang Soon Im; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(1):44-52. Published online February 28, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between body mass index and food habits of college students. For this purpose, 358 students of Kangweon University were asked to fill out the questionnaires for food habits and weight control. The results are summarized as follows ; The rate of underweight, normal and obese was 16.5, 65.1, 18.4%, respectively. Food habits score of obese females were lower than normal or underweight females. Male subjects did not show significantly different scores among the three groups. Female obese subjects have lower scores than the other groups on the eating time, seaweed intake, protein intake and vegetable intake. Male obese subjects have nutritious meals and more eating time than normal and underweight males. College students are the early stage of adult life and their food habits, food behaviors and life style will continue in later life. Therefore, college students need more nutritional knowledge, positive dietary attitudes and modified life styles to prevent and treat obesity.

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