Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[Korean]
A comparison of serum lipid concentration by drinking habits based on the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII) : a cross-sectional study: Chang–Yun Park, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(5):404-413. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.5.404

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study compared serum lipid concentration according to drinking habits.
Methods
We analyzed data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII). The study included 8,525 adults (3,651 males and 4,874 females), aged 30 – 59 years.
Results
There were differences in age, gender, education level, smoking status, physical activity, and waist circumference between drinkers and abstainers. The serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) level of the drinkers was lower than those of the abstainers (P < 0.05). The serum triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations were highest in the group that consumed alcohol ‘more than twice a week’ relative to the other groups (P < 0.001). The LDL-C and atherogenic index (AI) levels were lowest in the ‘more than twice a week’ drinking group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum TG and HDL-C concentrations were the highest in the ‘7 glasses/time’ group (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration was the lowest in the ‘7 glasses/time’ group (P < 0.001). Notably, the higher the frequency of binge drinking (7 glasses or more), the higher the concentration of TG (P < 0.001). The serum HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the ‘no binge’ and ‘more than once a week’ groups compared to the other groups (P < 0.001). The serum LDL-C concentration and AI score were the lowest in the ‘more than once a week’ group (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
As the quantity and frequency of drinking increased, the serum TC concentration increased. Moreover, an increase in the serum HDL-C concentration led to a decrease in AI. The factors exacerbating cardiovascular disease increased simultaneously due to drinking. Our results suggest that for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia and patients with low HDL-cholesterolemia, separate guidelines based on the quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption are warranted.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake between Hypercholesterolemic and Normal groups based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hyun-A Lee, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(5):396-405. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.5.396

Objectives
This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake of normal healthy adults with those having hypercholesterolemia. Methods We analyzed data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI). A total of 12,636 adults (5,223 males and 7,413 females) aged 19 or older were included in the study. Results Males with hypercholesterolemia were older and had a higher waist circumference, body mass index, fasting blood sugar levels (FBS) and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations compared to the normal group. Females with hypercholesterolemia were older and had higher FBS levels and serum TG concentrations compared to the normal group. While comparing nutrient intake by the 24-hour recall method, the male normal group showed a higher intake of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), vitamin A and thiamin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. However, the male normal group had a lower intake of iron and vitamin C compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. The female normal group had a higher intake of energy, protein, fat, SFA, MUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, riboflavin, and niacin compared to the hypercholesterolemic group, but had a lower intake of iron compared to the hypercholesterolemic group. A comparison of nutrient intake by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) showed the following: There was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the normal men and women and those with hypercholesterolemia. After adjustment for confounding factors, nutrient intake by FFQ of the male normal group showed higher levels of n-3 fatty acid and vitamin C compared to the group with hypercholesterolemia. However, there was no significant difference in nutrient intake between the two groups of women. Conclusions The average intake of n-3 fatty acids and vitamin C of the male group with hypercholesterolemia was lower than that of the normal group. However, since KNHANES is a cross-sectional study, prospective cohort studies are required to analyze the risk factors of hypercholesterolemia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Blue Food Consumption and Its Relation to Nutrient Intake among Koreans
Yonghee Suk, Min June Lee, Sunny Ham
Nutrients.2024; 16(18): 3128. CrossRef
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef
Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City: Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):197-207. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels, and the physical growth of a child.
METHODS
Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records.
RESULTS
The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) D3 (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) D3 was 20.41 +/- 6.55 ng/mL, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was 58.86 +/- 49.18 minutes/day. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were 11.96 microg/day. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power (R2= 0.288) on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power (R2= 0.068). The relations between serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (??, and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.

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[English]
Seasonal Differences in Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-(OH) Vitamin D Status of Korean Young Women: Jin Sook Yoon, Min Kyoung Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(3):231-240. Published online June 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.3.231

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary.
RESULTS
The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 microg during the summer, 3.3 microg during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= 23.8 +/- 23.6 min) were much longer than that in the winter (= 10.8 +/- 13.4 min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were 17.5 +/- 7.5 ng/mL in the summer and 13.4 +/- 4.3 ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p < 0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r = 0.315, p < 0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r = 0.252, p < 0.05) during the winter.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Vitamin D intake, Outdoor Activity Time and Serum 25-OH Vitamin D Concentrations of Korean Postmenopausal Women by Season and by Age
Jin-Sook Yoon, Min-Kyoung Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 120. CrossRef
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197. CrossRef
Association between serum vitamin D and depressive symptoms among female workers in the manufacturing industry
Soon Il Kwon, Jun Seok Son, Young Ouk Kim, Chang Ho Chae, Ja Hyun Kim, Chan Woo Kim, Hyoung Ouk Park, Jun Ho Lee, Jun Ick Jung
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults: Areum Yu, Jihye Kim, Oran Kwon, Se Young Oh, Junghyun Kim, Yoon Jung Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):122-132. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults.
METHODS
Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research.
RESULTS
The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (> or = 20 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25 (OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk.dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Discovering Vitamin-D-Deficiency-Associated Factors in Korean Adults Using KNHANES Data Based on an Integrated Analysis of Machine Learning and Statistical Techniques
Hongryul Ahn, Seungwon Kim, Jinmyung Jung, Chan Park
Nutrients.2025; 17(4): 618. CrossRef
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451. CrossRef
Impacts of serum vitamin D levels on sleep and daytime sleepiness according to working conditions
Hyuk Joo Lee, Hayun Choi, In-Young Yoon
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.2020; 16(7): 1045. CrossRef
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive function in Korean older adults living in rural area
Ye Som Shin, Bo Youl Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Yoon Jung Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 465. CrossRef
Vitamin D intake, serum 25OHD, and bone mineral density of Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)
Mi-Yeon Kim, Mi-Ja Kim, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 437. CrossRef
Relationship of vitamin D status and obesity index in Korean women
Ji-Young Park, Young-Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(1): 28. CrossRef
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197. CrossRef

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[English]
Changes of Obesity Index, Serum Lipid Profiles and Nutrient Intakes in Obese Children after the Weight Control Program of Nutrition Education: Eun Ju Lee, Kyung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):61-72. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a weight control program on anthropometric values, serum lipid profiles and nutrient intakes. The subjects of this study were 38 obese children (boy : 17, girl : 21) with obesity index over 120%. The weight control program for obese children included nutritional education (50 min) and exercise (50 min) for 10 weeks. The nutrition intakes of the children were surveyed before and after the weight control program by 24hr recall test. The BMI, Rohrer Index, Obesity Index, WHR (Waist - Hip ratio) and body fat(%) were significantly decreased after completion of the weight control program. The total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of subjects were significantly increased after the weight control program. Distribution of serum lipid profiles was slightly changed. The energy intakes were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). from 1760.8 kcal to 1435.2 kcal. In addition, the intakes of P, Zn, retinol, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin E and niacin were significantly decreased. while intakes of vitamin C and folate were increased. Calcium and folic acid were upper 25% of subjects, under EAR(Estimated Average Requirements) intake before the weight control program. The distribution of energy intakes was significantly changed into positive status; fat percentage was decreased 26.3% to 22.1% (p < 0.01). Carbohydrate was increased 58.6% to 61.2% (p < 0.05). Meal distribution of energy intakes was changed; calorie percentage from lunch significantly increased from 32.2% to 38.3%. Calorie percentage from snack significantly decreased from 17.7% to 13.5%. In conclusion, weight control program for 10 weeks is effective in obesity index and nutrient intakes although serum lipid values were a little changed.

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[English]
Association of Serum Lipids and Dietary Intakes with Serum Adiponectin Level in Overweight and Obese Korean Women: Mi Young Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):27-35. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the association of blood clinical parameters and dietary intakes with serum adiponectin level. Athropometric measurement, dietary intakes, serum lipids and adiponectin levels were examined in 160 overweight and obese women. The subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin level. Weight, BMI, waist circumferences and waist/hip ratio of the highest quintile group were significantly lower than those of the lowest quintile group. Serum lipid analysis showed a significant higher level of TG, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, AI, and serum hs-CRP in the lowest quintile group. Similarly, correlation data also showed that serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with serum HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.01) and was negatively correlated with BMI (p < 0.01), waist circumferences (p < 0.01), waist/hip ratio (p < 0.01), systolic (p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), TG (p < 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05), LDL/HDL ratio (p < 0.05), AI (p < 0.01), Homa-IR (p < 0.01), hs-CRP (p < 0.05) and leptin (p < 0.05). Dietary intake data showed that protein intake was significantly lower in the highest quintile group compared to the lower quintile groups while intakes of vitamin C was significantly higher in highest quintile group after adjustment by BMI, waist and energy intake, In addition, the highest quintile group had higher fiber intakes than the lower quintile groups. These results might suggest that a diet high in fiber and vitamin C and low in protein for obese patients would better be recommended to improve adiponectin level. However, further research is needed to elucidate the association of dietary intakes or dietary patterns and serum adiponectin level.

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[English]
Comparison of Maternal Fatty Acid Intake and Fatty Acid Composition of Serum Phospholipids Between Singleton and Twin Pregnancies: Seul Ki Kwon, Soo Jeoung Lim, Joong Sik Shin, Sung Hee Jang, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):555-564. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: Essential fatty acids are important essential nutrients during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to compare fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and essential fatty acid intakes between Korean pregnant women with a single baby and Korean pregnant women with twins. A total of 116 pregnant women who had maintained their health without any symptoms of pregnancy complications participated in the study. The subjects consisted of 57 women of singleton pregnancy and 58 women of twin pregnancy at the 1st, 2nd, or 3rd trimester of pregnancy. A 24-hour dietary recall was administered to each subject to obtain dietary information. The mean ages of the singleton pregnancy group and the twin pregnancy group were 31.44 years and 32.27 years, respectively, and the mean height values were 161.86 cm and 160.64 cm, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the singleton pregnancy group were 1639.95 kcal, 1904.71 kcal, and 1882.82 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. The mean daily energy intakes in the twin pregnancy group were 1745.99 kcal, 2203.46 kcal, and 2092.26 kcal for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester group, respectively. There were no significant differences in the mean fatty acid intakes by the type of pregnancy (i.e., singleton vs. twins and the stage of pregnancy (i.e., 1st vs. 2nd vs. 3rd trimester). However, the mean total fatty acid intake of those at the 1st trimester among the singleton pregnancy group tended to be higher than that of those at the 1st trimester among the twin pregnancy group. Such a trend seemed to be retro-versed. That is, the mean total fatty acid intakes of the twin pregnancy group were higher compared to the singleton pregnancy group for the 2nd and 3rd trimester group. The LA and total n6 concentrations of serum phospholipids of the singleton pregnancy group were significantly higher as the gestational age increased (p < 0.05). The alpha-LNA(p < 0.05), EPA (p < 0.05), and total n3 (p < 0.001) concentrations of serum phospholipids of the twin pregnancy group were significantly lower as the gestational age increased. The alpha-LNAconcentrations of serum phospholipids in the singleton pregnancy group at the 3rd trimester were significantly higher than that in the twin pregnancy group at the same trimester (p < 0.05). The serum phospholipids levels of AA and DHA of the twin pregnancy group were generally higher compared to those of the singleton pregnancy group. Particularly the differences reached at the level of statistical significance for those at the 1st trimester (p < 0.01). It is concluded that the study findings imply that fatty acid metabolism may meaningfully differ by the type and stage of pregnancy. Future research needs to be conducted to more elucidate grounding etiology and possible roles of dietary fatty acid intake levels in relation to the study findings.

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[English]
Seasonal Difference of Nutrient Intake, Serum Lipid and Antioxidative Index in Female College Students: Young Sook Ko, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(2):142-149. Published online April 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: To evaluate the seasonal differences of nutrient intake and serum biochemical indices (total cholesterol, HDL-, LDLcholesterol, TG, MDA:malondialdehyde, TAS : total antioxidant status, folate) in Korean college women with a mean age of 20.15y, this study was conducted twice: once in winter and a second time in summer. Anthropometric assessment was also measured in the two seasons. As a result, body fat mass (p < 0.05), body fat% (p < 0.05), and abdominal fat% (p < 0.01) in the summer were significantly lower than those in winter. Intake of fat (p < 0.05), polyunsaturated fatty acid (p < 0.01), zinc (p < 0.05), and vitamin E (p < 0.05) were at significantly higher levels in the summer period compared with the winter period. In addition, nutrients with an intake level less than 75% RI of KDRIs were folate in winter and calcium, and folate in the summer. Total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and HDL-cholesterol in summer, according to lipid profiles, were significantly lower than those in winter. Although MDA, one of the products of lipid peroxidation, remained unchanged, TAS was significantly higher in summer than in winter. The level of folate in summer showed significantly lower than that in winter. The present study suggests that nutrient intake of college women women differs according to the seasons and anthropometric indices and serum biochemical indexes were associated with seasons. Thus nutritional education programs on the basis of season are needed for college women.

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[English]
Comparison of Food Intakes and Serum Lipid Levels in Overweight and Obese Women by Body Mass Index: Ok Hyun Kim, Hana Jung, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):40-49. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the health-related habits, dietary intakes and serum lipid levels in overweight and obese women by body mass index (BMI). Subjects were 137 pre-menopausal women aged 19 to 49 years. They were divided by 3 groups, overweight (23 < or = BMI < 25), obese (25 < or = BMI < 30) and morbidly obese (BMI > or = 30) according to their BMI. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Dietary intakes were examined by 3-day record method and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professionals (CAN-pro 3.1). Serum lipid levels were measured using automatic biochemical analyzer (Selectra E). The average age, height, weight, and BMI of subjects were 31.7 years old, 159.3 cm, 69.4 kg, and 27.4 kg/m(2), respectively. Their average consumption of energy were 12 kcal and 86.4% of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat was 55.2 : 14.6 : 30.2. Particularly, the fat consumption of subjects tended to be elevated with increasing BMI. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes among 3 groups. But the mean intakes of Ca, Fe, vitamin C and Na of all the subjects were 70.1%, 87.2%, 75.7% of recommended intake (RI) and 258.9% of adequate intake (AI), respectively. The intakes of vegetables and seaweeds were significantly higher in morbidly obese group while the intake of fruits was higher in overweight group compared to the other groups. Serum lipid analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol among the groups. But the serum HDL-cholesterol level of the overweight group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. LDL-/HDL-cholesterol ratio and AI index were significantly higher in the morbidly obese group compared to the other groups. In addition, The systolic blood pressure of morbidly obese group was significantly higher compared to the other groups. Overall data suggest that morbidly obese women have to more concern about reducing systolic blood pressure and serum lipid levels by decreasing their fat consumption and salt intakes as well as loosing body fat. In addition, all the subjects participated in this study have to be careful about their meals and health-related behaviors in order to prevent obesity-related chronic diseases.

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[English]
Dietary Intakes and Serum Lipids and Iron Indices in Obese Children: Jin Yi Kim, Young Shin Han, Hyun Sook Bae, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(5):575-586. Published online October 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group (15th < or = BMI percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children (85th < or = BMI percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p < 0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p < 0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group (905.9 +/- 344.5 kcal, 210.9 +/- 166.4 kcal) were higher than those of normal weight girls (671.2 +/- 360.7 kcal, 184.0 +/- 103.5 kcal) (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys (52.7 +/- 6.3 mg/dL) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys (65.3 +/- 15.6 mg/dL). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: 79.4 +/- 32.6 mg/dL, girls: 98.3 +/- 16.2 mg/dL) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: 104.8 +/- 38.6 mg/dL, girls: 106.7 +/- 28.9 mg/dL) (p < 0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.

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[English]
Body Mass Index, Dietary Intake, Serum Lipids and Antioxidant Status of Young Females: Hyun Sook Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):479-487. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: Many epidemiological and observational studies show that distorted body image of normal body weight is widespread among Korean young females. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and underweight of young females and, to compare nutrient intakes, body composition, serum indices (lipids, MDA: Malondialdehyde, TAS: Total Antioxidant Status) with different BMI groups. The subjects were 75 university students in Seoul. We divided the subjects into 3 groups according to their BMI by IOTF guideline (UW: underweight group; BMI < 18.5, NW: normal body weight group; 18.5 < or = BMI < 23.0, OW: overweight group; BMI > or = 23.0). Data on dietary intakes, body compositions and serum indices were obtained in 3 groups. Differences on all of the above variables were assessed by body weight groups. Using IOTF guidelines, the prevalence of overweight and underweight in young females were 23%, 61%, 16% respectively. beta-carotene and vitamin A intake of UW were significantly higher than that of NW (p < 0.05). Fiber intakes of NW was significantly higher than that of UW (p < 0.05). But intakes of energy and the other nutrients were not significantly different among BMI groups. Calcium and folate intakes were 75%, 61% of KDRIs. Serum TGs were significantly higher in OW than that of NW, UW (p < 0.05), but level of MDA and TAS were not significantly different. The association of overweight and low intake of beta-carotene and vitamin A may be one of many factors predisposing obese females to a high risk of oxidative stress later in life. This requires urgent nutritional intervention programs involving enough intake of fruit and vegetables, with modification of inappropriate dietary habits.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on Isoflavone Intakes and Blood Lipids between Hypertensive and Normotensive: Mi Kyeong Choi, Ye Sook Jun; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(2):271-278. Published online April 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: It has been suggested that isoflavones protect the cardiovascular system, in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to compare the isoflavone intake and blood lipids between hypertensive and normotensive and to examine dietary management for prevention of hypertension. Anthropometrical measurements, blood pressures, nutrients and isoflavone intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of 81 hypertensives and 77 normotensives were estimated. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 58.2 years, 158.5 cm, 64.3 kg, and 25.6 kg/m2 for the hypertensive and 58.0 years, 159.4 cm, 63.0 kg, and 24.8 kg/m2 for the normotensive, respectively. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the hypertensive were significantly higher than those of the normotensive (p<0.001, p<0.001). The daily food intake of the hypertensive was significantly lower than that of the normotensive (p<0.01). The daily energy intakes of hypertensive and normotesive were 1479.8 kcal and 1590.9 kcal and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Carbohydrate intake of the hypertensive was significantly higher than that of the normotensive (p<0.05). However, daily intakes of plant protein, fiber, ash, calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin B1 of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). The daily intakes of daidzein, genistein, isoflavone of the hypertensive were significantly lower than those of the normotensive (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). However, isoflavone intakes per 1000 kcal showed no significant difference between the two groups. Serum lipids of the hypertensive and normotensive were 189.6 mg/dL and 187.2 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 157.3 mg/dL and 161.9 mg/dL for triglyceride, 42.9 mg/dL and 43.5 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 115.2 mg/dL and 111.4 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.4 for atherogenic index. In the total subjects, there was a significantly negative correlation between systolic blood pressure and genistein intake (p<0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that the daily intakes of food, energy, and isoflavones of hypertensives were lower than normotensives. Therefore, it should be emphasized that proper dietary management considering these dietary factors for prevention of hypertension.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Antioxidant Status in Female College Students by Skin Types: Hyun Sook Bae, Yunhi Cho, Ju Young Kim, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):63-71. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether nutrient intakes and serum biochemical indices are associated with the skin condition of humans. Anthropometric data, skin surface hydration, ceramide content, dietary intake of nutrients and serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, TG, MDA: malondialdehyde, TAS: total antioxidant status) were obtained from 36 healthy young women. Subjects were classified into 2 groups {LM: Low Moisture Group (n = 20), HM: High Moisture Group (n = 16)} by forehead skin hydration. The results of this study were as follows: The average age, BMI, total body water, LBM, body fat%, WHR, forehead hydration, ceramide content were 20.2 yrs, 20.7, 28.8 l, 39.2 kg, 28.0%, 0.8, 44.3%, and 1.05 microgram/microgram protein, repectively. The intakes of SFA (saturated fatty acid), MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) in the HM group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the LM group, but zinc intakes in the LM group were higher than in the HM group. Serum levels of TAS in the LM group (1.27 mmol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of in the HM group (1.20 mmol/l). Whereas other lipid levels were not significantly different, intakes of vitamin B6 and folate showed significant positive correlation with the forehead hydration (r = 0.447, r = 0.377). Intakes of calcium and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with forearm ceramide content (r = -0.496, r = -0.485). Several associations between nutrient intakes and skin conditions were observed, indicating that changes in baseline nutritional status may affect skin health.

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[English]
Serum Iron Concentration of Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood during Pregnancy: Hey Mi Jang, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):860-868. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: Anemia diagnosed early in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery. The purposes of this study were to assess the maternal iron status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationships between the iron indices of maternal-umbilical cord serum iron and ferritin levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum iron and ferritin levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord were measured at 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- trimester and delivery, respectively. The mean of maternal serum iron levels of the trimester and delivery were 124.27microgram/dl, 97.03microgram/dl, 94.32microgram/dl, and 145.53microgram/dl. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood (222.59microgram/dl). Serum ferritin levels of maternal trimester and delivery were 22.68microgram/l, 11.09microgram/l, 14.18microgram/l and 24.54microgram/l, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood (184.35microgram/l)(p<0.0001). This prevalence of anemia of total subjects was 30.3% by WHO criteria (Hb<11.0 g/dl, Hct<33%). Iron levels of 2nd-trimester was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. And ferritin levels of 3rd-trimester and delivery was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. Therefore, we suggest for successful pregnancy outcome and delivery differential iron supplementation programs will be carried out with individual pregnant women on the basis of pre-pregnancy nutrition.

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[English]
Changes in Blood Pressures, Blood Profiles and Physical Conditions among Adults in the Daejeon Area: Hae Kyung Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):633-644. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The body mass index, blood pressures and blood profiles of adults, who worked at three colleges in the Daejeon area, were evaluated for use in developing well-balanced menus at their workplace cafeterias and/or in creating nutrition education programs tailored to their health statuses. The data analyzed were from physical examinations performed in 2002 and in 2004 by the National Health Insurance Corporation. Overall, levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol were lower in the 2004 samples than in those of 2002, but most samples in 2004 showed higher levels of SGOT. In 2002, statistical differences occured in the levels of blood pressure and serum cholesterol among age groups, but not in 2004. And in 2004, the older the age group, the higher the BMI. Among subjects in their twenties, three variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol) showed statistical differences; this increased to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their thirties and to six variables (Hb, SGOT, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among those in their forties, followed by a decline to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Hb and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their fifties. In general, the results of physical examinations showed improvements in blood pressure and blood profiles in 2004 in comparison with results in 2002. The level of SGOT was the exception. Despite these improvements, of those employees who had physical examinations in 2004, 5.2% had high blood glucose and 18.1% hypertension, 27.9% hypercholesterolemia, 8.3% registered abnormal liver functions, and 31.3% were classified as overweight and obese. Moreover, because some vulnerable blood profiles were found in the older age groups, various programs, including nutrition education, and/or development of healthful diets as well as excercise activities, may be needed within their workplaces.

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[English]
A Change of Serum Folate and Vitamin B12 Concentrations of Maternal and Umbilical Cord Blood during Pregnancy: Geum Ju Lee, Hey Mi Jang, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):615-622. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: Folate and Vitamin B12 are essential nutrients important during pregnancy. This study was conducted to evaluate the folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status of Korean pregnant women and to investigate the relationship between maternal-umbilical cord serum folate and vitamin B12 levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord of 27 pregnant women at 1'st-, 2'nd-, 3'rd- trimester and delivery were measured by RIA (radioimmuno assay), respectively. Means of folate and vitamin B12 intake were 283.53 +/- 58.01 microgram/day and 2.99 +/- 1.32 mg/day, respectively. Maternal mean serum folate levels of the trimester and delivery were 9.75 +/- 3.60 ng/ml, 10.46 +/- 4.63 ng/ml, 10.71 +/- 4.14 ng/ml and 15.05 +/- 7.04 ng/ml. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood (23.99 +/- 9.42 ng/ml). Serum vitamin B12 levels of maternal trimester and delivery were 479.07 +/- 137.56 pg/ml, 310.96 +/- 137.56 pg/ml, 308.22 +/- 74.65 pg/ml, and 295.67 +/- 93.36 pg/ml, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood (500.13 +/- 185.60 ng/ml). This finding indicates that the uptake of folate and vitamin B12 in the fetus may be due to an active placental transport mechanism. Maternal serum level correlated positively with those of umbilical cord blood, showing that folate and vitamin B12 concentration of umbilical cord blood might be affected by maternal status. There was no significant correlation between the serum folate levels in maternal-umbilical cord blood and the pregnancy outcomes. However, maternal vitamin B12 level at 1'st trimester was significant positive correlation between the gestational age except for birth weight and weight gain.

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[English]
The Effects of Monacolin-Inoculated Rice Embryo on the Body Fat and Serum Lipid Profiles of Obese Elementary School Students: Soon Ah Kang, Soon Ju Kwoun, Young Sook Choi, Yoongho Lim, Dong Ki Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):565-573. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Monacolin-inoculated rice embryo on the body fat and serum lipid profiles in 61 obese elementary school students. The subjects divided into two groups 31 obese children had the experimental diet (rice embryo inoculated Monacolin) and 30 obese children had the control diet three times a day after meals. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI of 61 subjects were 10.5 +/- 0.5 years, 143.6 +/- 6.8 cm, 55.0 +/- 8.9 kg, and 26.1 +/- 3.9, respectively. The changes of body fat mass (kg) in experimental group and control group after 6 weeks were -0.60 kg and -0.03 kg, respectively. The changes of body fat (%) in experimental group and control group after 6 weeks were -1.44% and -0.25%, respectively. These changes of body fat in experimental group were significantly higher than in control group (p < 0.05). The change of total-cholesterol in experimental group and control group during 6 weeks were -17.52 mg/dL and -1.70 mg/dL, respectively. The change of LDL-cholesterol in experimental group and control group during 6 weeks were -17.06 mg/dL and -2.80 mg/dL, respectively. The change of triglyceride in experimental group and control group after 6 weeks were -9.58 mg/dL and 11.67 mg/dL. Total-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol and triglyceride of experimental group after 6 weeks significantly decreased compared to control group (p < 0.05). After experimental diet (6 weeks), total-cholesterol was negatively correlated with body water contents, soft lean mass and fat free mass (p < 0.05). Triglyceride showed a significantly positive correlation with body weight and body fat mass, however, it was negatively correlated with fat free mass (p < 0.05). HDL-cholesterol showed a significantly positive correlation with fat free mass (p < 0.05). These results show that Monacolin-inoculated rice embryo is effective in decreasing body fat and blood lipid in obese children.

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Clinical Trial

[English]
A Study on Relation among Habitual Isoflavone Intake, Blood Pressure, and Serum Lipid Parameters in Korean Men and Women over 20 Years Old: Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim, Chung Ja Sung, Won Young Lee, Jung Duck Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):493-500. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: There is some evidence that soy isoflavone has beneficial effects on the concentration of blood lipids. In this study, we investigated habitual isoflavone intake levels and the relation among dietary isoflavone intake, blood pressure, and blood lipids of adult men (n = 149) and women (n = 205). Anthropometric measurements including blood pressure, dietary intake assessment using 24-hour recall method, and biochemical assessment using blood were conducted. The average age, height, weight, and BMI were 54.7 years, 168.5 cm, 67.3 kg, and 24.5 kg/m2 for men and 53.9 years, 153.8 cm, 59.2 kg, and 25.0 kg/m2 for women, respectively. The mean daily intakes of total food and energy were 1219.1 g and 1740.9 kcal for men and 1071.3 g and 1432.6 kcal for women, respectively. The mean daily isoflavones (daidzein + genistein) intake of men and women were 20.0 mg and 14.2 mg, respectively. Blood pressure of the subjects was 128.3/75.5 mmHg for men and 124.1/73.7 mmHg for women. Serum lipids of men and women were 180.2 and 184.9 mg/dL for total cholesterol, 160.8 and 137.6 mg/dL for triglyceride, 41.5 and 44.7 mg/dL for HDL-cholesterol, 106.6 and 112.7 mg/dL for LDL-cholesterol, and 3.5 and 3.3 for atherogenic index, respectively. Serum triglyceride and atherogenic index of men were significantly higher than those of women. In men, isoflavone intake and the level of total serum cholesterol were negatively (p < 0.05) correlated, after adjusted age. In women, there were significant correlations between isoflavone intake and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), after adjusted age (p < 0.05). Based on these results, we concluded that higher isoflavone intake seemed to be related to a better lipid profile in men and lower blood pressure in women. But more epidemiological studies and controlled clinical trials would help to confirm the optimal amount required for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

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Original Articles

[English]
Health Status by Anthropometric Values and Serum Biochemical Indices of Preschool Children in Day-Care Centers in Gumi: Eun Kyung Sin, Yeon Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(3):253-263. Published online June 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate health status of preschool children utilizing anthropometric values and serum biochemical indices. The subjects were 1,159 boys and 1,019 girls in Gumi day-care centers aged 4 to 6 years. The mean height and weight of 4, 5 and 6 year old children were 103.0 cm and 17.1 kg, 107.2 cm and 18.3 kg and 113.4 cm and 20.6 kg, respectively. By the obesity index criteria, 5% of boys and 4% of girls were obese:whereas 10% of boys and 9% of girls were underweight. By the Kaup index criteria, 7% of boys and 4% of girls were obese. By the percentage of body fat criteria, 5% of boys and girls were obese. The mean concentrations of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, Atherogenic Index and serum glucose were 154.1 - 156.5 mg/dL, 80.1 - 81.9 mg/dL, 46.8 - 47.4 mg/dL, 90.9 - 92.8 mg/dL, 2.34 - 2.39 and 76.4 - 77.8 mg/dL, respectively. Serum triglyceride level, AI and body fat percentage of obese children were significantly higher than other children and were significantly lower in HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.05). In addition there were significant correlation between anthropometric values and serum biochemical indices:Kaup index and obesity index were positively correlated to the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in boys and girls (p < 0.01) and to the triglyceride concentration in boys (p < 0.05). These results indicate the need of developing and implementation of nutrition education program for preschool children to prevent further development of childhood obesity and to maintain normal serum lipid profiles.

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[English]
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status and Associated Factors in Premenopausal Working Women: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):79-90. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to estimate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and associated factors. The subjects were 61 premenopausal working women aged 30 - 49 y in Busan. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake were assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24 hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was 3.12 ug, which corresponded to 62.5% of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 31.0 ng/mL. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (<25 nmol/L) was not found in the subjects. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level showed positive significant correlations with exercise hours, daily energy expenditure, hours of outdoor activity per weekdays (p< 0.001, p< 0.05, p< 0.05). Exercise hours were found to be the most important determinant of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Therefore nutritional education for increasing hours of physical activity including indoor and outdoor exercise, is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status.

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[English]
Mineral Intakes and Serum Mineral Concentrations of the Pregnant and Lactating Women: Woon Ju Kim, Hong Seok Ahn, Eun Jung Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):59-69. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to estimate the mineral intakes and serum mineral levels of pregnant and lactating women. The subjects consisted of 34 non-pregnant, 56 pregnant and 20 lactating women. Nutrients intakes were investigated by the 24-hr recall method, and serum major and trace minerals were analyzed by the ICP-spectrometry. Calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) intakes were observed lower than RDA especially for both pregnant and lactating women. Iron (Fe) intake of pregnant women was 85 - 139% RDA through Fe supplementation, and that of lactating women was lower than RDA. Compared with non-pregnant women, the pregnant women had similar Ca intake and higher magnesium (Mg) intake. Comparing with the non-pregnant women, serum Ca level in pregnancy was lower, and that of lactating women was not significantly different. Serum phosphorus and Mg levels were not significantly different among the groups. Serum Fe level of pregnant and lactating women was lower than that of the non-pregnant women. Serum Zn level of pregnant women was lower than those in the lactating and non-pregnant women. Serum copper level decreased as the pregnancy progressed. Serum sodium (Na) level was higher in 2nd- and 3rd trimester and potassium (K) level was higher in 3rd trimester and lactating period than other groups. Na/K ratio was not significantly different among the groups. During all periods, there was no correlation between dietary intakes and serum levels in each minerals. Serum Ca level positively corrleated with serum Mg level, especially in 3rd trimester and lactating women. In general, serum mineral levels in pregnancy were changed compared to the levels in non-pregnancy and restored in lactation to the levels for non-pregnancy.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education Program in Obese Children and Their Parents(I): Focus on Anthropometric Values and Serum Biochemical Index: Eun Kyung Shin, Hye Sung Lee, Yeun Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):566-577. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrition education program on anthropometric values and boichemical index in obese children who live in Gumi city. The subjects were 16 obese boys, 20 obese girls with obesity index over 130 and 36 of their parents. The nutrition education was carried out by the professional personnel such as doctors, professors, and dietitians. The children were provided with well-balanced lunch meals and had 40min-lectures on the reasonable weight management, 40 min-games and also had regular exercises (stretching, swimming) for 90 mins everyday during 2weeks of the program. The parents had 90 min-lectures on childhood obesity, diet therapy, behavior modification, and exercise for 6times. After the program, obesity index, BMI, % body fat were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in boys and obese index, BMI, % body fat and WHR were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in girls. Blood cholesterol and TG levels of girls were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). These findings show that the well-designed nutrition education program for obese children can be an effective approach to help them to improve their anthropometric values and biochemical index.

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[English]
A Study on Nutrient Intake, Anthropometric Data and Serum Profiles among High School Students Residing in Seoul: Hyun Sook Lee, Bo Eun Kim, Mi Sook Cho, Wha Young Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):589-596. Published online October 31, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate the anthropometric data, serum profiles, and nutrient intakes of high school students who are living in Seoul. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weight were 174.1 cm and 66.6 kg in 99 male and 161.4 cm and 54.0 kg in 116 female students. Mean BMI for male and female students were 21.9 and 22.3 kg/m2, and subjects with BMI > 25 kg/m2 were 14 and 7%, respectively. Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol of subjects were 149.6 +/- 3.1, 46.4 +/- 1.3, 86.4 +/- 2.3 mg/dl for males and 169.2 +/- 3.1, 50.7 +/- 1.0, 100.9 +/- 2.7 mg/dl for females, respectively. Hemoglobin (Hb) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were 12.8 +/- 0.1 g/dl, 437.3 +/- 7.2 microgram/dl in male and 11.9 +/- 0.1 g/dl, 439.4 +/- 5.7 microgram/dl in female, respectively. Based on Hb classification, 45.6% of male and 45.0% of female students fell into anemic condition. Intakes of energy, Ca, Fe, Zn, riboflavin, and folate were below the Korean RDA. In particular Ca (male and female, respectively, 64.6 and 643% RDA) and Fe (male and female, respectively, 78.6 and 64.3%RDA) intakes were extremely low. Serum triglyceride was positively significantly correlated with weight (r = 0.22), BMI (r = 0.279), waist circumference (WC, r = 0.235), triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF, r = 0.197) and obesity index (OI, r = 0.279). Hb concentration was positively correlated with height (r + 0.387), weight (r = 0.349), BMI (r = 0.191) and waist/hip ratio (WHR, r = 0.380). As for the correlation between serum profiles and nutrient intakes, the Hb concentration was positively correlated with energy (r = 0.163), protein (r = 0.149), Na (r = 0.153), vitamin A (r = 0.165), thiamin (r = 0.201) and niacin (r = 0.192, p < 0.01). These result suggest that the prevalence of Ca and Fe deficiency of student is high and dietary guideline for prevent anemia in this age needs to contain the adequate intake of energy and its related vitamins.

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[English]
Studies on Fatty Acid Intake Patterns, Serum Lipids and Serum Fatty Acid Compositions of High School Students in Seoul: Eun Jung Chung, Hong Seok Ahn, Young Sook Um, Yang Cha Lee-Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):263-273. Published online June 30, 2004

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total:234;male:91;female:143). In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL -Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish & Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish & High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22 - 25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9 - 20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4 - 10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16:0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio was lower. Dietary C18: 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16:0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18:2omega 6 (LA), sum of omega 6 and sum of PUFA. Serum C18:1, C18:3omega 3 and C20:4omega 6 (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14:0, C16:0, sum of MUFA and C18:1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.

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[English]
Effects of Smoking, Drinking, Exercise on Body Composition, Nutrient Intakes and Serum Lipids in Male High School Students: Jung Hee Kim, Young In Chon; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):19-28. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate effects of smoking, drinking and exercise on body composition, dietary intakes, serum lipids of male high school students in Seoul. Body Composition was analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer. Dietary survey was conducted by 24-hour recall method and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-Pro). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Mean and standard error were examined for each items. The significant difference was examined by student's t-test. Body composition data showed that protein mass, mineral mass and lean body mass of regular exercisers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of irregular exercisers. Energy and protein intakes of male high school students were 1868 kcal/day (69.2% RDA), 68 g/day (91.3% RDA), respectively. Ca, Fe and Vitamin B2 intakes were lower than 2000 RDA. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum levels of HDL-cholesterol of drinkers were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of nondrinkers. Overall results imply that smoking and alcohol drinking of adolescent males may not much influence on serum lipids levels because pack-years of smoking or the amount of alcohol drinking was not serious enough to be harmful to health.

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[English]
Comparison of Dietary Intakes and Plasma Lipid Levels in Diabetes and Control Elderly: Sang Eun Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):98-112. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: ABSTRACT This study was done to investigate and compare the nutritional status and plasma lipids in the diabetes and control elderly. Subjects were 105 persons (male 32, female 73) aged over 65 years and visited public health centers in Ulsan area. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, diabetes and control group. Athropometric measurement, dietary intakes, and plasma biochemical indices were examined. Body Mass Index (BMI), Percentage of Ideal Body Weight (PIBW) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) of diabetes group were higher than those of control group. Overall eating behavior were worse in diabetes group than those of control group. There was no significant difference in smoking and exercise status among groups. The ratio of drinkers was significantly higher in control group. But the amount of alcohol consumed at once was higher in the diabetes group. There was no significant difference in most nutrient intakes between males and females. The intakes of fiber, natrium (Na), vitamin A, and beta-carotene were significantly higher in diabetes group than control groups while that of potassium (K) was lower in diabetes group. Diabetes group had the higher levels in triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, Chol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio, while they had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Overall results might imply that the elderly with diabetes have to be more careful to their meals and health-related behaviors to increase the likelihood of a healthier life.

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[English]
A Comparative Study on the Serum Lipid Levels and the Dietary Intake of Physical Education Major and Non-Major Male Students: Kyoung A Choi, Myung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(5):667-674. Published online October 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: The paper examines the effect of physical exercise on blood lipid with young male students. Our analysis is based on the body measurement, food intake and blood lipid component for 70 male students of Kongju National University who either major in physical exercise (group A) or do not major in physical exercise (group B). The average weight of group A is 71.97 +/- 10.79 kg while that of group B is 67.57 +/- 8.66 kg. The former is significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the latter. The SBP of group A (128.20 +/- 11.40 mmHg) is significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of group B (136.27 +/- 13.18 mmHg). In terms of the intake of total kcal, group A marks significantly higher than group B; group A goes with 2190.26 +/- 581.96 kcal and group B goes with 2392.94 +/- 769.03 kcal. The comparative analysis of the three nutrient intake shows that the intake proportions for group A are carbohydrate 55.08 +/- 6.03%, protein 15.58 +/- 2.75%, and lipid 29.34 +/- 5.16% while the intake proportions for group B are carbohydrate 57.29 +/- 8.09%, protein 15.62 +/- 3.26%, and lipid 27.10 +/- 6.90%. For group A, the vitamin B1 intake amounts to 1.50 +/- 0.5 mg which fulfills 100% of RDA, and the niacin intake amounts to 16.57 +/- 5.54 mgN.E which is less than RDA. In contrast, both intakes for group B are more than the RDA. In the case with minerals except calcium, both group A and B mark more intake than RDA. Group A's calcium intake is 517.12 +/- 200.63 mg and group B's is 409.56 mg. The total cholesterol intake for group A is 447.00 +/- 245.08 mg which is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for group B with 352.35 +/- 200.25 mg. The total cholesterol in the lipid of serum is 151.30 +/- 12.92 mg/dl for group A and 182.30 mg/dl for group B, where the dominance of group B over group A is true at the level of significance 0.01. In the case with triglyceride, group A is 107.57 +/- 31.60 mg/dl and group B is 108.07 +/- 33.93 mg/dl so that the group difference is non-significant. The HDLcholesterol for group A is 54.67 +/- 6.49 mg/dl which is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than for group B with 36.13 +/- 4.64 mg/dl. We conclude that regular exercise may have an effect on blood lipid metabolism among young males.

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[English]
The Effects of Programmed Dietary System of a Mixture of Natural Supplements on the Composition, Serum Lipids and the Leptin Levels: Sung Hee Lee, Jae Min Cho, Min Sook Lee, Byung Nam Cho, Sang Sup Jew, Yang Hee Cho, Kyung Tack Kim, Dong Kyu Jin, Sook Nyung Rho; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(3):356-367. Published online June 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the effects of a silk peptide, and prune and raspberry mixture on the body fat, serum lipid composition and fat distribution in Korean women during the time they received these supplements. During the 4 month period of this research (June to October, 2002), 75 women (average age 22.9 yr) were selected as subjects. Their nutrient intake was investigated by use of a questionnaire and the 24-hour recall method. Antropometric assessments of the subjects were investigated by using the SBIA Method (Segmental Bioimpedance Assay, Inbody 3.0). The results were as follows: their mean body weight was 59.3 kg, their mean body height was 161.7 cm and their mean Basal Metabolic Indices (BMI) was 22.7. The status of their dietary fiber intake significantly increased (p<0.05) after use of the supplements. Their body fat significantly decreased following the 3rd stage of supplementation (p<0.05), and their percent of body fat signiflcantly decreased after supplementation (p<0.05). Their triceps and suprailiac circumference significantly decreased following the 3rd stage of supplementation (p<0.05). Their waist circumferences and waist-hip ratios (WHR) significantly decreased after both the 2nd and 3rd stage of supplementation (p<0.05). Their total cholesterol significantly decreased following the 3rd stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the 1st stage of supplementation (p<0.05). Their LDL-cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratios significantly decreased following the 3rd stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the 1st stage of supplementation (p<0.05). Their 4-HNE and total antioxidant statuses significantly decreased following the 2nd and 3rd stage of supplementation, as compared to their baseline results and those obtained following the 1st stage of supplementation (p<0.05). Their 2nd stage supplementation results were significantly negatively correlated with their triceps measurements and WHR (p<0.05). Their 3rd stage supplementation results were significantly negatively correlated with their anterior thigh measurements (p<0.05). The above results show that prune, raspberry, silk peptide and dietary fiber supplementation to a routine diet improves body fat distribution, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. The decrease of abdominal fat and WHR were especially noteworthy. This implies a decrease of risk factors.

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[English]
The Relationship between Serum Cholesterol Levels and Dietary Fatty Acid Patterns, Plasma Fatty Acids, and Other Lipid Profile among Korean Adults: Jeong Sook Kim, Youn Kyoung Suh, Hyung Sook Kim, Kyung Ja Chang, Haymie Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(2):192-201. Published online April 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this research were to assess dietary fatty acid patterns and to elucidate the relationship between the serum cholesterol levels and dietary fatty acid patterns, plasma fatty acid compositions, BMI (body mass index), and other lipid profile. The subjects were 151 adults aged 23 to 80 years, selected from the Outpatient Clinic and Cardiovascular Department of the Seoul Municipal Hospital. Dietary data were obtained using three day food records. Sixteen dietary fatty acids were analyzed using Korean and US nutrient databases. The subjects were divided into three serum cholesterol levels: desirable (< 200 mg/dl, N = 44), borderline-risk (> or = 200 - < 240 mg/dl, N = 35), and high-risk (> or = 240 mg/dl, N = 72) groups. The high-risk group had higher BMI, waist, and waist to hip ratio (WHR) than the desirable and borderline-risk groups. Serum concentrations of triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio were significantly higher in the high-risk group as compared to those in the other two groups. The serum cholesterol levels were highly correlated with BMI (r = 0.435), triglyceride (r = 0.425) and LDL/HDL cholesterol (r = 0.870) ratio. The highest fatty acid intake was from oleic acid (33 - 34% of total fatty acid intakes), which was followed by linoleic acid (27%), palmitic acid (19%), and stearic acid (7%). There was no correlation between the serum cholesterol levels and the dietary fatty acid intakes, polyunsaturated/monounsaturated/saturated fatty acids (P/M/S) and omega6/omega3 ratios. The correlation between plasma fatty acids such as myristic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and serum cholesterol levels was also weak.

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[English]
A Study on the Health and Nutritional Status of Bus Drivers in the Masan Area: Hyun Sook Yoon, Gi Ryun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):316-326. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out on 178 bus drivers in the Masan area to investigate their health and nutritional status. THe nutritional status of the subjects was surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and blood analyses were conducted through annual health examinations in June, 1999. The results were as follows: About 51% were classified as normal, 33% as health-concerned, and 17% as disease-suspected. The levels of total serum cholesterol were significantly higher in the over 20 year group (194.64 +/- 41.42 mg/dl) than in the under 10 year group (175.00 +/- 31.33 mg/dl) with respect to the length of their driving careers. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the 51 to 60 age group than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The total serum cholesterol increased with increasing age (p < 0.001), and SBP increased with increasing Body Mass Index (BMI)(p < 0.001). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (p < 0.01), hemoglobin (p < 0.05)and glutamate-pyruvate-aminotransferase (GPT)(p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the BMI of over 20, than in the BMI under 20. The GPT was significantly higher in the BMI over 25 than in the BMI under 25. In The mean daily energy intake was 1912.7 kcal (76.5% of the RDA) and the protein intake was 74.3 g (106.2% of the RDA). Compared with the recommended allowance, the energy, calcium, thiamin, and riboflavin intakes were below, and the Fe, vitamin A, vitamin C intakes were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 66 : 15 : 19, respectively. The length of their driving careers had a positive correlation with their ages and total serum cholesterol levels, and their ages had a positive correlation with their blood pressures, total serum cholesterol and hemoglobin levels and BMI. Their BMI had a positive correlation with their ages, blood pressures, total serum cholesterol, hemoglobin, GPT and GOT levels. The results of this study indicate that bus drivers needed regular exercise, and control of their body weights to prevent chronic diseases, and that their health status should be monitored as the length of their driving careers and ages increase.

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[English]
Studies on Lipid Intake, Serum Lipid Profiles and Serum Fatty Acid Composition in College Women Who Smoke: Hong Seok Ahn, Geum Ja Lee, Na Young Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):102-110. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: Cigarette smoking has long been recognized as a major risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Several investigators have reported the strong association between smoking and high serum cholesterol, triglyceride concentration, SFA and low HDL cholesterol, PUFA and omega6 concentrations. Therefore, this study was done to investigate the effect of smoking on the serum lipid profile and fatty acid composition of college women. Sixty-one non-smokers and twenty-seven smokers were selected from college women students in the Seoul area. Their lipid intake, serum lipid concentration and fatty acid composition were examined. There were no differences in the general characteristics and anthropometric indices between the smokers and non-smokers. However, alcohol consumption was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers (p<0.001). The daily caloric intake of smokers and non-smokers were 1875.84 kcal and 1915.53 kacl, respectively. On the other hand, the mean daily intake of lipids and cholesterol were significantly lower in smokers (p<0.05). In smokers, the mean concentrations of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were higher, and the compositions of EPA and DHA were lowe than in non-smokers. There was a negative correlation between the serum triglyceride and PUFA levels in the two groups. Also, serum HDL-C correlated negatively with MUFA in smokers and non-smokers (p<0.01). These results suggest that smoking cause inadequate changes in serum lipid profile and serum fatty acid composition, thereby increasing the tendency for coronary heart disease.

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[English]
A Study of Nutrient Intake and Serum Levels of Osteocalcin, Ca, P, and Mg and Their Correlation to Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Residing in Rural Areas: Chung Ja Sung, Yun Hee Choi, Mi Hyun Kim, Sun Hae Choi, Kyung Ok Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):111-120. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: Postmenopausal women lose more bone mass than men as a result of estrogen deprivation. The resultant low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are main components of bone. The purpose of this study is to investigate nutrient intake and serum osteocalcin, Ca, P and Mg and their correlation to bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women residing in rural areas. We conducted 24 hour dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements and blood analysis on 60 postmenopausal women. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2-->L4) and the femoral neck were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were assigned to one of three groups:normal (T-score> -1, n=20), osteopenia (-2.5> T-score< or = -1, n=23), and osteoporosis ( T-score< or = -2.5, n=17). The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 62.37 yr, 154.36 cm, 55.28 kg and 23.18 kg/m2 respectively. The mean daily energy and protein intakes were 76.35% and 87.41% of RDA for Koreans. The mean intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 463.62 mg (66.23% of RDA), 955.32 mg (136.47% of RDA), 345.87 mg respectively. The mean serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were 8.76 mg/dl, 3.80 mg/dl, and 2.10 mg/dl, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the three groups. However, the BMD of the femoral neck showed a significantly negative correlation with serum magnesium (p<0.05). To summarize the results, most nutrient intakes (especially calcium) in postmenopausal women did not reach the RDA values for Koreans. Also, increase of serum magnesium levels may be related to bone loss.

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[English]
Effects of Iron Supplementation on Iron Status of Anomic High School Girls: Soon Myung Hong, Hye Jin Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(5):726-733. Published online December 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school girls in Korea. One hundred thirty-five female students residing in Ulian metropolitan city in Korea diagnosed as having anemia or iron deficiency participated in this study. One or two tablets of iron medicine(80-160 mg Fe as ferrous sulfate/day) were administered to all participants for 3 months. Subjects were evaluated with a questionaire, measurement of hematological indices before and after iron supplementation. The average height and weight of respondents were 161.62 +/- 4.68 cm and 53.87 +/- 6.10 kg, respectively. Daily intakes of energy were 1597.8 +/- 302.35 kcal(76.0% RDA). Iron intakes were 13.72 +/- 4.17 mg (76.3% of RDA) and calcium intakes were 580.74 +/- 177.21(72.5% of RDA) before iron supp]ementation. At baseline, 63% of all participants had depleted store(serum ferritin 12 ug/ml and/or transferrin saturation(TS)<14%). After iron supplementation, this proportion declined to 19.3%. 55.6% of subjects had 12 ug/m1 of basal ferritin concentration before iron supplementation, and this proportion declined to 16.3% after iron supplementation. The basal hemoglobin(Hb) concentrations were 12.13 +/- 1.01 g/dl and they increased to 12.79 +/- 0.81 g/dl, which showed significant difference artier iron supplementation(p<0.001). The basal ferritin and TS(%) were 13.24 +/- 11.66 ng/ml, 18.42 +/- 10.12% and they significantly increased to 32.95 +/- 21.14 ng/ml, 33.53 +/- 16.64%, respectively(p<0.001). The basal total iron binding protein(TIBC) were 467.81 +/- 97.24 ug/dl and they significantly decreased to 325.05 +/- 48.89 ug/dl(p<0.001) after iron supplementation. The number of tablets administered was positively correlated with serum iron(t = 0.553, p<0.01), serum ferritin(t = 0.557, p<0.01), TS(%)(t = 0.588, p<0.01) and negatively correlated with TIBC(t= -0.409, p<0.01). The anemia symptoms such as 'Shortening of breath when going upstairs(p<0.01)', 'Tired out easily(p<0.01)', 'Feeling blue(p<0.001)', 'Decreased ability to concentrate(p<0.01)', and 'Poor memory(p<0.001)'improved significantly after iron supplementation. In this study, daily iron supplementations were efficacious in improving the iron status and anemic symptoms of female high school students. Regular check-ups and nutrition education for adolescents are necessary because of their vulnerability to iron deficiency. Further studies are needed to determine the minimum effective dose of iron and to examine the adverse effect of long-term iron supplementation.

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[English]
The Relationship between Obesity, Lifestyle, and Dietary Intake and Serum Lipid Level in Male University Students: Wha Jin Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):162-171. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between obesity, health-related lifestyle, and dietary intake and serum lipid level in 96 male university students. Health-related lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. Dietary intakes were evaluated with one-day 24-hr recall and two-day dietary record. Anthoropometric data were recorded and serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured. 21.9%, 36.5%, 36.5%, and 6.2% of the subjects had levels beyond the normal range in serum total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), and triacyglycerol respectively, and 57.3% of the subjects had more than one hyperlipidemic factor. TC was correlated positively with BMI(p<0.01), waist length(p<0.05), hip length(p<0.05), and the amount of smoking(p<0.05). HDL-C was correlated negatively with BMI(p<0.05) and hip lenghth(p<0.05). LTD-C was correlated positively with BMI(p<0.01), water length(p<0.05), hip length(p<0.01), and coffee consumption(p<0.05). TG was correlated positively with waist length(p<0.01), waist-to-hip ratio(p<0.05), and amount of smoking(p<0.01) and negatively correlated with frequence of exercise(p<0.05). Among nutrient intakes, only the ratio of protein to energy was correlated negatively with TC(p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, waist length, hip length, waist-to-hip ratio, and amount of cigarette smoking were associated with an increased risk of hyper-TC. BMI, waist length, and hip length were associated with an increased risk of hypo-HDL-C. BMI and coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of hyper-LDL-C. Amount of cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of hyper-TG. In conclusion, a high prevalence of hyperlipidemia in subjects was observed. Also obesity, smoking, and coffee consumption were observed to be highly with the risk of hyperlipidemia in subjects. These findings imply that these factors should be primarily considered in planing the nutrition education program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in male university students.

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[English]
Effects of Isoflavone Supplementation on Serum Lipids in Hyperlipidemic Postmenopausal Women: Da Hong Lee, Chung Ja Sung, Haeng Shin Lee, Mi Hyun Kim, Yu Lee Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):69-75. Published online February 28, 2001

Abstract PDF: Intake of soy protein the fisk factors associated with cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. This study was designed to effects of isoflavone supplementation on serum lipids in 16 hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women . For this purpose, an intervention study was conducted for 12 weeks. Subjects were healthy, free-living women consuming habitual diets with 0.3g/d of isoflavone. Food and nutrient intake was obtained by 24-hr recall method and anthropometric measurement were made. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol. HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were determined before and after the isoflavone supplementation. The results were summarized as follows. The average age, hight, weight and BMI of the subject were 65.3 years, 151.4 cm, 62.2 kg and 27.1, respectively. The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were not reduced significantly with isoflavone supplementation. Total cholesterol (p<0.001), HDL-C(p<0.05), and LDL-C(p<0.01) were significantly increased after isoflavone concentration. In conclusion, isoflavone supplementation was not effective to modify risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

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[English]
Serum Osmolality and Its Association with Health-Related Factors and Biochemical Parameters in the Elderly: Kyung Hee Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):76-83. Published online February 28, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to determine serum osmolality and to investigate the association among serum osmolality, health-related factors and biochemical indices. Two hundred thirty seven elderly(86 male, 151 female : mean age 73.8) residing in the chungbuk area participated. Sociodemographic data and self-perceived health status were obtained by interview, and biochemical parameters were measured. The mean serum osmolaity was 301.2+/-10.1 mOsm/ kg(range 240.8~328.9 mOsm/ kg) and serum osmolality of the females(302.4 mOsm/ kg) was significantly(p<0.05) higher than that of the males(299.0 mOsm/ kg). Only 11.0% of the elderly were within the accepted normal range(280~295 mOsm/ kg) and the majority of the subjects were in a hyperosmolar state(60.8% : 296~307 mOsm/ kg). It was observed that serum osmolality was reduced with increasing age but not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in serum osmolality according to marital status. Serum osmolality was significantly lower(p<0.05) in the elderly with higher self-perceived health scores than the elderly with lower self-perceived health scores, however no significant difference was observed between the presence or absence of disease. Serum osmolality tended to be higher(p=0.06) in the elderly with difficulty in mobility than the elderly who have no problem in mobility. Serum osmolality tended to be higher(p=0.06) among drug users compared to that of non-users. There was a significant association between serum osmolality and serum albumin in females but not in males. Significant associations were shown between serum osmolality and serum transferrin in both sexes. However, there was no significant correlation between serum osmolality and hemoglobin or hematocrit except with hematocrit in females only. The results of this study indicated that the elderly were dehydrated and hydration state seems to influence health status and, the elderly should be encouraged to drink an adequate amount of fluids. Also, the hydration state is required to be assessed and considered for the interpretation of biochemical parameters.

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[English]
The Association of Body Mass Index with Dietary Intake, Serum Lipid Levels, Lipoprotein(a) and PAI-1 in Middle Class Korean Adults from 1995 to 1999: Jean Chinock Kim, Hio Jung Wee; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):51-68. Published online February 28, 2001

Abstract PDF: This investigation studied the relationship between Body Mass Index(BMI) and dietary intake, levels of serum lipid, lipoprotein(a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) of 28.449 Korean adults(16.937 men, 11.542 women) from 1995 to 1999. The dietary assessment was conducted using 24-hour dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. During this five year study, the BMI normal-weight group, as a percentage of the annual test population, decreased from 68.0% to 60.2%, while the BMI overweight and obese groups collectively increased from 25.0% to 29.7%. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), Triacylglycerol(TG) and PAI-1 increased as the values of BMI increased, while the levels of HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C) and lipoprotein(a)(men only) appeared to decrease as values of BMI increased. The levels of daily energy intake also increased as values of BMI increased in both men and women. The obese group had significantly higher levels of carbohydrate, protein, fat(men only), and cholesterol intake than those of the normal-weight, underweight, and overweight groups. In men, BMI positively correlated with the levels of macronutrients and cholesterol intake(p<0.001), % energy of protein, fat, and alcohol intake(p<0.001), and the levels of serum TC, LDL-C, TG and PAI-1(p<0.001), while BMI negatively correlated with % energy of carbohydrate intake, and the levels of Lp(a) and HDL-C(p<0.001). In women, BMI negatively correlated with level of cholesterol(p<0.01), fat(p<0.001), alcohol intake(p<0.05),% energy of fat (p<0.001), % energy of alcohol intake and level of and HDL-C(p<0.001). Subjects who had serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG levels greater than the standard reference values(TC>240 mg/dl, LDL-C>130 mg/dl, HDL-C>35, TG>200 mg/dl) exhibited a higher intake of the three macronutrients, iron, calcium, meat, milk and fatty foods than those subjects who had serum lipid concentrations less-than-or-equal-to the standard reference values. Overall, there was positive correlation between the high risk factors of vascular disease variables, dietary intake, and BMI. Prevalence of hypertension and high blood sugar were increased as BMI increased, but the prevalence of hypertension is decreased as the year goes by. These findings showed that dietary intake, level of serum lipids and other vascular disease risk factors increased as BIM increased. Therefore, middle or upper class Korean adults who have high BMI should improve their eating habits. This involve reducing alcohol, animal fat, high carbohydrate foods, and overall food intake, and balancing intake in order to lower vascular disease risk factors, including obesity.

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[English]
Characteristic of Anthropometric Data and Biochemical Nutritional Status of Hypertensive Patients before Treatment: Sook Mee Son, Gy Yeup Heo; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):624-632. Published online December 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: Nutrition related factors were investigated in one hundred and two hypertensive patients(Male: 44, female: 58) before they started drug treatment or diet therapy. The mean age of men and women were 49.9 and 53.5, respectively. Among the men, their mean SBP and DBP were 165.8 mmHg/108.4 mmHg. Fifty six point eight percent of men was classified as having in stage 3 hypertension(SBP > or = 180 mmHg, or DBP > or = 110 mmHg) and 45.5% was classified as having low renin hypertension (serum renin<2.5 ng/ml/h). The proportion of overweight or obesity assessed by BMI(> or = 25) or body fat percent( > or = 21%) was 47.7% or 80.9%, respectively. Men showed 19.1% of hypertriglyceridemia(serum TG > or = 200 mg/dl), 42.6% of hypercholesterolemia(serum cholesterol > or = 220 mg/dl), and 17.0% was observed as having serum cholesterol higher than 240 mg/dl. The proportion of men with high risk of cardiovascular disease was 72.3% assessed by atherogenic index(> or = 3.4). The prevalence of drinking was 86.4% including a daily drinking proportion of 15.8%. Among women, their mean SBP and DBP were 162.6 mmHg/104.3 mmHg. Less women(43.1%) were classified as having stage 3 hypertension and more women were observed in low renin hypertension(55.1%). The prevalence of obesity or overweight assessed by BMI( > or = 25) was 31.0% and 76.3% with body At percent(> or =28%). Women revealed 24.1% of hypertriglyceridemia and 36.2% of hypercholesterolemia. The proportion of women who showed high risk of cardiovascular disease(atherogenic index > or = 3.4) was 63.8%. The smoking rate was 8.6% and drinking rate was 43.1%.

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[English]
The Study of Associations among Serum Lipids, Anthropometric Measurements, Food Intake Frequency and Nutrient Intake in Healthy Adults: Da Hong Lee, In Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):642-653. Published online December 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association among food intake frequency, nutrient intake, anthropometric measurements, and serum lipids in 100 women and 85 men aged 40-74yrs residing in Jeonju City. Food intake frequency and nutrient intake were obtained from one-day dietary recalls. The results were as follows : The mean height, body weight and BMI were 161 cm, 62.5 kg, and 24 kg/m2 respectively. The mean of SBP and DBP were 118 mmHg, 77 mmHg respectively. The mean of TC and TG were 185.5 mg/dl, 153 mg/dl respectively. The mean daily energy and carbohydrate intake was 85. 7%, 91% of RDA for Koreans respectively and that protein intake was 118.5% of RDA. The TC levels of subjects less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA energy were 176 mg/dl, 192 mg/dl, 185 mg/dl respectively(p<0.01). The TC levels less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA protein were 180 mg/dl, 190 mg/dl, 175 mg/dl respectively(p<0.05). TC levels less than 75%, 75-125%, more than 125% of RDA fat were 181 mg/dl, 193 mg/dl, 194 mg/dl respectively(p<0.05). Of the subjects, 18% ate mushrooms. The BMI of the mushroom eaten was 24 and that of non-mushroom eaten was 25(p<0.05). Of the subjects, 28% consumed milk and milk produce. The mean level of TC and TG in milk and milk products eaters were 181 mg/dl, 131 mg/dl and that of non milk and milk products eaters were 197 mg/dl, 159 mg/dl(p<0.001, p<0.05). Of the subjects, 58% ate fish. The HDL-C of the fish eaten was 50 mg/dl and that of non-fishes eaten was 45 mg/dl(p<0.05).

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[English]
Nutritional Status of Iron of Elderly in Jeon-Ju Area: Eun Jung Joo, In Sook Kim, Eun A Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(3):493-501. Published online September 30, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iron of the elderly residing in the Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron, were measured for 60 Korean elderly(23 elderly men and 37 elderly women aged 60 - 79 years old). The level of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrint(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) were measured and transferrin saturation(TFsaturation) was calculated. Mean values of Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TFsaturation and Ferritin were 14.49+/-0.93g/dl, 42.47+/-2.59%, 125.48+/-52,.46 microgram/dl, 338.13+/-45.92 microgram/dl, 193.00+/-125.03 microgram/l in elderly men and 12.82+/-0.99 microgram/dl, 37.66+/-2.90%, 100.08+/-42.82 microgram/dl, 356.41+/-54.65 microgram/dl, and 99.35+/-117.22 microgram/l in elderly women, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency varied greatly with biochemical indices of iron. It was 13.0% when judged by Fe(60 microgram/dl) and TFsaturation(15%) whereas 34.78% by Hct(41%) in elderly men. However 13.5% of the elderly women showed iron depletion(Ferritin<20 microgram/l) and 43.2% showed suppressed erythropoiesis with iron deficiency(TIBC>360 microgram/dl). The anemic subjects assessed with TFsaturation(<15%) represented 13.5% of the elderly women, whereas 18.9% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.980, p<0.001), Fe(r=0.384, p<0.01) and TFsaturation(r=0.349, p<0.01). On the other hand, Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=0.349, p<0.05) and a positive correlation with TFsaturation(r=0.362, p<0.01). Major food groups of iron intake in the elderly were vegetables, cereals, and fish. The mean daily intake of iron was not significantly different between elderly men and women(12.82mg vs 10.35mg). Intake of heme iron however, was significantly higher(p<0.01) in elderly men(1.03mg) than women(0.42mg). Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.55mg, 0.40mg in elderly men and women, respectively and bioavailability of dietary iron 4.29% and 3.87%.

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[English]
A Study on the Relations among Zinc Copper Metabolism, Blood Glucose, Insulin and Serum Lipids in Normal Adult Women: Seng Lue Kim, Chung Ja Sung, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(2):152-160. Published online July 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate zinc and copper metabolism and risk factors of chronic diseases in 20 normal adults women. The daily intake, excretions in urine and feces, and serum levels of zinc and copper were determined by 24-hr food records and chemical analysis. The results were summarized as follows. mean age, body weight and BMI were 22.88 years, 54.65 kg and 21.28 kg/m2 respectively. Mean daily intakes of energy and protein were 1578.84 kcal(79% of RDA) and 52.05g (87% of RDA). The zinc and copper intake, excrestion in urine and feces were 7093.23 microgram(59% of RDA/2093.87 microgram, 203.50 microgram/39.87 microgram and 3416.41 microgram/857.62 microgram, respectively. The serum levels of fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, zinc and copper were 76.60 mg/dl, 15.66IU/dl, 160.30 mg/dl, 50.95 mg/dl, 89.80 mg/dl, 89.79 mg/dl, 95.65 microgram/dl and 73.28 microgram/dl respectively. Dietary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with serum insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. The urinary ratio of Zn to Cu was shown to have significant positive correlations with triglyceride. The serum copper level was shown to have significant negative correlations with serum total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In summary, Zn consumption of adult women in their normal diet does not meet the Zn requirement for Koreans. Also, intakes of Zn and Cu may effect the glucose metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, to increase the Zn intake and to maintain an appropriate intake ratio of Zn to Cu, nutrition education needs to be implemented.

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[English]
Serum Lipids by Gender, Age and Lifestyle in Korean Adults: Mi Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(1):109-119. Published online March 31, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to measure serum lipids concentrations by gender and age, and to investigated the relation of serum lipids levels to cigarette smoking alcohol intake exercise and menopausal status in Korean adults. The subjects consisted of 463 healthy adult(29- men and 173 women) volunteers who were visiting the health Promotion Center in the Asan Medical Center from July 1, 1994 to July 22, 1994 Subjects were ambulatory free-living people and aged 20- 80 years, Anthropometric measurement was performed and serum triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol(TChol) concentrations were measure by automatic system(Hitachi 736-40). Data on life styles were obtained using structured questionnaires issued by a trained interviewer, All data were statistically analyzed by PC-SAS(Version 6.04) Serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol was higher(p<0.05) in men than in women, and serum HDL-cholesterol was lower(p<0.05) in men than in women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia(TG>170 mg/dL and TChol>220 mg /dL) was 12.5% in men and 4.1% in women. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and BMI increased with age in women. The distribution curves of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of women were located in lower increased more rapidly with aging than in men, The distribution curves of BMI of women increased with aging after the thirties, The BMI of women was located in higher levels than of men in their sixties. The serum concentration of triglyceride and total cholesterol of male current-smokers and non-smokers were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of ex-smokers. The concentrations triglyceride the male current0drinkers were higher(p<0.05) than those of male non-drinkers. In non-smokers and non-drinkers, serum TG concentration were lower (p<0.05) than those of current-smokers and current-drinkers. In exercisers, the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly(p<0.05) lower than in non-exercisers. In postmenopausal woman BMI and serum concentrations of TChol, TG and LDL-Chol were significantly by age and gender and smoking alcohol drinking, exercise and menopausal staus might be a better indicator to predict serum lipids in both genders.

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[English]
Food Habits and Serum Lipid Concentratons during the Periods of Training and Detraining in Volleyball Players: Jihyun Kim, Ryowon Choue, Miran Cho, Sup Sunoo; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(2):231-238. Published online June 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the 12 college volleyball player's food behavior, nutrient intakes, and their serum lipid levels during the periods of training and detraining and to provide basic data for an effective progrm for the volleyball players during the period fo detraining after the game season. The results were summarized as follows : The total daily energy intake of the players was 3,363+/-339kcal and3,692+/-499kcal during the periods of the training and detraining, respectively. During the training period, daily intakes of protein, calcium and vitamin A, and B2 were lower than the recommended dietary allowance for the players. During the detraining period, the players' daily intakes of calcium, iron, and vitamin A were even lower. However, the consumption of alcohol was dramatically increased during the period of detraining. The levels of serum triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein were significantly increased during the detraining period. Basal metabolic rates were significantly increased after the training period and diastolic pressure was decreased during the detraining period. In conclusion, out results suggest that the detraining of volleyball players for 10 days after intensive training, negatively affects their food behavior and serum lipid concentrations. Therefore, for the improvement of performance for the next game season, a planned program for the players' detraining period should be developed.

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[English]
Dietary Intakes, Serum Lipids and Hematological Indices in Female Adolescent Smokers: Jung Hee Kim, Hee Won Lee, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(2):149-156. Published online June 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

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[English]
A Study on Iron Nutritional Status of Girls at Puberty in Kangnung Area: Eun Kyung Kim, Ok Nam Ryu, Ky Wol Park; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(2):139-148. Published online June 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status of girls at puberty in Kangnung area. The subjects consisted of 161 adolescents in sixth-grade in primary school and first-grade in middle school girls. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat, and circumferences of waist and hip. Nutrient intakes were assessed by modified 24-hour recall method. Food models and other measuring tools were also used. Fasting blood samples were obtained and analyzed for hemoglobin(Hb) concentration, hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(FE) and total iron binding capacity(TIBC). Mean values for Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC, TS and serum ferritin were 13.6+/-0.9g/dl, 39.6+/-3.9%, 91.3+/-36.3 microgram/dl, 327.9+/-45.2 microgram/dl, 28.3+/-11.8% and 37.4+/-24.2ng/ml, respectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 4.8% when judged by Hb to 18.4% by serum Fe concentration. The Hb concentration was positively correlated with Hct(r=0.641), serum iron(r=0.266) and transferrin saturation(r=0.237)(p<0.05). On the other hand, serum ferritin concentration showed significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.572). Mean daily intake of iron was 14.94mg and heme iron intake was 1.13mg and which was 7.6% of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron calculated by the method of Mosen was 1.38mg and bioavailability of diectary iron was 9.3%. These results suggest that the prevalence of iron deficiency of pubertal girls is very high, therefore the guidelines for diet and social supports, such as, school food service system should be provided to improve their iron status in middle school students.

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[English]
A Study on Blood Pressure and Serum Biochemical Indices of Cerebrovascular Accident Patients in Korean Urban Adults: Eune Young Cho, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyung Hee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(1):57-63. Published online March 31, 1999

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the blood pressure, BMI and serum lipids of cerebrovascular accident patients in Seoul. The subjects were 195 Korean urban cerebrovascular accident patients who were hospitalized at Dong Seo Oriental Hospital in Seoul from June, 1997 to December, 1997. There were more cerebral infarction patients(164) than cerebral hemorrhage patients(31). Cerebral infraction patients were prevalent for subjects in their sixties, but cerebral hemorrhage patients were most commonly in their fifties. The BMI of cerebral infarction accidents was significantly higher than that of cerebral hemorrhage patients(p<0.05). Mean diastolic blood pressure of cerebral hemorrhage patients was significantly higher than that of the cerebral infarction patients(p<0.05). The mean systolic blood pressure of the cerebral hemorrhage patients was higher than that of the cerebral infarction patients, not statistically significant. The serum total cholesterol and glucose levels of the cerebral infarction patients was significantly higher than those of the cerebral hemorrhage patients(p<0.05). Serum total cholesterol(p<0.01), triglyceride(p<0.05) and LDH(p<0.01) levels of female subjects were significantly higher than those of male subjects. Serum total cholesterol has a negative correlation with serum GOT and GPT, but has a positive correlation with triglyceride. Serum triglyceride has a negative correlation with diastolic blood pressure but has a positive compellation with serum glucose.

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[English]
Energy Value of Breakfast and Its Relation to Total Daily Nutrient Intake and serum Lipid in Korean Urban Adults: Wha Jin Hyun, Joung Won Lee, Chung Sil Kwak, Kyung Hee Song; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):368-379. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the energy value of breakfast and its relation to total daily nutrient intake and serum lipid. Dietary intakes were evaluated through the 3-day dietary recalls(interview for 1day and self-report for 2 days) from 333 Korean urban adults aged 20-49 year. Serum lipids in fasting blood samples were measured form 98 of those 333 adults. Low energy breakfast(<15% of daily energy intake) was consumed by 22.6% of males and 18.5% of females. 59.4 of males and 43.3% of females consumed a breakfast of average energy intake(15-25% daily energy intake) ; and 18.1 of males and 38.2% of females consumed a significant contribution to a total daily nutrient intake. The daily nutrient intake except crude fiber and vitamin A, B, B, and C in males and except vitamin C in females significantly increased as the energy value of breakfast increased. The differences in energy and nutrient intakes at breakfast were not made up for by other meals. To make matters worse, the satisfactory-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast group took more energy at dinner compared with the low-energy and average-energy breakfast groups in females. Among serum lipid parameters, TG was negatively correlated with energy provided at breakfast, and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol had a negative correlation with energy and carbohydrates provided at breakfast in males. For females TG was positively correlated with the ratio of carbohydrates to energy at breakfast but negatively correlated with the ratio of fat to energy at breakfast. These results suggest that satisfactory energy intakes at breakfast have positive effects on the adequacy of daily nutrient intake and may positively affect the serum lipid status.

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[English]
Assessment of nutritional Status and Factors Related to Smoking in Adolescent Males: 1.dietary Intakes and Nutritional Assessment of Serum Lipids and Antioxidant Vitamins in Adolescent male Smokers: Jung Hyun Kim, Jae yeon Lim, Kyungwon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1998;3(3):349-357. Published online August 31, 1998

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the effect of adolescent smoking on dietary intakes and nutritional status of serum lipids and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 82 somkers whose average pack-year was 0.73, and 85 nonsmokers of male technical high school students in Seoul. Anthropometric measurement was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional (CAN) analysis programs. Serum TG and total cholesterol levels were measured by Spotchem sp-4410 and serum HDL-cholesterol levels were measured by test kit. serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin E were measured by HPLC. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was a significant difference in body fat percentage and systolic blood pressure while other anthropometric measurements were not different between smokers and monsmokers. Caloric intakes(2335 kcal) in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers (2,175 kcal) but the difference was not statistically significant. Intakes of protein(76.67g) and niacin(16.49 mg) in adolescent male smokers were significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of nonsmokers although other nutrient intakes were not significantly different. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was significantly different. Analysis of serum lipids showed that serum HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was significantly lower(p<0.05) than that of nonsmokers, whereas other lipid levels were not significantly different. Serum vitamin C level was also significantly lower(p<0.05) in adolescent smokers than in nonsmokers. In addition, serum vitamin E level, which was 7.85 mg/1 in smokers, was lower than that of 9.20 mg/1 in nonsmokers(p<0.05) while serum vitamin A level was not significantly different between the two groups. These results indicate that cigarette smoking in adolescence decreases serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, vitamin C and vitamin E even thoughth their smoking history is very short.

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[English]
Evaluation of Dietary Risk Factors for Abnormal Serum Cholesterol in Korean Sedentary Male Adults: Bok Hee Jin, Young Ok Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 1997;2(5):721-727. Published online December 31, 1997

Abstract PDF: This study investigated whether dietary factors are more influential factor than other health behavior such as drinking, smoking and exercise on abnormal serum cholesterol level inspite of Korean dietary pattern differences compared to Europeans and Americans. A double case control study model has been used for the study design. One model consisted of high blood cholesterol cases and control. the other model consisted of low blood cholesterol cased and controls. 5.398 sedentary male workers who had taken medical examinations at a university hospital were used as the study subjects. Out of the study subjects, 36individuals with high blood cholesterol cases and 30 individuals with low blood cholesterol cases were selected. For the 66 individual control selection, the individual control selection, the individuals matching method was adopted. The food frequency method was used to collect the data for assessment of the dietary factors. A standardized questionnaire was used to investigate other health behavior. logistic regression analysis was employed to measure the relative importance between the factors considered. There were no statistically significant differences observed in nutrients consumption or other health behavior among the low, normal and high blood cholesterol groups, An overmatching effect had been suspected as the cause of those findings. However, the results of logistic regression analysis to identify the factors influencing high serum cholesterol showed that odd ratios of dietary factors such as tocopherol(3.0) and saturated fatty acid(1.6) were higher than I. I of smoking and 1.2 of drinking. Similar results were also observed incases of low serum cholesterol. The above findings imply that although the dietary pattern is quite different from that of Europeans and America, the dietary factor is still a significant factor for abnormal blood cholesterol in Koreans. Therefore, the dietary risk factor identified in high fat consumption populations are still relevant for the relatively healthy Korean as guideline for preventive health practices.

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