Jin-Su Kim; So Hyun Ahn; Sook Mee Son

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.525

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Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intake of White Rice and Kimchi in Korean Adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015: Jin-Su Kim, So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2018;23(6):525-537.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.525
Published online: December 31, 2018

¹Department of Clinical Nutrition, Research Institute & Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Korea, Internship.

²Department of Food and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea, Instructor.

³Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea, Professor.

Corresponding author: Sook Mee Son. Department of Food and Nutrition, 43, Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea. Tel: (02) 2164-4318, Fax: (02) 2164-4310, sonsm@catholic.ac.kr

• Received: October 4, 2018 • Revised: November 26, 2018 • Accepted: November 26, 2018

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between white rice and Kimchi intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean adults.
Methods
Dietary intake and health data of 8289 subjects aged 19 years and over from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used. Daily total intake of white rice and Kimchi was assessed by 24-hour recall data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of Mets according to the daily intake of white rice and Kimchi.
Results
The highest intake of white rice and Kimchi was associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (Q1 vs Q5, multivariable adjusted OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03–2.03) in women. In addition, a significantly increased risk of elevated blood pressure (multivariable adjusted P for trend 0.0459) was associated with a higher intake of white rice and Kimchi in women. There was no significant trend in the risk of metabolic syndrome according to the intake of white rice and Kimchi in men.
Conclusions
A higher intake of white rice and Kimchi was only associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in women indicating it is necessary to consume more various food groups beside white rice and Kimchi, especially in women.
Keywords: odds ratio; metabolic syndrome; consumption of rice and kimchi

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Table 1

General characteristics of Korean adults according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake

Values are expressed as mean±SE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables.

2) Monthly alcohol consumption was defined as percentage of people who drank more than once a month for the past year.

3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.

Table 2

Energy and age adjusted food intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

¹⁾ P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age..

Table 3

Energy and age adjusted nutrient intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively

1) P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age.

2) Mean±SE adjusted for age.

Table 4

BMI and biochemical indicators by quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are means±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P for trend determined by GLM

2) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI

Table 5

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and components across quintile of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

1) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI

2) P for trend determined by GLM

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intake of White Rice and Kimchi in Korean Adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015

Korean J Community Nutr. 2018;23(6):525-537. Published online December 31, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.525

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Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intake of White Rice and Kimchi in Korean Adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015

Table 1

General characteristics of Korean adults according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake

Values are expressed as mean±SE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables.

2) Monthly alcohol consumption was defined as percentage of people who drank more than once a month for the past year.

3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.

Table 2

Energy and age adjusted food intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

¹⁾ P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age..

Table 3

Energy and age adjusted nutrient intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively

1) P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age.

2) Mean±SE adjusted for age.

Table 4

BMI and biochemical indicators by quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are means±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P for trend determined by GLM

2) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI

Table 5

Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and components across quintile of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

1) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI

2) P for trend determined by GLM

Table 1 General characteristics of Korean adults according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake

Values are expressed as mean±SE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables.

2) Monthly alcohol consumption was defined as percentage of people who drank more than once a month for the past year.

3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.

Table 2 Energy and age adjusted food intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE.

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

¹⁾ P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age..

Table 3 Energy and age adjusted nutrient intake according to quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are presented as mean±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively

1) P for trend determined by GLM adjusted for energy intake and age.

2) Mean±SE adjusted for age.

Table 4 BMI and biochemical indicators by quintiles of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

Values are means±SE

Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively.

1) P for trend determined by GLM

2) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI

Table 5 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and components across quintile of white rice and Kimchi intake in Korean adults

1) Adjusted for age, energy, living area, education level, house income status, occupation, monthly alcohol consumption, smoking status, regular exercise and BMI