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Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Original Article
Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Kirang Kim, Seo Ah Hong, Sung Ok Kwon, Bo Youl Choi, Ga-Young Kim, Se-Young Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2011;16(6):771-781.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.771
Published online: December 31, 2011

Department of Preventive Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Institute for Community Health, Seoul, Korea.

1)Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Se-Young Oh, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoigi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea. Tel: (02) 961-0649, Fax: (02) 959-0649, seyoung@khu.ac.kr
• Received: October 1, 2011   • Revised: October 24, 2011   • Accepted: December 2, 2011

Copyright © 2011 The Korean Society of Community Nutrition

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  • The objective of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of food security measures, which was developed based on the US household food security survey module (US HFSSM) with content validity in the Korean population. The reliability and validity were assessed by internal consistency, construct validity and criterion-related validity. The study included 446 households. Among those, 46.2% were households with children. The proportion of food insecure households was 33.3%. Among those, 35.4% and 64.6% households were food insecure with hunger and without hunger, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.84 and the infit value by the Rasch model analysis ranged from 0.68 to 1.43. The scale item response curves by food insecurity severity explained well the nature and characteristics of food security, indicating the highest proportion of "yes" for the items on diet quality, followed by those with diet quantity. The result of criterion-related validity showed that food insecurity status was significantly related in a dose-response manner with the household income level, food expenditure, subjective health state, subjects' educational level. Household food security status was also related to dietary diversity regarding protein foods, fruits and fruit juice, and milk and dairy product. These findings suggest that the food security instrument is reliable and valid and would be used to assess food security status in the Korean population.

This research was supported by grants from the Korean Center of Disease and Control(Project No. 2010E0075600, Principal investigator, Se-Young Oh).

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Fig. 1
Assessment of food security questionnaire severity according to household income
1='Worried food would run out before we got money to buy more.', 2='Food bought didn't last and we didn't have money to get more.', 3='Couldn't afford to eat balanced meals.', 4='Adult cut size of meals or skipped meals.', 5='Respondent ate less than felt he/she should.', 6='Respondent hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 7='Respondent lost weight.', 8='Adult did not eat for whole day.', 9='Relied on few kinds of low-cost food to feed children.', 10='Couldn't feed children balanced meals.', 11='Children were not eating enough.', 12='Cut size of children's meals.', 13='Children skipped meals.', 14='Children were hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 15='Children did not eat for whole day.', Questions of 4-1, 8-1, and 13-1 indicate 'how often.'
kjcn-16-771-g001.jpg
Table 1
General characteristics of household
kjcn-16-771-i001.jpg

Values are N (%)

Table 2
Household food security status
kjcn-16-771-i002.jpg
Table 3
Sensitivity and specificity of food insufficiency questionnaire with food security status by the developed questionnaire
kjcn-16-771-i003.jpg

Values are N (%)

Table 4
Meeting degree coefficient after elimination of questions
kjcn-16-771-i004.jpg
Table 5
Infit mean square using Rasch model
kjcn-16-771-i005.jpg
Table 6
Relations of household food security status with socioeconomic status and level of subjective health state
kjcn-16-771-i006.jpg

Values are Mean ± SE

a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

1) General linear model test

Table 7
Relations of household food security status with variety score of diet
kjcn-16-771-i007.jpg

Values are Mean ± SE

a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

1) Rices, noodles, rice cakes for soups and breads

2) Cereals(corn flake), potatoes, Muk(Korean jellied food), Korean glass noodles, nuts, and rice cakes

3) General linear model test

Figure & Data

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    Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Image
    Fig. 1 Assessment of food security questionnaire severity according to household income 1='Worried food would run out before we got money to buy more.', 2='Food bought didn't last and we didn't have money to get more.', 3='Couldn't afford to eat balanced meals.', 4='Adult cut size of meals or skipped meals.', 5='Respondent ate less than felt he/she should.', 6='Respondent hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 7='Respondent lost weight.', 8='Adult did not eat for whole day.', 9='Relied on few kinds of low-cost food to feed children.', 10='Couldn't feed children balanced meals.', 11='Children were not eating enough.', 12='Cut size of children's meals.', 13='Children skipped meals.', 14='Children were hungry but didn't eat because couldn't afford.', 15='Children did not eat for whole day.', Questions of 4-1, 8-1, and 13-1 indicate 'how often.'
    Validation of Food Security Measures for the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

    General characteristics of household

    Values are N (%)

    Household food security status

    Sensitivity and specificity of food insufficiency questionnaire with food security status by the developed questionnaire

    Values are N (%)

    Meeting degree coefficient after elimination of questions

    Infit mean square using Rasch model

    Relations of household food security status with socioeconomic status and level of subjective health state

    Values are Mean ± SE

    a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

    1) General linear model test

    Relations of household food security status with variety score of diet

    Values are Mean ± SE

    a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

    1) Rices, noodles, rice cakes for soups and breads

    2) Cereals(corn flake), potatoes, Muk(Korean jellied food), Korean glass noodles, nuts, and rice cakes

    3) General linear model test

    Table 1 General characteristics of household

    Values are N (%)

    Table 2 Household food security status

    Table 3 Sensitivity and specificity of food insufficiency questionnaire with food security status by the developed questionnaire

    Values are N (%)

    Table 4 Meeting degree coefficient after elimination of questions

    Table 5 Infit mean square using Rasch model

    Table 6 Relations of household food security status with socioeconomic status and level of subjective health state

    Values are Mean ± SE

    a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

    1) General linear model test

    Table 7 Relations of household food security status with variety score of diet

    Values are Mean ± SE

    a, b: Means with different superscript letters are significantly different from each other at p < 0.05 by Tukey's test

    1) Rices, noodles, rice cakes for soups and breads

    2) Cereals(corn flake), potatoes, Muk(Korean jellied food), Korean glass noodles, nuts, and rice cakes

    3) General linear model test


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