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Research Article
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2017;22(6):507-519.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.507
Published online: January 20, 2017
1)Department of Food Science & Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
- †Corresponding author Sook Mee Son Department of Food and Nutrition, 43, Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Korea Tel: (02) 2164-4318 Fax: (02) 02-2164-4310 E-mail: sonsm@catholic.ac.kr ORCID: 0000-0002-7578-2882
• Received: September 29, 2017 • Revised: December 19, 2017 • Accepted: December 19, 2017
Copyright © 2017 Journal of the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Abstract
-
Objectives
- The objective of this study was to examine the relations between total vegetable and Kimchi intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean adults.
-
Methods
- This study used dietary intake and health data of 6668 subjects aged 20 years and over from the 2010–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Daily intakes of total vegetables and Kimchi were assessed by 24-hour recall data. The odds ratio of Mets risk according to daily intake of vegetables and Kimchi was analyzed, respectively.
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Results
- The highest consumption of total vegetables was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity (multivariable adjusted OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.93) in men and lower risk of Mets (multivariable adjusted OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.94) in women. Kimchi consumption was not related to the risk of Mets in both men and in women. However, a higher intake of Kimchi was associated with an increased risk of elevated blood pressure (Q1 vs Q5, multivariable adjusted OR=1.34, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.90, P for trend= 0.0261) in women.
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Conclusions
- A higher intake of vegetables was associated with decreased risk of abdominal obesity and Mets in both men and women, respectively. A higher consumption of Kimchi was not related to the risk of Mets in both in men and in women. However, a higher intake of Kimchi was associated with an increased risk of elevated blood pressure in women.
Table 1.General characteristics of Korean adults according to quintiles of total vegetable intake
Values are expressed as mean ± SE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively
1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables.
2) High was defined as Quatile 4 evaluated with monthly household income.
3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.
Table 2.General characteristics of Korean adults participants according to quintiles of Kimchi intake
Values are expressed as mean°æSE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables. 2) High was defined as Quatile 4 evaluated with monthly household income. 3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.
Table 3.Energy and energy adjusted nutrient intake according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korean adults
Table 4.Energy and energy adjutsetd nutrient intake according to quintiles of Kimchi intake in Korean adults.
Table 5.Parameters according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korean adults
Table 6.Parameters according to quintiles of Kimchi intake in Korean adults.
Table 7.The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and its components according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korea adults
1)Adjustment for age, BMI, household income (>high), education (>college or higher), regular exercise (walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times) (yes/no), current smoking status (current smoker) (yes/no), monthly alcohol consumption (≥1 cups per month) (yes/no), eating out times (≥1 time/week) (yes/no), frequency of fast food intake (≥1 time/week) (yes/no), energy intake 2) P for trend from GLM
Table 8.The odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and its components according to quintiles of Kimchi intake in Korea adults
1)Adjustment for age, BMI, household income (>high), education (>college or higher), regular exercise (walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times) (yes/no), current smoking status (current smoker) (yes/no), monthly alcohol consumption (≥1 cups per month) (yes/no), eating out times (≥1 time/week) (yes/no), frequency of fast food intake (≥1 time/week) (yes/no), energy intake 2) P for trend from GLM
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Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intakes of Vegetables and Kimchi in Korean Adults: Using the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2011
General characteristics of Korean adults according to quintiles of total vegetable intake
| Men (n=2628) | P1) | Women (n=4040) | P1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of total vegetable intake | Quintiles of total vegetable intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 525 | 808 | 808 | 808 | ||
| Total vegetable intake (g/day) | 132.2 ± 3.4 | 341.7 ± 1.4 | 741.4 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 | 86.5 ± 1.7 | 251.7 ± 1.1 | 617.0 ± 8.4 | <0.0001 |
| Kimchi intake (g/day) | 49.2 ± 2.9 | 136.9 ± 4.6 | 270.1 ± 59.8 | <0.0001 | 30.7 ± 1.6 | 101.6 ± 2.9 | 190.8 ± 6.6 | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 38.0 ± 0.8 | 41.4 ± 0.6 | 41.9 ± 50.6 | <0.0001 | 39.2 ± 0.6 | 40.8 ± 0.5 | 43.3 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 |
| Household income status | ||||||||
| High (%)2) | 24.3 | 29.2 | 32.3 | 0.0208 | 25.1 | 26.8 | 33.6 | 0.0156 |
| Education | ||||||||
| College or higher(%) | 37.5 | 40.9 | 45.1 | 0.2183 | 37.8 | 38.1 | 36.5 | 0.4827 |
| Regular exercise | ||||||||
| Yes (%)3) | 41.8 | 44.7 | 46.3 | 0.2741 | 38.6 | 36.3 | 37.8 | 0.9051 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 49.3 | 47.0 | 46.8 | 0.9344 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 4.1 | 0.1248 |
| Monthly alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| ≥1 cup (%) | 77.4 | 79.9 | 79.9 | 0.6850 | 46.0 | 47.7 | 43.3 | 0.7475 |
| Frequency of eating out | ||||||||
| ≥1/day (%) | 39.4 | 44.8 | 43.4 | 0.4231 | 18.0 | 16.6 | 14.6 | 0.7442 |
| Frequency of fast food intake | ||||||||
| ≥1/week (%) | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 0.9787 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.0167 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables.
Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively
1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables.
2) High was defined as Quatile 4 evaluated with monthly household income.
3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.
General characteristics of Korean adults participants according to quintiles of Kimchi intake
| Men (n=2628) | P1) | Women (n=4040) | P1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of Kimchi intake | Quintiles of Kimchi intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 524 | 808 | 805 | 808 | ||
| Kimchi intake (g/day) | 18.0 ± 0.9 | 118.9 ± 0.8 | 344.4 ± 56.3 | <0.0001 | 7.0 ± 0.4 | 75.1 ± 0.5 | 260.5 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 |
| Total vegetable intake(g/day | y) 247.5 ± 8.7 | 352.4 ± 8.4 | 576.1 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 | 201.9 ± 8.9 | 260.3 ± 9.0 | 444.9 ± 8.4 | <0.0001 |
| Age (years) | 37.6 ± 0.7 | 40.7 ± 0.6 | 43.7 ± 50.6 | <0.0001 | 38.8 ± 0.6 | 39.8 ± 0.5 | 43.1 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Household income status | ||||||||
| High (%)2) | 27.3 | 24.1 | 25.8 | 0.4225 | 32.6 | 30.8 | 26.4 | 0.0942 |
| Education | ||||||||
| College or higher (%) | 42.7 | 40.6 | 41.7 | 0.9790 | 40.2 | 42.7 | 33.0 | 0.0238 |
| Regular exercise | ||||||||
| Yes (%)3) | 47.9 | 41.9 | 44.8 | 0.0620 | 35.2 | 39.3 | 36.2 | 0.3402 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Current smoker (%) | 48.2 | 48.6 | 50.2 | 0.5757 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 5.2 | 0.1896 |
| Monthly alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| ≥1 cup (%) | 79.4 | 79.0 | 76.0 | 0.7898 | 46.7 | 47.0 | 41.9 | 0.3518 |
| Frequency of eating out | ||||||||
| ≥1/day (%) | 41.5 | 48.7 | 37.3 | 0.0344 | 18.5 | 19.1 | 11.8 | 0.0092 |
| Frequency of fast food intake | ||||||||
| ≥1/week (%) | 4.4 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 0.5477 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.0089 |
Values are expressed as mean°æSE for continuous variables and percentage for categorical variables. Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P value is P for trend determined by GLM for continuous variables and P for difference by Chi-square test for categorical variables. 2) High was defined as Quatile 4 evaluated with monthly household income. 3) Regular exercise was defined as walking at least 30 minutes a day, more than 5 times per week.
Energy and energy adjusted nutrient intake according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korean adults
| Men (n=2628) | P for trend1) | Women (n=4040) | P for trend1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of total vegetable intake | Quintiles of total vegetable intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 525 | 808 | 808 | 808 | ||
| Nutrient intake | ||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1,998.2±532.53) | 2,374.8±345.3 | 2,894.9±536.8 | <0.0001 | 1,442.6± 519.9 | 1,731.5±519.3 | 2,160.1±524.5 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 340.5±554.93) | 370.4±554.4 | 377.9±555.4 | <0.0001 | 283.8± 552.5 | 293.0±552.7 | 298.4±553.3 | 0.0019 |
| Protein (g) | 86.4±551.93) | 88.5±551.3 | 94.1±551.8 | 0.0698 | 59.8±550.8 | 64.7±550.8 | 68.9±551.0 | <0.0001 |
| Fat (g) | 57.3± 551.43) | 51.8± 551.4 | 50.8±551.4 | 0.0139 | 42.1±550.9 | 37.1±550.9 | 37.0± 551.1 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 485.7± 517.53) | 565.5±513.1 | 767.7± 521.4 | <0.0001 | 405.8±510.7 | 462.3±559.2 | 613.6±513.2 | <0.0001 |
| Iron (mg) | 13.4±550.43) | 17.5±550.5 | 22.7±550.7 | <0.0001 | 10.8±550.3 | 12.9±550.3 | 18.2±550.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg) | 4,277.7±100.03) | 5,837.4±108.6 | 8,527.5±201.6 | <0.0001 | 3,196.9±561.1 | 4,302.7±583.5 | 6,200.2±161.6 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 2,824.1±554.43) | 3,449.3±545.5 | 4,491.6±562.1 | <0.0001 | 2,265.2±547.1 | 2761.3± 534.1 | 3,725.9±560.5 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium/Potassium | 1.6±550.03) | 1.8±550.0 | 2.0±550.0 | <0.0001 | 1.6± 550.0 | 1.7±550.0 | 1.7±550.0 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium/Sodium | 0.8±550.03) | 0.7±550.0 | 0.6±550.0 | <0.0001 | 0.9±550.0 | 0.7±550.0 | 0.8± 550.0 | <0.0001 |
| VitaminA (μgRE) | 770.4± 591.33) | 981.4±548.5 | 1319.6±549.2 | <0.0001 | 548.0±526.6 | 700.5±524.2 | 1,293.9±546.7 | <0.0001 |
| Carotine (μg) | 3,543.1±534.13) | 4,974.8±264.7 | 7,205.8±274.1 | <0.0001 | 2,431.8±141.5 | 3,493.5±134.6 | 7,058.0±276.2 | <0.0001 |
| Retinol (μg) | 188.4± 514.73) | 204.5±558.9 | 97.2± 513.2 | <0.0001 | 115.7± 555.0 | 108.2± 512.0 | 97.6± 559.1 | 0.0586 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.5±550.03) | 1.6± 550.0 | 1.8±550.0 | <0.0001 | 1.1±550.0 | 1.2± 550.0 | 1.4± 550.0 | <0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.5±550.03) | 1.5±550.0 | 1.7± 550.0 | 0.0002 | 1.1±550.0 | 1.1±550.0 | 1.3±550.0 | <0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 19.6±550.43) | 20.9±550.3 | 23.1±550.5 | <0.0001 | 13.3±550.2 | 14.9± 550.2 | 17.2±550.3 | <0.0001 |
| VitaminC (mg) | 81.8±554.13) | 112.7±554.0 | 170.1±554.7 | <0.0001 | 78.5±553.8 | 106.0±554.4 | 155.3± 554.6 | <0.0001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SE. Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P for trend from GLM unadjusted for energy intake and adjusted for energy for other nutrients.
Energy and energy adjutsetd nutrient intake according to quintiles of Kimchi intake in Korean adults.
| Men (n=2628) | P for trend1) | Women (n=4040) | P for trend1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of Kimchi intake | Quintiles of Kimchi intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 524 | 808 | 805 | 808 | ||
| Nutrient intake | ||||||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2,304.8 ± 36.3 | 2,369.1 ± 35.9 | 2,610.5 ± 36.3 | <0.0001 | 1,633.1 ± 22.9 | 1,755.5 ± 22.4 | 1,910.3 ± 22.1 | <0.0001 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 341.0 ± 5.5 | 357.6 ± 4.2 | 383.4 ± 4.7 | <0.0001 | 278.8 ± 3.0 | 289.1 ± 2.2 | 302.3 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Protein (g) | 89.2 ± 1.8 | 91.4 ± 2.2 | 88.3 ± 1.3 | 0.6300 | 64.1 ± 0.8 | 64.5 ± 0.8 | 65.6 ± 0.9 | 0.0342 |
| Fat (g) | 58.3 ± 1.4 | 52.9 ± 1.3 | 48.1 ± 1.2 | <0.0001 | 41.9 ± 0.9 | 39.4 ± 0.8 | 35.2 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Calcium (mg) | 535.1 ± 18.5 | 569.5 ± 15.0 | 670.0 ± 18.1 | <0.0001 | 449.1 ± 10.7 | 481.0 ± 13.2 | 540.3 ± 10.9 | <0.0001 |
| Iron (mg) | 15.4 ± 0.5 | 18.2 ± 0.6 | 20.0 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 | 12.6 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 15.4 ± 0.7 | 0.0004 |
| Sodium (mg) | 4,687.5 ± 135.8 | 6,042.9 ± 117.1 | 8,388.1 ± 189.8 | <0.0001 | 3,377.3 ± 73.5 | 4,023.1 ± 83.0 | 6,296.1 ± 117.9 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg) | 3,100.3 ± 52.8 | 3,472.0 ± 55.1 | 3,958.7 ± 56.1 | <0.0001 | 2,605.8 ± 51.9 | 2,772.9 ± 43.8 | 3,261.7 ± 54.1 | <0.0001 |
| Sodium/ Potassium | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Potassium/ Sodium | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (µgRE) | 901.5 ± 62.7 | 971.0 ± 83.2 | 1,045.5 ± 46.0 | 0.1650 | 704.7 ± 33.5 | 776.3 ± 27.4 | 899.3 ± 32.5 | 0.0016 |
| Carotine (µg) | 4,349.2 ± 356.3 | 4,972.7 ± 490.6 | 5,557.1 ± 244.2 | 0.0066 | 3,377.9 ± 182.1 | 3,836.4 ± 151.2 | 4,740.9 ± 193.7 | <0.0001 |
| Retinol (µg) | 184.8 ± 19.7 | 188.8 ± 57.0 | 104.6 ± 14.1 | 0.0144 | 116.1 ± 8.7 | 128.7 ± 14.3 | 91.1 ± 6.3 | 0.0035 |
| Thiamine (mg) | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 0.0026 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 0.9826 | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 0.0119 |
| Niacin (mg) | 20.4 ± 0.4 | 20.8 ± 0.4 | 21.4 ± 0.4 | 0.2541 | 14.8 ± 0.2 | 15.2 ± 0.2 | 15.7 ± 0.3 | 0.0470 |
| VitaminC (mg) | 92.2 ± 3.5 | 105.0 ± 3.3 | 142.1 ± 4.2 | <0.0001 | 95.2 ± 4.2 | 102.9 ± 3.5 | 132.3 ± 4.4 | <0.0001 |
Values are presented as mean ± SE. Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P for trend from GLM unadjusted for energy intake and adjusted for energy intake for other nutrients.
Parameters according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korean adults
| Men (n=2628) | P for trend1) | Women (n=4040) | P for trend1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of total vegetable intake | Quintiles of total vegetable intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 525 | 808 | 808 | 808 | ||
| Parameters | ||||||||
| Body mass index | 23.3 ± 0.2 | 23.9 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0025 | 22.5 ± 0.2 | 23.0 ± 0.1 | 23.1 ± 0.1 | 0.1251 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.3 ± 0.2 | 83.6 ± 0.2 | 82.5 ± 0.3 | 0.0026 | 76.4 ± 0.2 | 76.6 ± 0.2 | 76.3 ± 0.2 | 0.0212 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.3 ± 0.7 | 119.2 ± 0.7 | 119.5 ± 0.7 | 0.2344 | 113.4 ± 0.5 | 112.4 ± 0.5 | 112.3 ± 0.6 | 0.2981 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.3 ± 0.5 | 79.1 ± 0.5 | 79.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0110 | 72.7 ± 0.4 | 72.8 ± 0.4 | 73.3 ± 0.4 | 0.0933 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 96.7 ± 0.9 | 95.4 ± 0.6 | 95.8 ± 1.4 | 0.1817 | 90.9 ± 0.4 | 90.6 ± 0.3 | 91.6 ± 0.6 | 0.1024 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 150.8 ± 4.8 | 153.4 ± 5.6 | 146.4 ± 7.2 | 0.0497 | 104.5 ± 2.8 | 100.3 ± 2.5 | 100.1 ± 2.8 | 0.9750 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50.9 ± 0.6 | 51.1 ± 0.6 | 49.6 ± 0.6 | 0.3594 | 56.9 ± 0.5 | 56.2 ± 0.4 | 56.9 ± 0.5 | 0.2779 |
Values are presented as mean ± SE. Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P for trend from GLM.
Parameters according to quintiles of Kimchi intake in Korean adults.
| Men (n=2628) | P for trend1) | Women (n=4040) | P for trend1) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintiles of Kimchi intake | Quintiles of Kimchi intake | |||||||
| Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | Q1 | Q3 | Q5 | |||
| N | 525 | 526 | 524 | 808 | 805 | 808 | ||
| Parameters | ||||||||
| Body mass index | 23.4 ± 0.24) | 23.5 ± 0.2 | 24.0 ± 0.2 | 0.0358 | 22.5 ± 0.1 | 22.8 ± 0.1 | 22.9 ± 0.2 | 0.0010 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 83.5 ± 0.2 | 83.3 ± 0.2 | 82.8 ± 0.3 | 0.0000 | 76.3 ± 0.2 | 76.3 ± 0.2 | 76.1 ± 0.2 | 0.0002 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 119.7 ± 0.7 | 119.4 ± 0.7 | 120.6 ± 0.8 | 0.0145 | 113.0 ± 0.5 | 113.9 ± 0.6 | 112.5 ± 0.6 | 0.0241 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 0.6 | 79.9 ± 0.5 | 79.6 ± 0.6 | 0.0234 | 72.5 ± 0.4 | 73.6 ± 0.4 | 73.6 ± 0.4 | 0.0039 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 95.1 ± 0.8 | 96.3 ± 0.8 | 95.2 ± 1.2 | 0.1257 | 90.4 ± 0.4 | 90.9 ± 0.4 | 91.3 ± 0.5 | 0.0122 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 141.4 ± 4.2 | 162.5 ± 6.7 | 152.5 ± 6.5 | 0.0012 | 100.5 ± 2.3 | 100.2 ± 2.4 | 103.4 ± 2.4 | 0.1294 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 50.6 ± 0.6 | 49.3 ± 0.5 | 50.6 ± 0.5 | 0.3732 | 57.2 ± 0.5 | 57.4 ± 0.5 | 56.7 ± 0.5 | 0.1905 |
Values are presented as mean ± SE Q1, Q3, Q5 are the lowest, middle, and highest quintiles, respectively. 1) P for trend from GLM.
The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for metabolic syndrome and its components according to quintiles of total vegetable intake in Korea adults
