Son-Ok Mun; Jihye Kim; Yoon Jung Yang

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.177

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Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Son-Ok Mun, Jihye Kim, Yoon Jung Yang; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2013;18(2):177-186.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.177
Published online: April 30, 2013

Department of Obesity Management, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.

¹Department of Clinical Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.

²Department of Food & Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Yoon Jung Yang, Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, Korea. Tel: (02) 940-4465, Fax: (02) 940-4193, yjyang@dongduk.ac.kr

• Received: January 16, 2013 • Revised: February 13, 2013 • Accepted: March 28, 2013

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Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Korean postmenopausal women. The data from 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used for data analysis. Subjects were 2,701 postmenopausal women aged ≥ 50 years. BMDs at whole body, total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Dietary data from 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire containing 63 food items were used. The proportions of osteopenia at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 37.4%, 54.5%, and 45.4%, respectively. The proportions of osteoporosis at total femur, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were 6.2%, 25.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Age, anthropometric index including height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI), parathyroid hormone, and physical activity were related to BMD, but the relationships were site specific. Total femur BMD was explained by age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of carbohydrate and fruits. Femoral neck BMD was related to age, weight, parathyroid hormone and intakes of riboflavin and fruits. Lumbar spine BMD was associated with age, weight, milk and dairy products, calcium intake, and exercise. These results indicated that adequate intakes of milk and dairy products, fruits, carbohydrate, calcium, riboflavin and exercise as well as weight maintenance might play an important role in maintaining optimum bone health in Korean postmenopausal women.
Keywords: Bone mineral density; osteoporosis; osteopenia; postmenopausal women; dietary factor

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Fig. 1

Distribution of osteopenia and osteoporosis among study subjects.

Table 1

General characteristics of postmenopausal women by bone health status

1) P-values by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables

2) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means, based on one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc comparison test

Table 2

Pearson correlation coefficients between factors and bone mineral density in each site

1) Pearson correlation coefficient

Table 3

Partial correlation coefficients between nutrient intake and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 4

Partial correlation coefficients between food consumption frequency and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 5

Stepwise multiple regression analysis of several variables on bone mineral density in each site¹⁾

1) Dependent variable was bone mineral density in each site. Independent variables were, age, weight, parathyroid hormone, exercise, intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, and MAR, and frequencies of meats and eggs, fruits, milk and dairy products, and fast foods. The entry point of the stepwise method was 0.05, and the removal point was 0.10

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Community Nutr. 2013;18(2):177-186. Published online April 30, 2013

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.177

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Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Fig. 1 Distribution of osteopenia and osteoporosis among study subjects.

Fig. 1

Factors Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Korean Postmenopausal Women Aged 50 Years and Above: Using 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 1

General characteristics of postmenopausal women by bone health status

1) P-values by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables

2) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means, based on one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc comparison test

Table 2

Pearson correlation coefficients between factors and bone mineral density in each site

1) Pearson correlation coefficient

Table 3

Partial correlation coefficients between nutrient intake and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 4

Partial correlation coefficients between food consumption frequency and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 5

Stepwise multiple regression analysis of several variables on bone mineral density in each site¹⁾

Table 1 General characteristics of postmenopausal women by bone health status

1) P-values by one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables

2) Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means, based on one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe's post hoc comparison test

Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficients between factors and bone mineral density in each site

1) Pearson correlation coefficient

Table 3 Partial correlation coefficients between nutrient intake and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 4 Partial correlation coefficients between food consumption frequency and bone mineral density in each site

1) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

2) Adjusted for age, weight, exercise, parathyroid hormone, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

3) Adjusted for age, weight, smoking, alcohol drinking and dietary supplements

Table 5 Stepwise multiple regression analysis of several variables on bone mineral density in each site1)