Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

[Korean]
Association of ultra-processed food with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in elderly populations (urban and rural): a cross-sectional study: Seung Jae Lee, Mi Sook Cho; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):51-64. Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.51

Objectives
This study examined the association between ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and chronic diseases in elderly Koreans.
Methods
Data from the 2019–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake and UPF consumption were assessed using the NOVA food classification based on 24-hour recall data from 3,790 participants (aged 65+ years). Participants were divided into 4 groups based on the quartile of energy intake from UPFs. Regions were classified as urban or rural. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after controlling for potential confounders.
Results
Among the participants, 71.3% resided in urban and 28.7% in rural areas. Compared to the urban elderly, rural participants tended to be older, have lower education and income levels, be more likely to live in single-person households, and have a higher smoking rate (P < 0.05). Urban elderly consumed more UPFs daily (146.1 g) compared to rural residents (126.6 g; P < 0.05). “Sugar-sweetened beverages” were the most consumed category in both regions. “Sweetened milk and its products” and “traditional sauces” were prominent in urban areas, while rural elderly consumed more “traditional sauces” and “distilled alcoholic beverages.” Rural areas also had a higher carbohydrate-to-calorie ratio than urban areas. Compared to the lowest quartile of UPF intake, the highest quartile was significantly associated with impaired fasting glucose only in rural areas (AOR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.00–2.19; P for trend = 0.0014). No significant associations were observed for diabetes in either urban or rural areas.
Conclusions
This study suggests that high intake of UPFs is associated with increased odds of impaired fasting glucose in rural elderly. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific negative health effects of UPFs in different populations, and targeted efforts should promote healthy diets in both urban and rural areas.

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A Study of the Chemosensory Properties of Commercial Processed Foods Using Electronic Sensors
Hyeonjin Park, Younglan Ban, Sojeong Yoon, Hyangyeon Jeong, Seong Jun Hong, Hee Sung Moon, Se Young Yu, Hyun-Wook Kim, Kyeong Soo Kim, Eun Ju Jeong, Eui-Cheol Shin
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 53(8): 805. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7^th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study: Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(1):48-60. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.1.48

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The purpose of this study was to compare the sex-associated differences in the dietary intake of gastric cancer patients in Korea.
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) the 7 th (2016-2018) were analyzed in the present study. The subjects included 122 gastric cancer patients aged over 40 years (75 male, 47 female). General characteristics (age, marital status, household income, education, food security, comorbidities, alcohol drinking, and smoking), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, body mass index, and blood pressure), blood biochemical characteristics [fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol)], and quantity and quality of dietary intake were compared between male and female participants.
Results
Males had higher rates of having a spouse, prevalence of hypertension, alcohol drinking, and smoking than females. The proportion of males with a normal range of FPG, BUN, and HDL-cholesterol was lower than that in females. The total cholesterol levels above the normal range were higher in females than in males. We also found that females had a higher percentage of intakes below the estimated energy requirement (EER) and intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) for carbohydrates, niacin, phosphorus, and iron than males. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) for phosphorus and folate, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) for vitamin C, thiamine, niacin, folate, calcium, and phosphorus, and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were lower in females than males.
Conclusions
In Korean gastric cancer patients, management of comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia, lowering FPG, and raising HDL-cholesterol level management is required for males, whereas management of lowering total cholesterol and raising hematocrit is required for females. The quantitative and qualitative nutritional intakes were poor in gastric cancer patients, especially in females, who had a lower nutritional intake than males. We suggest that nutritional interventions are needed to improve the overall nutritional intake in both male and female gastric cancer patients. In particular, we propose that support is urgently needed for females whose nutritional intake is lower than that of males. In addition, family, social, and national support for nutritional management of female gastric cancer patients is highly necessary.

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[Korean]
Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly: Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(5):363-381. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.5.363

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the Korean elderly’s dietary intake status, subjective health-related perception and chronic disease prevalence among age groups. Associations of dietary quality with subjective health-related perception and chronic diseases were also examined.
Methods
Based on data from the 7th National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 3,231 elderly were selected and categorized into 4 age groups of ‘65 ~ 69’, ‘70 ~ 74’, ‘75 ~ 79’ and ‘over 80’. Nutrient intakes, proportions of those with insufficient nutrient intakes, Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), some subjective health-related perceptions and prevalence of major chronic diseases were compared according to the age groups. Differences in the subjective health-related perceptions and odds ratios of the chronic diseases according to the quartile levels of KHEI within the same age group were analyzed.
Results
With the increase of age, several nutrient intakes (P < 0.001) and KHEI scores significantly decreased (P < 0.01). In women, activity restriction increased (P < 0.05), and EQ-5D score decreased with age (P < 0.001). Prevalence of hypertension (P < 0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (P < 0.05) and anemia (P < 0.01) significantly increased, while hypertriglyceridemia (P < 0.01) significantly decreased only in men. Obesity prevalence decreased, while underweight prevalence increased (P < 0.05). Subjective health status, EQ-5D score and PHQ-9 score significantly improved as KHEI score increased in certain age groups of women (P< 0.05). Odds ratio of hypercholesterolemia significantly increased with the increase of KHEI score in 65 ~ 69-year-old women. However, hypertension and anemia significantly decreased with the increase of KHEI score in 75 ~ 79-year-old women (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
The study findings suggest that nutrition management and policy for the Korean elderly need to apply a segmented age standard that can better reflect their dynamic characteristics.

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Association between Healthy Eating Index and Mental Health in Middle-Aged Adults Based on Household Size in Korea
Ji-Myung Kim, EunJung Lee
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(8): 4692. CrossRef
Blood Biochemical Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Risk Factors Related to Poor HbA1c Control in Elderly Korean Diabetes Patients: Comparison between the 4th(2007-2009) and the 7th(2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 406. CrossRef
Comparison of the Nutrient Intake and Health Status of Elderly Koreans According to their BMI Status: Focus on the Underweight Elderly Population
You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 422. CrossRef

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[English]
Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):485-501. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.485

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics and dietary intake of adolescents aged 12 to 18 years according to the frequency of milk consumption. Methods: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used for the study. The study examined adolescents’ (12~18 years) demographic characteristics (house income level, residence region, skipping or not-skipping of breakfast/lunch/dinner, eatingout frequency), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, hematocrit) and nutrient intakes through quantitative and qualitative evaluation using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) of 3 groups (< 1/week, 1~6/week, 1/day) according to the frequency of milk consumption. Results: There were significant differences in gender and income levels among the 3 groups. There were no differences in height, weight, and weight status among groups. There were differences in biochemical characteristics and nutrient intake. In boys, there were differences in the mean of BUN and HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, potassium by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among 3 groups. In girls, there were differences in the mean of blood urea nitrogen, creatine, HDL-cholesterol, in quantitative intakes of protein, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by KDRI levels, in qualitative intakes of riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by INQ and riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus by NAR among the 3 groups. Conclusions: In Korean adolescents, boys had a higher frequency of milk consumption than girls, and higher the income level, higher the frequency of milk consumption. Consumption of milk appeared to have a positive association with triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, and indices related to muscle mass. Regular consumption of milk is an important factor in enhancing the intake of riboflavin, calcium, and phosphorus, which adolescents lack. The results of the study indicate a need to prepare an environment and education program to increase milk consumption in adolescents at home and school.

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Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to Household Income Levels of Korean Adolescents: Using Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-Kyeong Kwon, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 467. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women: Myung Hee Chang, Su Jin Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):318-332. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.318

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral modification of obese adults who underwent nutritional and physical activity education. Twenty obese females, aged 20â€“60 years old, with BMIs (Body Mass Index) >30 or body fat (%) >40 were subjected to this study.
METHODS
The physical activity education program consisted of doing exercise in a gymnasium together or home exercise. Dietary attitudes and dietary intakes were assessed using weight control, physical activity, and eating habits. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks.
RESULTS
After the study period, there was significant improvement in physical activity and eating habits score. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the dietary intakes of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and niacin. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels showed a tendency to decrease, but there was no significant difference. BMI, fat mass, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat levels were significantly reduced while muscle mass significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that behavioral modification by nutrition and physical activity education with feedback has positive effects on dietary intake and anthropometric biomarkers in obese adults. Therefore, lifestyle interventions of this kind could be recommended as a method for obesity management.

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Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127. CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef

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[English]
Study of the Coverage of Nutrition Labeling System on the Nutrient Intake of Koreans - using the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data: Ji Eun Park, Haeng Shin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(2):116-127. Published online April 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.2.116

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the coverage of the current mandatory nutrition labeling system on the nutrient intake of Koreans.
METHODS
KNHANES dietary intake data (2013) of 7,242 subjects were used in the analysis. KNHANES dietary intake data were collected by a 24-hour recall method by trained dietitians. For analysis, all food items consumed by the subjects were classified into two groups (foods with mandatory labeling and other foods). In the next step, all food items were reclassified into four groups according to the food type and nutrition labeling regulations: raw material food, processed food of raw material characteristics, processed foods without mandatory labeling, and processed foods with mandatory labeling. The intake of energy and five nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, saturated fat, and sodium) of subjects from each food group were analyzed to determine the coverage of the mandatory nutrition labeling system among the total nutrient intake of Koreans.
RESULTS
The average intake of foods with mandatory labeling were 384g/day, which was approximately one quarter of the total daily food intake (1,544 g/day). The proportion of energy and five nutrients intake from foods with mandatory labeling was 18.1%~47.4%. The average food intake from the 4 food groups were 745 g/day (48.3%) for the raw food materials, 54 g/day (3.5%) for the processed food of raw material characteristics, 391 g/day (25.3%) for the processed foods without mandatory labeling, and 354 g/day (22.9%) for the processed foods with mandatory labeling.
CONCLUSIONS
Although nutrition labeling is a useful tool for providing nutritional information to consumers, the coverage of current mandatory nutrition labeling system on daily nutrient intake of the Korean population is not high. To encourage informed choices and improve healthy eating habits of the Korean population, the nutrition labeling system should be expanded to include more food items and foodservice menus.

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area: Mi Ran Park, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(1):13-27. Published online February 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.1.13

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the effects of nutrition education with a dietary guidebook for children on dietary attitude, nutrition knowledge and nutrient intakes.
METHODS
The subjects were 54 higher grade elementary students (27 educated vs. 27 non-educated). The educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/lesson/week, 4 week) using a dietary guidebook of Children developed by The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (KSCN) & Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The contents were Balanced Diet, Smart Food Choices, Cooking a Healthy Snack and Building a Healthy Body. We examined the differences in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and dietary intake between the educated group and non-educated group.
RESULTS
After education, the educated group improved dietary attitude, nutrition knowledge and qualitative nutrient intakes compared to the non-educated group. Specifically, among dietary attitudes, â€˜taking a meal with salty and spicy foodâ€™ increased, while among nutrition knowledge, â€˜functions of proteinâ€™, â€˜functions of fatâ€™, â€˜foods with carbohydratesâ€™, â€˜foods with fatâ€™, â€˜foods with vitaminsâ€™, and â€˜foods with mineralsâ€™ were increased. Nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) scores for vitamin C, iron, and zinc were increased.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutrition education using a dietary guidebook for children developed by the KSCN & KFDA had positive effects on nutrition knowledge and qualitative nutrient intakes. These findings suggest that nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy and nutrient requirements may improve dietary attitude and quantitative nutrient intakes of children.

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Developing educational videos to inform rightly about school foodservice from kindergarten to high school: a case study
Gyoungok Gang, Chaewon Park, Haejin Kang, Wan Soo Hong, Yoo Kyoung Park, Sook Hee Choi, Seung Hye Kim, Jieun Choi, Jihyun Park, Hyeja Chang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 97. CrossRef
Awareness and Practice of Sugar Reduction in School Foodservice and the Practice of Nutrition Education in Daegu
Suhyang Jang, Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 167. CrossRef
Development of Educational Board Game for Dietary Education; ‘Food-Bicycle’
Jung Hoon Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2018; 27(5): 411. CrossRef

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[English]
Recommended Intake and Dietary Intake of Vitamin A for Koreans by Unit of Retinol Activity Equivalent: Youngnam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(4):344-353. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.344

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
New retinol activity equivalent (RAE) was introduced as vitamin A unit in Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for Koreans 2015. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of 2015 reference intake (RI) of vitamin A in RAE unit by the comparison with RI and dietary intake of vitamin A.
METHODS
Analyses on RI of vitamin A were based on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Koreans (1962~2000) and DRIs for Koreans (2005~2015). Analyses on Koreans dietary intake of vitamin A were based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) reports (1969-2014). For recalculation of RI and dietary intake of vitamin A in RE to RAE, 2013 Koreans intake of retinol: carotenoids ratio of 13: 87 was applied.
RESULTS
RI of vitamin A was 600~750 RE for Korean adult, and 339~425 RAE when calculated by applying the retinol and carotenoids intake ratio. Vitamin A intakes of Koreans were <100% RI, 267~668 RE from 1969 to 2001. From 2005, vitamin A intake had increased to >700 RE, >100% RI. When vitamin A intake was converted from RE to RAE (2005~2014), 718~864 RE became 405.8~488.1 RAE, decreased to 56.5% level. The recent 2015 RI of vitamin A is 850 RAE, two times of 2005 & 2010 RI of 425 RAE for adult male.
CONCLUSIONS
When nutritional status of vitamin A was assessed for Koreans using the estimated average requirement (EAR) of 2015 (570, 460 RAE for male, female adults, respectively), ratio of deficient people increased significantly when judged based on the previous intake of Koreans, <490 RAE. We needs to examine the 2015 RI (EAR) of vitamin A, find a way to measure the accurate intake of dietary vitamin A, and to increase the dietary intake of this vitamin.

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Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in three types of Korean watery kimchi
Hyosun Park, Suna Kim, Jaecheol Kim, KyeongJin Lee, BoKyung Moon
Applied Biological Chemistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans: vitamin A
Yuri Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(2): 201. CrossRef
Dynamics of Serum Retinol and Alpha-Tocopherol Levels According to Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Status
Dongsub Jeon, Minkook Son, Juhyun Shim
Nutrients.2021; 13(5): 1720. CrossRef
Representative Nutrients Contents and Nutritional Adequacy Evaluation of Single-Dish Meal for Middle School Students
Gisun Lee, Youngnam Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 93. CrossRef

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[English]
The Relations between Diabetic Dietary Compliance, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Dong Eun Kim, Seung Hee Hong, Ji Myung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(5):351-361. Published online October 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.5.351

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between diabetic dietary compliance and dietary intake, physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in type 2 diabetic patients.
METHODS
Seventy five subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes visiting the D hospital in Dongducheon from May 2014 to Dec 2014 were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their diabetic dietary compliance score (median 39); low diabetic dietary compliance (LDDC) group (n=44) and high diabetic dietary compliance (HDDC) group (n=31). Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method. The nutrient intake, food intake and KDDS (Korean's dietary diversity score), DVS (dietary variety score) and GMVDF (grain, meat, vegetable, dairy and fruit) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Metabolic parameters were obtained from the hospital records. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test and general linear model adjusted for sex.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MS was 59.7% in the participating diabetic patients. The prevalence of MS of the HDDC (39.3%) was significantly lower than that of the LDDC (72.7%). The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups (p=0.006). The intakes of seeds and nuts of the HDDC were significantly lower than those of the LDDC. Fat and vegetable fat intakes and % fat of energy in the HDDC were significantly lower than those in the LDDC. But, carbohydrate (CHO) and potassium intake and %CHO of energy in the HDDC were significantly higher than those in the LDDC. KDDS and GMVDF showed significant differences between groups (p=0.033; p=0.012).
CONCLUSIONS
Continuous intervention by specialized nutritionists for long-term self-regulation is needed for diabetic patients, and the high compliance to diabetic diet and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome.

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The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(3): 185. CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef
Healthy Dining Out in Diabetic Patients
Hae-Young Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2017; 18(4): 264. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutritional Status and Dietary Change after Gastrectomy of Gastric Cancer Patients: Young Ok Park, So Yoon Yoon, Shin Sook Kang, Sang Mi Han, Eun Hee Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(1):101-108. Published online February 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.101

Abstract PDF PubReader

The purpose of this survey is to investigate the nutritional status and dietary intake of gastrectomized cancer patients in Asan Medical Center. The subjects were 98 patients, who underwent a gastrectomy due to gastric cancer and were admitted to the General Surgery Department during March 2007 to December 2007. We examined general characteristics (sex, age, clinicopathological stage, type of operation), anthropometric data (height, weight change), biochemical data (red blood cell RBC, hemoglobin HGB, hematocrit HCT, mean corpuscular volume MCV, total lymphocyte count TLC, albumin, total cholesterol), dietary intake and dietary intake related symptoms. Weight loss of gastrectomized patients was 9.0 +/- 4.3% from preillness weight to visiting out-patient department (OPD) weight. Biochemical data (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, TLC, albumin, total cholesterol) significantly deteriorated after gastrectomy. However, outpatient visits were all restored to the normal range. Postoperative energy intake was 785.0 +/- 164.2 kcal, which corresponds to 41.6 +/- 9.6% of daily energy requirement. The cause of poor oral intake is mostly fear, abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort. Therefore, to control pre-or post-operative weight change in the future requires, focusing on the body weight to maintain a normal or usual nutrition by interventions and increased caloric intake during hospitalization for the development of nutrient-dense meals. In addition, as the main reason of the lack of intake of meals after the gastrectomy was fear, the patients should be actively encouraged to consider the importance of eating proper meals.

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Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef
Oral Nutritional Supplements Reduce Body Weight Loss after Gastrectomy in Patients with Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Mijoo Choi, Jong-Yeup Kim, Hyun-Hi Kang, Eunju Park, Sung Ryul Shim
Nutrients.2023; 15(18): 3924. CrossRef
[Republished study] Assessing Nutritional Status in Outpatients after Gastric Cancer Surgery: A Comparative Study of Five Nutritional Screening Tools
Jae Won Cho, Jiyoung Youn, Min-Gew Choi, Mi Young Rha, Jung Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(3): 205. CrossRef
Assessing Nutritional Status in Outpatients after Gastric Cancer Surgery: A Comparative Study of Five Nutritional Screening Tools
Jae Won Cho, Jiyoung Youn, Min-Gew Choi, Mi Young Rha, Jung Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(4): 280. CrossRef
A Case Study on the Customized Nutrition Intervention for a Patient with Primary Gastrointestinal Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Underlying Chronic Kidney Disease
Young-Hwa Song, Han-Na Kwon, Jeong-Im Hong, Juyeon Park, Ji-Yeon Kim, Hye-Jin Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(4): 332. CrossRef
Change in Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status Using Mealworms as Hospital Meal in Postoperative Patie
Seong Hyeon Kim, Jin Young Shon, Jun Sung Park, Jong Won Kim, Jung Hyun Kang, Eun Young Yun, Jae Sam Hwang, Hyung Mi Kim
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(4): 292. CrossRef
Development of a Self-Care Performance Scale for Patients with Stomach Cancer after Gastrectomy
Min Kyung Jeon, Geum Ja Park
Asian Oncology Nursing.2016; 16(2): 67. CrossRef
Postoperative Changes in Body Weight, Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life after Radical Gastrectomy among Patients with Gastric Cancer
Jin Ha Kim, Ja Yun Choi
Asian Oncology Nursing.2014; 14(3): 139. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers: Myeong Ok Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Eunju Park, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):783-795. Published online December 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: 44.4 +/- 7.8 yrs). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic (134.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the diastolic blood (87.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG (173.6 +/- 9.4 mg/dL) and fasting blood glucose (109.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dL) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.

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[English]
A Study on the Prevalence of Chronic Diseases, Health-related Habits and Nutrients Intakes according to the Quality of Life in Korean Adults: Jee young Chung, Mi Young Lee, Mi Joung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):445-459. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was done to analyze the chronic diseases prevalence and dietary intake status according to the health related quality of life and to identify its significant properties. This study was conducted based on 2906 subjects ranging from 20~64 years old, out of 9704 total subjects from the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2008. The average quality of life (QL) score was 0.915, where 983 subjects were below the average (low QL group) and 1923 subjects were above (high QL group). In the high QL group, there was more likely to be young, male, and with higher income and education. For high QL group, the self-related health score was high, and the subjective stress level was low. The prevalence of diabetes was significantly higher in the low QL group and anthropometric and biochemical measures were not shown differences between the two groups but waist circumference was significantly higher in the low QL group. The QL score was significantly negative correlated with the waist circumference and the body mass index. As for the recognition rate of Nutrition Guideline, there were no significant differences but high QL group had higher scores in "Eat a variety of foods", "Avoid too much Sodium", and "Enjoy meals and Eating a breakfast". Carbohydrate intake was significantly lower in the high QL group than in low QL group and the high QL group showed higher intake in legumes, meat and poultry, fruits, daily products and beverages. Overall results suggest that increased diabetes prevalence in people with low quality of life might be affected by the diets based on high carbohydrate, increased waist circumference, and lower rate of practice nutritional guideline.

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[English]
Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake by Food Frequency Questionnaire between Normal and Risk Groups according to the Bone Mineral Density of Female College Students Residing in Gangwon Area: Hye Ryeon Jeong, Sunju Yun, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):429-444. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score > or = 1) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

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[English]
Association of Serum Lipids and Dietary Intakes with Serum Adiponectin Level in Overweight and Obese Korean Women: Mi Young Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):27-35. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the association of blood clinical parameters and dietary intakes with serum adiponectin level. Athropometric measurement, dietary intakes, serum lipids and adiponectin levels were examined in 160 overweight and obese women. The subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin level. Weight, BMI, waist circumferences and waist/hip ratio of the highest quintile group were significantly lower than those of the lowest quintile group. Serum lipid analysis showed a significant higher level of TG, LDL-cholesterol, LDL/HDL ratio, AI, and serum hs-CRP in the lowest quintile group. Similarly, correlation data also showed that serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with serum HDL-cholesterol level (p < 0.01) and was negatively correlated with BMI (p < 0.01), waist circumferences (p < 0.01), waist/hip ratio (p < 0.01), systolic (p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), TG (p < 0.01), LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05), LDL/HDL ratio (p < 0.05), AI (p < 0.01), Homa-IR (p < 0.01), hs-CRP (p < 0.05) and leptin (p < 0.05). Dietary intake data showed that protein intake was significantly lower in the highest quintile group compared to the lower quintile groups while intakes of vitamin C was significantly higher in highest quintile group after adjustment by BMI, waist and energy intake, In addition, the highest quintile group had higher fiber intakes than the lower quintile groups. These results might suggest that a diet high in fiber and vitamin C and low in protein for obese patients would better be recommended to improve adiponectin level. However, further research is needed to elucidate the association of dietary intakes or dietary patterns and serum adiponectin level.

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[English]
Dietary Intakes and Eating Behaviors of Vietnamese Female Immigrants to Korea through Marriage and Korean Spouses and Correlations of Their Diets: Sun Hye Kim, Wha Young Kim, Ji Eun Lyu, Hye Won Chung, Ji Yun Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(1):22-30. Published online February 28, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study aimed to examine nutritional status and similarities of diets between Vietnamese female immigrants and Korean spouses and dietary changes of Vietnamese females after immigration. Subjects were 608 couples visiting 13 medical centers for the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea from November 2006 to November 2007. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained and dietary intakes were assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Sixty-eight percent of wives answered there have been changes in their diets and consumptions of meats, fish, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits increased after immigration. Energy intakes of wives and spouses were 1491.7 kcal and 1788.8 kcal, respectively, showing most couples (80.1%) consumed less than the Korean estimated energy requirements. More than half of the couples were below the Korean estimated average requirements of zinc, vitamin B2, and folate. The correlation coefficients between couples ranged 0.15-0.38 for unadjusted, 0.22-0.35 for per 1000 kcal, and 0.21-0.40 for energyadjusted, respectively. The proportions of couples in the same quartiles of each nutrient intake and in the same answers of each question of Mini Dietary Assessment were about 30% across nutrients and around 50% across questions. The length of residence is related to similarities of nutrient intakes between couples: similarities decreased after 3 years of residence in Korea. In conclusion, nutritional intakes of inter-married couples were inadequate although wives reported that their dietary intakes increased after immigration. Inadequate nutrient intakes of wives were partly explained by similar diets between couples because these wives without enough adjustment to Korean culture were more likely to follow what their spouses ate. Findings from this study may be helpful to improve the nutritional status of inter-married couples and make policies and programs for them. A follow-up study should identify factors affecting inadequate nutritional status of intermarried couples and similarities of their diets.

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[English]
The Effectiveness of Nutrition Education Provided by Dietitians in Child Care Centers: Hyeja Chang, Eunseon Ko; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):299-309. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition education with nutrition services provided by dietitians who were placed in child care facilities from the Korean Dietetic Association. For this, we investigated the levels of nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes of children who attended child-care centers as well as dietary practices of children assessed by their parents. The treatment for children consisted of nutrition education and food service activities that are provided by the dietitian who have 3 to 5 years experience. Nutrition education was implemented during 10 weeks, 20 times, and a total 400 min and it's effectiveness was evaluated by questionnaire. Data were obtained for 123 children aged 4 to 5 years old who attended four child-care centers, one for a control group and 3 for intervention groups. Dietary intakes were investigated by measuring one-serving size and plate waste a of child for one-day dietary records before and after nutrition education. The levels of nutrition knowledge of children improved showing 70.80 points before to 83.45 points after nutrition education (p < 0.001). Dietary intakes of the children after nutrition service increased significantly on cooked rice (133.66 g), Kimchi (19.41 g), side dish of meat/fish (48.40 g), and side dish of vegetables (24.88 g). Dietary practices of children after treatment also improved especially 'eat diverse meat, fish, egg, and bean' and 'never leave plate waste'. To summarize, this study pointed out that nutrition service and nutrition education provided by dietitians had influences on increases of the nutrition knowledge, dietary intake, and dietary practices. Therefore, placement of dietitians needs to extend to child care facilities from the 100 persons-over-capacity facility to the 50 persons-over-capacity facility, for providing professional service such as nutrition education and nutrition counseling.

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[English]
Dietary Intake Pattern of the Korean Adult Population by Weight Status: 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Yoonna Lee, Haeng Shin Lee, Young Ai Jang, Hae Jeung Lee, Bok Hee Kim, Cho Il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(3):317-326. Published online June 30, 2006

Abstract PDF: To explore the relationship between weight status and food intake pattern, the Nutrition Survey results of the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. Dietary intake data of Korean adults aged 20 to 64, years who participated in the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey, was used along with their demographic data. Subjects were classified into 4 groups based on the BMI value of subjects: underweight, normal, overweight and obese. For male adults, obese subjects had significantly higher mean intake of energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fat than normal subjects. In addition, obese male adults consumed more animal foods, especially more meats, than normal subjects. However, females obese subjects did not show higher intake of energy or fat. Although obese male adults showed higher energy intake, calcium and iron intake per 1000 kcal was lower than normal adults. Average calcium intake in females was low; about 70% of RDA regardless of obesity level. In addition, riboflavin and Vitamin A intake was lower in overweight and obese female than in normal females. Percentage of subjects with low fruit and vegetable intake (<400 g per day) was also high in female subjects. These results showed that food and nutrient intake patterns of obese population were different between male and female adults. These dietary intake patterns need to be considered in developing and implementing nutrition policy and intervention programs to prevent and control obesity. Moreover, the National Survey and monitoring system should be developed for continuous and effective investigation on the relationship between obesity and dietary intake.

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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intake and Antioxidant Status in Female College Students by Skin Types: Hyun Sook Bae, Yunhi Cho, Ju Young Kim, Hong Seok Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):63-71. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether nutrient intakes and serum biochemical indices are associated with the skin condition of humans. Anthropometric data, skin surface hydration, ceramide content, dietary intake of nutrients and serum lipids (total cholesterol, HDL-, LDL-cholesterol, TG, MDA: malondialdehyde, TAS: total antioxidant status) were obtained from 36 healthy young women. Subjects were classified into 2 groups {LM: Low Moisture Group (n = 20), HM: High Moisture Group (n = 16)} by forehead skin hydration. The results of this study were as follows: The average age, BMI, total body water, LBM, body fat%, WHR, forehead hydration, ceramide content were 20.2 yrs, 20.7, 28.8 l, 39.2 kg, 28.0%, 0.8, 44.3%, and 1.05 microgram/microgram protein, repectively. The intakes of SFA (saturated fatty acid), MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acid) in the HM group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the LM group, but zinc intakes in the LM group were higher than in the HM group. Serum levels of TAS in the LM group (1.27 mmol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of in the HM group (1.20 mmol/l). Whereas other lipid levels were not significantly different, intakes of vitamin B6 and folate showed significant positive correlation with the forehead hydration (r = 0.447, r = 0.377). Intakes of calcium and phosphorus showed significant negative correlation with forearm ceramide content (r = -0.496, r = -0.485). Several associations between nutrient intakes and skin conditions were observed, indicating that changes in baseline nutritional status may affect skin health.

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[English]
A Study on Nutritional Intakes in Elderly People in Wando Area: Bok Kyeong Cha; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(6):880-891. Published online December 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrients intakes and nutritional quality of Adults and Elderly People in an island area (Wando). A three-day dietary intakes survey, using a 24 hour recall method was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in an island area (Wando). Nutient intakes were analyzed using CAN-pro soft program and compared to Korean RDA. The quality of nutrients was assessed by analyzing nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ). The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for males and 1943.9 kcal for females, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for males and females were 28.0 and 30.4 g and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively. Nutrient consumed below 75% of Korean RDA was protein, vitamin A, Ca and Zn in both males and females. Average CPF ratio of males and females were 78.8 : 6.0 : 15.1 and 80.0 : 6.4 : 13.4, respectively. Energy intake ratio from protein was significantly higher in over 60 years males. Carbohydrate dependency decreased with age. Protein dependency increased with age. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of energy, protein, vitamin A and vitamin E were increased with age in males. The mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, were not significantly different by age group. Average MAR for males and females was 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) showed the tendency to decrease with age. Especially, there were significantly decreases in INQ of all nutrients, except protein, with age. Based on these results, it is evident that people in the island area did not consume enough nutrients. Specially, dietary intake of protein, vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca were not adequate.

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[English]
Comparison of Dietary Intakes and Plasma Lipid Levels in Diabetes and Control Elderly: Sang Eun Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):98-112. Published online February 29, 2004

Abstract PDF: ABSTRACT This study was done to investigate and compare the nutritional status and plasma lipids in the diabetes and control elderly. Subjects were 105 persons (male 32, female 73) aged over 65 years and visited public health centers in Ulsan area. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, diabetes and control group. Athropometric measurement, dietary intakes, and plasma biochemical indices were examined. Body Mass Index (BMI), Percentage of Ideal Body Weight (PIBW) and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) of diabetes group were higher than those of control group. Overall eating behavior were worse in diabetes group than those of control group. There was no significant difference in smoking and exercise status among groups. The ratio of drinkers was significantly higher in control group. But the amount of alcohol consumed at once was higher in the diabetes group. There was no significant difference in most nutrient intakes between males and females. The intakes of fiber, natrium (Na), vitamin A, and beta-carotene were significantly higher in diabetes group than control groups while that of potassium (K) was lower in diabetes group. Diabetes group had the higher levels in triglyceride, VLDL-cholesterol, Chol/HDL-cholesterol ratio, LDL/HDL-cholesterol ratio, while they had lower HDL-cholesterol level. Overall results might imply that the elderly with diabetes have to be more careful to their meals and health-related behaviors to increase the likelihood of a healthier life.

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[English]
Body Composition, Food Intake and Clinical Blood Indices of Female College Students: Jung Hee Kim, Hea Joon Ahn, Sang Eun Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(6):977-985. Published online December 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was done to evaluate the health and nutritional status of female college students in Seoul. The subjects were 63 healthy college students aged 20 to 29 years. Their body composition, dietary intakes, clinical blood indices were investigated. Their body composition was determined by means of a multifreqency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Their dietary intake was determined using 3-day record method and their nutrient intake was analyzed by Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-pro). Their hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were determined by semi-automated microcell counter (F-520). Their plasma total cholesterol, TG, and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured using test kits. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. Their average consumption of calcium, iron vitamin A, vitamin B2 and niacin were 63.3%, 65.0%, 85.2%, 89.2% and 95.2% of RDA, respectively. The overall mean values of the hematological indices in the female college students were within the normal range. However anemic subjects with hemoglobin (< 12 g/dl) and hematocrit (< 36%) accounted for about 20% of the subjects. The mean levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and TG were 188.4 mg/dl, 69.9 mg/dl and 67.4 mg/dl, respectively. The percentages of the subjects with plasma total cholesterol level (> 200 mg/dl) and LDL-cholesterol (> 130 mg/dl) were about 41% and 30.4%, respectively. The data showed a significantly positive correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and TG. However, there was a significantly negative correlation between either body fat (%) or BMI and HDL-cholesterol. These overall results suggest that it is necessary for college women to be educated regarding consuming more iron and vitamin C and less fat, in order to prevent iron deficiency anemia and/or cardiovascular diseases in later life.

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[English]
The Dietary Intake of Pregnant Women in Daegu Area: Hyo Jee Joung, Bong Soon Choi, Joung Ja Shin, Sung Do Yoon, Hwak Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(4):538-546. Published online August 31, 2003

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to figure out the dietary intake of pregnant women in Daegu area. A total of 467 pregnant women was recruited at two hospitals in this area to collect the information on dietary intakes, general characteristics, and anthropometric measurements using an interview. Forty-seven women (10.1%) were in the first trimester, 101 women (21.6%) in the second trimester, and 319 women (68.3%) in the third trimester. The mean age, prepregnant weight and height of subjects were not significantly different among the trimester groups. The mean daily nutrient intakes of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrates, phosphate, sodium, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C were significantly different among the trimester groups, but the other nutrients were not different. For the calcium and iron, the percentage of subjects consumed less than 75% of the Korean RDA was over 80%, and for other nutrients such as energy, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2 over 50% of subjects consumed less than 75% of the Korean RDA in the first trimester. The correlations between nutrient intakes and weight gain during pregnancy showed different patterns among the trimester groups. The mean adequacy ratio and dietary variety scores were not significantly different among the trimester groups. The amount of food intake from cereals and cereal products were higher during the second and the third trimester compared to the first trimester, but those of the other food groups were not significantly different. In conclusion, nutrient intakes of the pregnant women for iron, calcium and some vitamins were inadequate and nutritional management programs for these nutrients are necessary.

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[English]
The Relationship of Nutritional Satus to the Degree of Hypertension in Residents of Kangbuk-gu, Seoul: Eun Jung Son, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(3):304-315. Published online June 30, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to relate the degree of hypertension to nutritional status, in order to prepare basic data for a nutrition program. The study using the WHO standard divided the residents in Kangbuk-gu into a normal group (NG) of 254 adults with systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 130 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 85; a borderline hypertensive group (BG) of 81 adults with 130 < or = SBP < or = 140 or 85 < or = DBP < or = 90; and a hypertensive group (HG) of 143 adults with SBP > 140 or DBP > 90. The mean age of HG was older than the other groups (p < 0.001). The dietary intake was investigated by the 24-hour recall method. The Ca intake as the percentage of the Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for the HG were higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.01). The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) of Ca and Vit. A were below 0.75 for all three groups. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was above 0.75 (p > 0.05) for all three groups. The Dietary Variety Score (DVS) of the NG was 22.7, and higher than those of the other groups (p > 0.05). The fasting blood sugar (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), protein (p < 0.001), albumin (p < 0.01), hemoglobin (Hb) (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p < 0.001), and creatinine (p < 0.05) values of the HG were higher than those of the other groups. The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the waist-hip ratio (WHR) of the HG were higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results showed that there tended to be differences among the three groups. For effective nutritional education and counseling of each group, we should further study the differences and understand their characteristics of each group in order to provide nutritional education for controling and preventing hypertension.

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[English]
A Study on nutrition Knowledge, Nutritional Attitudes, Dietary Behavior and Dietary Intake by Weight Control Attempt among Middle School Female Students: Kyung Won Kim, Eun Mi Shin; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):23-31. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate weight control attempts and related factors among 209 middle school female students in Daejeon. Variables examined were body satisfaction, beliefs regarding weight control, body image, nutrition knowledge, nutritional attitudes, dietary behavior and dietary intake. A cross-sectional survey was employed, and data was analyzed using t-test and chi-square teat (at alpha=0.05). The average height, weight, and body fat (%) of subjects were 160.2 cm, 52.4 kg, and 25.9%, respectively. Those who attempted weight control were 61.7% of the samples, suggesting that weight control was quite popular among adolescents. Students in the weight control attempt group were more satisfied with their body size (p<0.001), and showed more distorted body image than those in the no weight control attempt group (p<0.001). Most of beliefs regarding weight control were also different in the two groups. The attempt group believed more strongly in the advantages of weight control, and believed less strongly in the harmful effects or difficulties associated with weight control. Although there were no differences in nutrition knowledge in the two groups, nutritional attitudes were slightly more favorable in the attempt group (p<0.01). In contrast, eating behaviors, such as those related to caloric intake (p<0.001), body image (p<0.001), and specific situations (p<0.01) were more desirable in the no-attempt group than in the attempt group. In addition, dietary intake of the attempt group was less adequate than that of the no-attempt group for nutrients such as iron (p<0.01), vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C(p<0.05). This study suggests that adolescents who attempt control weight have a more distorted body image and inadequate diet and showed more undesirable eating behaviors. Students should be taught and practice desirable methods of weight control. Educational programs should also include strategies for changing beliefs regarding weight control, as well as modifying diets and eating behaviors.

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[English]
Study of the Difference in Body Composition, Eating Habits and Dietary Intake in Three Sasang Constitutions among Elementary School Children: Jeong Mi Hong, Yoo Sik Yoon, Sun Mi Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):67-75. Published online February 28, 2002

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of body composition, eating habits and dietary intake in three Sasang constitutions. This survey was carried out using anthropometry, a questionnaire about eating habits, and 24-hour recall of dietary intake on 45 male and 29 female students of the fifth grade at C elementary school. The results are summarized as follows: A total of 44.6% of the subjects were Taeumin, 35.1% were Soyangin, and 20.3% were Soeumin. The average weight, WHR, Triceps, Rhrer index and BMI in the Taeumin group were significantly higher than those of the Soeumin and Soyangin groups. The body fat mass (kg) and abdominal fat (%) in the Taeumin group were significantly higher than those of the Soeumin and Soyangin groups. The soft body mass (%) in the Soeumin group was significantly higher than that of the Soeumi and Soyangin groups. The Taeumin's energy expenditure in physical activities was little high than that of the Soyangin and Soeumin groups, but the Soyangin's energy expenditure in physical activities per weight was a little higher than that of the Taeumin and Soeumin groups. The calorie and most of the nutrient intake were lower than those of Korean RDA. In the case of males, most nutrient intake, except for fiber, carotene and vitamin C were high in the Taeumin. For females, most nutrient intake, except for calcium and retinol were significantly higher in the Taeumin group. Conclusively, anthropometry characteristics, body composition, energy expenditure in physical activities, eating habits and dietary intake are different among the three Sasang constitutions. This study suggests the possibility of using Sasang consitutions as a basis for providing nutritional education and health guidelines.

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[English]
A Study on the Menu Patterns of Residents in Kangbukgu(II): Compared by the Sex, Age and Health Risk: In Young Hur, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(5):809-818. Published online December 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to fad the specific character of menu patterns by sex, age and health risk of subjects for the basic data of a nutrition education program. The dietary intake of the subjects was investigated by the 24-hour recall method. Subjects consisted of male 94, female 394, total 488. To analyze patterns, dishes were classified into major staple foods ; kimchi, soup and side dishes and also classified into 24 categories by the cooking method. For the men, a frequently served pattern was cooked rice + soup + kimchi. For the women, the pattern was also cooked rice + soup + kimchi. For the 20-49 year olds and the 50-64 year olds, frequently served patterns were cooked rice + soup + kimchi > noodle + kimchi. For the 65-74 year olds, those patterns were cooked rice + stew > cooked rice + kimchi. For the normal group and the risk group, the frequently served pattern was cooked rice + soup + kimchi. The most used menu pattern by the number of dishes was cooked rice + soup + kimchi in the male, female, normal group and risk group. For the 20-49 year olds, the pattern was cooked rice + soup + kimchi and noodle + kimchi. For the 50-64 year olds, it was cooked rice + soup + kimchi. For the 65-74 years old, it was cooked rice + stew. The result of analyzing patterns for the most used main staple food was cooked rice in all groups. The results of analyzing patterns, with those considered basic food, cooked rice, soup and stew, showed that frequently served patterns were cooked rice + soup > cooked rice > cooked rice + stew in all groups. With these results, we can summarize that the menu patterns of people in Kangbukgu was the younger, the more non-traditional. Also, the normal group had more various patterns than those of the risk group. Thus, we need further research about menu patterns to provide adequate nutrition education.

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[English]
A Study on the Menu Patterns of Residents in Kangbukgu( I ) -Whole Menu Patterns and Menu Patterns by Meal: In Young Hur, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(4):686-702. Published online October 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study is to suggest the menu patters of people in Kangbukgu for the basic data of the nutrition education program in its health center. The dietary intake was investigated by the 24-hour recall method for 488 subjects. To analyze patterns, dishes were classified into major staple food, kimchi, soup and side dishes and also classified into 24 categories by cooking method. Patterns by the kind of dishes for the subjects were cooked rice + soup + kimchi cooked rice + kimchi in the order of frequency of use. Patterns for breakfast were, cooked rice + soup + kimchi > coated rice + soup + two dishes of kimchi. For lunch, patterns were, noodle + kimchi > footed rice + kimchi = cooked rice + soup + kimchi. For dinner, patterns were, cooked rice + soup + kimchi = cooked rice + kimchi > noodle + kimchi. Results of analyzing by the number of dishes, were cooked rice + soup + kimchi + one side dish bread in that order. It was significantly different by meal(p<0.01). The results of analyzing patterns, with those considered basic food, cooked rice, soup and stew, were cooked rice + soup > cooked rice > cooked rice + stew. It was significantly different by meal(p<0.01). With these results, the menu patterns of people in Kangbukgu were different by meal. The main dish was mostly cooked rice and the menu has the traditional menu patters, composed of cooked rice, soup and kimchi.

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[English]
The Relationship between Obesity, Lifestyle, and Dietary Intake and Serum Lipid Level in Male University Students: Wha Jin Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(2):162-171. Published online May 31, 2001

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate the relationship between obesity, health-related lifestyle, and dietary intake and serum lipid level in 96 male university students. Health-related lifestyle factors were obtained from questionnaires. Dietary intakes were evaluated with one-day 24-hr recall and two-day dietary record. Anthoropometric data were recorded and serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured. 21.9%, 36.5%, 36.5%, and 6.2% of the subjects had levels beyond the normal range in serum total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), and triacyglycerol respectively, and 57.3% of the subjects had more than one hyperlipidemic factor. TC was correlated positively with BMI(p<0.01), waist length(p<0.05), hip length(p<0.05), and the amount of smoking(p<0.05). HDL-C was correlated negatively with BMI(p<0.05) and hip lenghth(p<0.05). LTD-C was correlated positively with BMI(p<0.01), water length(p<0.05), hip length(p<0.01), and coffee consumption(p<0.05). TG was correlated positively with waist length(p<0.01), waist-to-hip ratio(p<0.05), and amount of smoking(p<0.01) and negatively correlated with frequence of exercise(p<0.05). Among nutrient intakes, only the ratio of protein to energy was correlated negatively with TC(p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI, waist length, hip length, waist-to-hip ratio, and amount of cigarette smoking were associated with an increased risk of hyper-TC. BMI, waist length, and hip length were associated with an increased risk of hypo-HDL-C. BMI and coffee consumption were associated with an increased risk of hyper-LDL-C. Amount of cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of hyper-TG. In conclusion, a high prevalence of hyperlipidemia in subjects was observed. Also obesity, smoking, and coffee consumption were observed to be highly with the risk of hyperlipidemia in subjects. These findings imply that these factors should be primarily considered in planing the nutrition education program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in male university students.

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[English]
The Association of Body Mass Index with Dietary Intake, Serum Lipid Levels, Lipoprotein(a) and PAI-1 in Middle Class Korean Adults from 1995 to 1999: Jean Chinock Kim, Hio Jung Wee; Korean J Community Nutr 2001;6(1):51-68. Published online February 28, 2001

Abstract PDF: This investigation studied the relationship between Body Mass Index(BMI) and dietary intake, levels of serum lipid, lipoprotein(a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) of 28.449 Korean adults(16.937 men, 11.542 women) from 1995 to 1999. The dietary assessment was conducted using 24-hour dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. During this five year study, the BMI normal-weight group, as a percentage of the annual test population, decreased from 68.0% to 60.2%, while the BMI overweight and obese groups collectively increased from 25.0% to 29.7%. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), Triacylglycerol(TG) and PAI-1 increased as the values of BMI increased, while the levels of HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C) and lipoprotein(a)(men only) appeared to decrease as values of BMI increased. The levels of daily energy intake also increased as values of BMI increased in both men and women. The obese group had significantly higher levels of carbohydrate, protein, fat(men only), and cholesterol intake than those of the normal-weight, underweight, and overweight groups. In men, BMI positively correlated with the levels of macronutrients and cholesterol intake(p<0.001), % energy of protein, fat, and alcohol intake(p<0.001), and the levels of serum TC, LDL-C, TG and PAI-1(p<0.001), while BMI negatively correlated with % energy of carbohydrate intake, and the levels of Lp(a) and HDL-C(p<0.001). In women, BMI negatively correlated with level of cholesterol(p<0.01), fat(p<0.001), alcohol intake(p<0.05),% energy of fat (p<0.001), % energy of alcohol intake and level of and HDL-C(p<0.001). Subjects who had serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG levels greater than the standard reference values(TC>240 mg/dl, LDL-C>130 mg/dl, HDL-C>35, TG>200 mg/dl) exhibited a higher intake of the three macronutrients, iron, calcium, meat, milk and fatty foods than those subjects who had serum lipid concentrations less-than-or-equal-to the standard reference values. Overall, there was positive correlation between the high risk factors of vascular disease variables, dietary intake, and BMI. Prevalence of hypertension and high blood sugar were increased as BMI increased, but the prevalence of hypertension is decreased as the year goes by. These findings showed that dietary intake, level of serum lipids and other vascular disease risk factors increased as BIM increased. Therefore, middle or upper class Korean adults who have high BMI should improve their eating habits. This involve reducing alcohol, animal fat, high carbohydrate foods, and overall food intake, and balancing intake in order to lower vascular disease risk factors, including obesity.

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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education Program on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Diversity of Elementary School Children: Hyun Sook Yoon, Hal La Yang, Eun Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(3):513-521. Published online September 30, 2000

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to promote health for elementary school children. It was conducted with a 7 week program focused on the teaching of the food tower and evaluation of its educational effects. Subjects consisted of 75 boys and girls (control group : 37, treatment group : 38) in the 4th grade of elementary school. The results showed as follows. The proportion of boys was a little higher than that of girls. Of their mothers age, the thirties and forties were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. 61.3% of mothers had jobs and 86.7% of mothers prepared meals. The average of the anthropometric data of the 2 groups show were all in the normal range. The degree of nutritional knowledge in treatment group after education was significantly increased in all concepts, however, the degree of the control group appeared to show significant increase in only two concepts, such as "snack" and "one-sided diet". The diversity of dietary intake was investigated to evaluate the educational effect using food picture cards. The treatment group showed significant increase in all food groups except "cooked rice", "potatoes" and "fruits", but the control group showed no significant change. The level of nutrition knowledge has a significant correlation with the diversity of the food intake in the treatment group. The preferred lesson for children were "games", "doll playing" and "role playing". The impressive lesson contents were "diverse food intake without one-sided diet", "eating breakfast everyday", "choosing good snacks for health" and "eating less procesed food". These findings indicate that a well-designed program for nutrition education can help to change food habits, and that childrens education helps them to grow and to live as healthy adults. The performance of an educational program for preventive nutrition is more beneficial for children than for the adults based on the cost reduction and effect of this education.

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