Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Vitamins and Minerals According to Consumption of Dietary Supplements in Korean Adults and the Elderly: Report Based on 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data

Ji-Myung Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.329

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 25(4); 2020 > Article

Research Article
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Vitamins and Minerals According to Consumption of Dietary Supplements in Korean Adults and the Elderly: Report Based on 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Ji-Myung Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2020;25(4):329-339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.329
Published online: August 31, 2020

Professor, Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Korea

Corresponding author: Ji-Myung Kim,
Email: kjm@shinhan.ac.kr

Received: 31 July 2020 • Revised: 25 August 2020 • Accepted: 26 August 2020

146 Views
1 Download
4 Crossref
0 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Objective
This study was undertaken to evaluate the intake of vitamins and minerals from dietary supplements (DSs) in Korean adults and elderly.
Methods
Data for this study was generated from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We analyzed 4,204 individuals aged 19 years and older (2,579 users and 1,625 non-users). The survey included 24-h recall questions on food and DS intakes, as well as questions on DS use over the past year. The nutrient DSs evaluated were calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Total nutrient intakes were obtained by combining nutrient intakes of foods and DSs consumed by each subject.
Results
Most micronutrient intakes from food (except for thiamin) in adult users, and the four micronutrient intakes (iron, vitamin A, vitamin B₂ and vitamin C) in elderly users, were significantly higher than values obtained in non-users. For total intake of nutrients and DSs, both adult and elderly users had a significantly higher intake than non-users. While proportions below Estimated Average Requirements for all micronutrients by adding respective DSs in users were significantly reduced in adults and elderly as compared to non-users, the proportions of above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium and vitamin A in adults, and vitamin A in elderly, were significantly increased. In the total subjects examined, consumption of DSs was associated with lower odds ratios of undernutrition of micronutrients, and with higher odds ratios of overnutrition of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, as compared to non-users of DSs.
Conclusions
Although DSs consumption by adults and the elderly improves the micronutrient status, it also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.

Keywords: dietary supplements (DSs); vitamin and minerals; adults and elderly; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Korean J Community Nutr. 2020 Aug;25(4):329-339. Korean.
Published online Aug 31, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.329

Original Article

Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Vitamins and Minerals According to Consumption of Dietary Supplements in Korean Adults and the Elderly: Report Based on 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data

Ji-Myung Kim

Author information

Author notes

- Professor, Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu, Korea.
Corresponding author: Ji-Myung Kim. Food and Nutrition Major, Division of Food Science and Culinary Arts, Shinhan University, 95, Hoam-ro, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do 480-701, Korea. Tel: (031) 870-3515, Fax: (031) 870-3519, Email: kjm@shinhan.ac.kr

Received July 31, 2020; Revised August 25, 2020; Accepted August 26, 2020.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

This study was undertaken to evaluate the intake of vitamins and minerals from dietary supplements (DSs) in Korean adults and elderly.

Methods

Data for this study was generated from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We analyzed 4,204 individuals aged 19 years and older (2,579 users and 1,625 non-users). The survey included 24-h recall questions on food and DS intakes, as well as questions on DS use over the past year. The nutrient DSs evaluated were calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Total nutrient intakes were obtained by combining nutrient intakes of foods and DSs consumed by each subject.

Results

Most micronutrient intakes from food (except for thiamin) in adult users, and the four micronutrient intakes (iron, vitamin A, vitamin B2 and vitamin C) in elderly users, were significantly higher than values obtained in non-users. For total intake of nutrients and DSs, both adult and elderly users had a significantly higher intake than non-users. While proportions below Estimated Average Requirements for all micronutrients by adding respective DSs in users were significantly reduced in adults and elderly as compared to non-users, the proportions of above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium and vitamin A in adults, and vitamin A in elderly, were significantly increased. In the total subjects examined, consumption of DSs was associated with lower odds ratios of undernutrition of micronutrients, and with higher odds ratios of overnutrition of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, as compared to non-users of DSs.

Conclusions

Although DSs consumption by adults and the elderly improves the micronutrient status, it also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.

Keywords

dietary supplements (DSs); vitamin and minerals; adults and elderly; Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Tables

Table 1
General characteristics of dietary supplement users and non-user among Korean

Download Table

Table 2
Comparison of nutrient intakes from diet and total nutrient intakes from diet and supplements between non users and users in adults

Download Table

Table 3
Comparison of nutrient intakes from diet and total nutrient intakes from diet and supplements between non users and users in elderly

Download Table

Table 4
Odds ratio of insufficient and excessive nutrient intakes according to use of dietary supplements

Download Table

References

1. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Functional food [internet]. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2020 [cited 2020 Aug 20].
  Available from: http://www.foodsafetykorea.go.kr/.
1. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. 2018 Food and Drug Statistical Yearbook. Cheongju: Ministry of Food and Drug Safety; 2018.
1. Burnett AJ, Livingstone KM, Woods JL, McNaughton SA. Dietary supplement use among Australian adults: findings from the 2011-2012 national nutrition and physical activity survey. Nutrients 2017;9(11):1248–1259.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare (KR), Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea Health Statistics 2017: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-2). Cheongju: Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
1. Yoo YJ, Hong WS, Choi YS. The experience of nutrient supplement use among adults in the Seoul area. J Korean Soc Food Nutr 2001;30(2):357–363.
1. Kim SY, You JS, Chang KJ. Consumption of health functional food and dietary habits, nutrient intake and dietary quality of college students in Incheon. J Nutr Health 2013;46(2):166–176.
1. Lee YO, Song Y. Sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and nutrient intake by taking vitamin/mineral supplements. Korean J Food Culture 2010;25(4):480–486.
1. Kim YJ, Mun JA, Min HS. Supplement dose and health-related life style of vitamin-mineral supplement user among Korean middle-aged. Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):303–314.
1. Lee HS, Han JH, Kim SH. Prevalence of vitamin · mineral supplement use and its related factors among Korean adolescents. J Nutr Health 2013;46(6):552–559.
  CrossRef
1. Kang M, Kim DW, Lee H, Lee YJ, Jung HJ, Paik HY. The nutrition contribution of dietary supplements on total nutrient intake in children and adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015;70(2):257–261.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Song S, Youn J, Lee YJ, Kang M, Hyun T, Song Y. Dietary supplement use among cancer survivors and the general population: a nation-wide cross-sectional study. BMC cancer 2017;17(1):891–902.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Yoon L, Yang J, Kweon S, Oh K. Dietary supplement intake based on the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey in 2015. Public Health Wkly Rep 2018;11(7):188–192.
1. Willett W. In: Nutritional epidemiology. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
1. Lee YJ, Kang M, Paik HY, Song YJ. Use of dietary supplements and determinants of taking dietary supplements by gender in the Korean population: using the 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2009). Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):347–355.
  CrossRef
1. Dickinson A, Mackay D. Health habits and other characteristics of dietary supplement users: a review. Nutr J 2014;13(1):14–21.
  CrossRef
1. Lee HH, Park HA, Kang JH, Kang JH, Kim KW, Cho YG. What types of dietary supplements are used in Korea? Data from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2005. Korean J Fam Med 2009;30(12):934–943.
  CrossRef
1. Faria AM, Gomes-Santos AC, Goncalves JL, Moreira TG, Medeiros SR, Dourado LP. Food components and the immune system: from tonic agents to allergens. Front Immunol 2013;4:102–117.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Joo NS, Dawson-Hughes B, Kim YS, Oh K, Yeum KJ. Impact of calcium and vitamin D insufficiencies on serum parathyroid hormone and bone mineral density: analysis of the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV-3, 2009 and KNHANES V-1, 2010). J Bone Miner Res 2013;28(4):764–770.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society, Dietary reference intakes for Koreans 2015. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015.
1. Han H, Segal AM, Seifter JL, Dwyer JT. Nutritional management of kidney stones (Nepholithiasis). Clin Nutr Res 2015;4(3):137–152.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Sebastian RS, Cleveland LE, Goldman J, Moshfegh A. Older adults who use vitamin/mineral supplements differ from nonusers in nutrient intake adequacy and dietary attitudes. J Am Diet Assoc 2007;107(8):1322–1332.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Folate intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with newly established folate database
Eun-Ji Park, Inhwa Han, Kyoung Hye Yu, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(4): 418. CrossRef
Effect of Dietary Supplements on Vitamin and Mineral Intake Among Koreans: Data From the 2018-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Moon Yeong Hwang, Jiyoun Hong
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451. CrossRef
A Study on the Dietary Behavior of Korean Adults: Focus on Dietary Supplement Intake, Household Size, and COVID-19
Jinkyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 468. CrossRef

Cite

Related articles