The Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Dietary Habits in Korean Adults by Residential Area during the Last 10 Years – Based on the 4<sup>th</sup> (2007-2009) and the 7<sup>th</sup> (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Da-Mee Kim; Kyung-Hee Kim

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.37

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 26(1); 2021 > Article

Research Article
The Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Dietary Habits in Korean Adults by Residential Area during the Last 10 Years – Based on the 4^th (2007-2009) and the 7^th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data: Da-Mee Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim; Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2021;26(1):37-47.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.37
Published online: February 28, 2021

¹Lecturer, Dept. of Food ＆ Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea

²Professor, Dept. of Food ＆ Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author: Kyung-Hee Kim, Tel: +82-2-901-8591, Fax: +82-2-901-8372,
Email: khkim@duksung.ac.kr

Received: 21 December 2020 • Revised: 26 January 2021 • Accepted: 26 January 2021

48 Views
1 Download
10 Crossref
0 Scopus

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to discover the changes in obesity prevalence and dietary habits in Korean adults residing in various residential areas during the last 10 years. Methods: Data on Korean adults aged 19 years and above was obtained from the 4^th (2007-2009) and the 7^th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were classified into metropolitan 4^th : n=5,977, 7^th : n=6,651), urban (4^th : n=4,511, 7^th : n=5,512) and rural (4^th : n=3,566, 7^th : n=2,570) based on their residence. The general characteristics, nutrient intake, intake amount, food groups, and healthy dietary factors were analyzed. The association between residential areas and obesity prevalence were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. Results: In urban and rural areas, the obesity rate increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey, excluding the metropolitan area. The carbohydrate intake decreased, and lipid intake increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey. Over the same period, the intake of cereals and vegetables decreased, and the intake of meat and processed foods increased. Rural residents had a higher intake of cereals and vegetables, and a lower intake of milk and processed foods than those in metropolitan areas and urban residents. The proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey. In the 4^th survey, there was no relationship seen between the prevalence of obesity and the subject’s residential area, but in the 7^th survey, the odds ratio of obesity was higher in rural areas than in the metropolitan areas, confirming the regional gap (OR: 1.16, 95% CI=1.00-1.36, p=0.044). Conclusions: This study showed that the obesity prevalence increased in rural residents compared to metropolitan residents, indicating a gap between the regions. The nutrient intake and intake of food groups changed in the 10 years under consideration, and there were differences seen between regions. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a policy that will reduce obesity prevalence and health inequalities between regions.

Keywords: KNHANES; residential area; obesity prevalence; dietary habits; racticing a healthy diet

Korean J Community Nutr. 2021 Feb;26(1):37-47. Korean.
Published online Feb 28, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.37

Original Article

The Changes in Obesity Prevalence and Dietary Habits in Korean Adults by Residential Area during the Last 10 Years — Based on the 4^th (2007–2009) and the 7^th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Da-Mee Kim

,¹ and Kyung-Hee Kim

Author information

Author notes

- ¹Lecturer, Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
- ²Professor, Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
Kyung-Hee Kim. Department of Food & Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Samyangro-gil 144-33, Dobonggu, Seoul 01369, Korea. Tel: +82-2-901-8591, Fax: +82-2-901-8372, Email: khkim@duksung.ac.kr

Received December 21, 2020; Revised January 26, 2021; Accepted January 26, 2021.

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to discover the changes in obesity prevalence and dietary habits in Korean adults residing in various residential areas during the last 10 years.

Methods

Data on Korean adults aged 19 years and above was obtained from the 4^th (2007–2009) and the 7^th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were classified into metropolitan (4^th: n=5,977, 7^th: n=6,651), urban (4^th: n=4,511, 7^th: n=5,512) and rural (4^th: n=3,566, 7^th: n=2,570) based on their residence. The general characteristics, nutrient intake, intake amount, food groups, and healthy dietary factors were analyzed. The association between residential areas and obesity prevalence were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.

Results

In urban and rural areas, the obesity rate increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey, excluding the metropolitan area. The carbohydrate intake decreased, and lipid intake increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey. Over the same period, the intake of cereals and vegetables decreased, and the intake of meat and processed foods increased. Rural residents had a higher intake of cereals and vegetables, and a lower intake of milk and processed foods than those in metropolitan areas and urban residents. The proportion of subjects who practiced a healthy diet increased in the 7^th survey compared to the 4^th survey. In the 4^th survey, there was no relationship seen between the prevalence of obesity and the subject's residential area, but in the 7^th survey, the odds ratio of obesity was higher in rural areas than in the metropolitan areas, confirming the regional gap (OR: 1.16, 95% CI=1.00–1.36, P=0.044).

Conclusions

This study showed that the obesity prevalence increased in rural residents compared to metropolitan residents, indicating a gap between the regions. The nutrient intake and intake of food groups changed in the 10 years under consideration, and there were differences seen between regions. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate a policy that will sreduce obesity prevalence and health inequalities between regions.

Keywords

KNHANES; residential area; obesity prevalence; dietary habits; practicing a healthy diet

Tables

Table 1
General characteristics of study participants according to residence area and survey period in Korea

Download Table

Table 2
Energy and nutrient intakes of study participants according to residence area and survey period in Korea

Download Table

Table 3
Food group intakes of study participants according to residence area and survey period in Korea

Download Table

Table 4
Compliance of Korean adults with the healthy eating practice of the 4^th Health Plan of Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare

Download Table

Table 5
Obesity risk of Korean adults according to residential areas

Download Table

References

1. Williams EP, Mesidor M, Winters K, Dubbert PM, Wyatt SB. Overweight and obesity: Prevalence, consequences, and causes of a growing public health problem. Curr Obes Rep 2015;4(3):363–370.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2009;9(88):1–20.
1. De Wit LM, Van Straten A, Van Herten M, Penninx BW, Cuijpers P. Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association. BMC Public Health 2009;9(14):1–6.
1. Visscher TL, Seidell JC. The public health impact of obesity. Ann Rev Public Health 2001;22(1):355–375.
  CrossRef
1. Reidpath DD, Crawford D, Tilgner L, Gibbons C. Relationship between body mass index and the use of healthcare services in Australia. Obes Res 2002;10(6):526–531.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Lee YW. Estimating the medical costs of BMI and obesity in Korea: A control function approach. Health Soc Welf Rev 2019;39(2):548–579.
  CrossRef
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. National obesity management comprehensive measures. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2018. pp. 1-29.
1. Statistics Korea. Statistics of obesity prevalence in Korea [internet]. Statistics Korea; 2019 [cited 2020 Aug 28].
  Available from: http://kosis.kr.
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. The forth health plan: 2016-2020. Cheongju: Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2015.
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Korea Health Statistics 2018: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-3). Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA); 2019 Dec.
  Report No. 11-1351159-000027-10.
1. Chung SJ, Han YS, Lee SI, Kang SH. Urban and rural differences in the prevalence of gender and age specific obesity and related health behaviors in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2005;20(5):713–720.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Riva M, Curtis S, Gauvin L, Fagg J. Unravelling the extent of inequalities in health across urban and rural areas: evidence from a national sample in England. Soc Sci Med 2009;68(4):654–663.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Wen M, Fan JX, Kowaleski-Jones L, Wan N. Rural-urban disparities in obesity prevalence among working age adults in the United States: Exploring the mechanisms. Am J Health Promot 2017;32(2):400–408.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Kim EJ, Kang MG. Effects of built environment and individual characteristics on health condition. J Korean Reg Sci Assoc 2011;27(3):27–42.
1. Kim B, Hyun HS. Associations between social and physical environments, and physical activity in adults from urban and rural regions. Osong Public Health Res Perspec 2018;9(1):16–24.
  CrossRef
1. Kim HY, Kim YJ. A study on the regional difference of obesity in the social vulnerabilities: Focused on the Suwon city. J Korea Contents Assoc 2019;19(4):682–689.
1. Park IS, Han JT. Study of effect on the obesity status using multilevel logistic regression analysis. J Korean Data Inf Sci 2019;30(1):205–217.
  CrossRef
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2009 (KNHANES IV). Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2010.
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. The seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018 (KNHANES VII). Cheongju: Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency; 2019.
1. Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2015.
1. Lee S, Shin Y, Kim Y. Risk of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged Koreans from rural and urban areas. Nutrients 2018;10(7):859
  CrossRef
1. Kim MY, Oh JK, Lim MK, Yun EH, Kang YH. The association of socioeconomic and psychosocial factors with obesity in a rural community. J Obes Metab Syndr 2012;21(1):18–28.
1. Astrup A, Bügel S. Overfed but undernourished: recognizing nutritional inadequacies/deficiencies in patients with overweight or obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019;43(2):219–232.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. García OP, Long KZ, Rosado JL. Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on obesity. Nutr Rev 2009;67(10):559–572.
  CrossRef
1. Ha K, Kim K, Chun OK, Joung H, Song Y. Differential association of dietary carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome in the US and Korean adults: data from the 2007–2012 NHANES and KNHANES. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018;72(6):848–860.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Lee Y, Choi Y, Park HR, Song KH, Lee KE, Yoo CH, et al. Comparative analysis of dietary behavior and nutrient intake of elderly in urban and rural areas for development of “Village Lunch Table” program: Based on 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. J Nutr Health 2017;50(2):171–179.
  CrossRef
1. Kim Y, Seo S, Kwon O, Cho MS. Comparisons of dietary behavior, food intake, and satisfaction with food-related life between the elderly living in urban and rural areas. Korean J Nutr 2012;45(3):252–263.
  CrossRef
1. Ollberding NJ, Wolf RL, Contento I. Food label use and its relation to dietary intake among US adults. J Am Diet Assoc 2010;110(8):1233–1237.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Bae YJ. Relationship among practicing healthy diet and metabolic syndrome indicators in adults: From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013~2014. J Nutr Health 2016;49(6):459–470.
  CrossRef
1. Trivedi T, Liu J, Probst J, Merchant A, Jhones S, Martin AB. Obesity and obesity-related behaviors among rural and urban adults in the USA. Rural Remote Health 2015;15(4):3267
  PubMed
1. Befort CA, Nazir N, Perri MG. Prevalence of obesity among adults from rural and urban areas of the United States: findings from NHANES (2005–2008). J Rural Health 2012;28(4):392–397.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Chooi YC, Ding C, Magkos F. The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism 2019;92:6–10.
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef
1. Cohen SA, Greaney ML, Sabik NJ. Assessment of dietary patterns, physical activity and obesity from a national survey: Rural-urban health disparities in older adults. PLoS One 2018;13(12):e0208268
  PubMed
  
  CrossRef

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Risk of Pancreatic Cancer After Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Analysis of the Korean National Sample Cohort
Sung Hoon Jeong, Kyungduk Hurh, Eun-Cheol Park, Ja-ho Leigh, Seung Hoon Kim, Sung-In Jang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of ultra-processed food with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in elderly populations (urban and rural): a cross-sectional study
Seung Jae Lee, Mi Sook Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 51. CrossRef
Association of heavy metal complex exposure and neurobehavioral function of children
Minkeun Kim, Chulyong Park, Joon Sakong, Shinhee Ye, So young Son, Kiook Baek
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-Obesity Activity of Ethanol Extract of Veronica peregrina L.
Su Min Kim, Cheol Park, Yung Hyun Choi, Hye Jin Hwang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(4): 350. CrossRef
Effect of Type of Nutrition Labeling on the Healthfulness Evaluation and Purchase Intentions of Home Meal Replacements (HMR) in South Korea
Mee-Young Joe
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 387. CrossRef
Blood Biochemical Characteristics, Dietary Intake, and Risk Factors Related to Poor HbA1c Control in Elderly Korean Diabetes Patients: Comparison between the 4th(2007-2009) and the 7th(2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 406. CrossRef
Interactions between red and processed meat consumption and APOA5 gene variants associated with the incidence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults
Woo Jeong Choi, Dayeon Shin
Genes & Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef
Regional Disparity in Adult Obesity Prevalence, and Its Determinants
Bongjeong Kim
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2021; 46(4): 410. CrossRef
Obese Frailty and Combined Exercise
Hae Sung Lee, Jong-Hee Kim
Exercise Science.2021; 30(4): 419. CrossRef