Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Intake Ratio and Intake Pattern of Proteins in Middle-aged Men Based on the 2012–2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Minkyoung Jang; Eunsil Her; Kyunghea Lee

doi:10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.366

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Korean J Community Nutr > Volume 21(4); 2016 > Article

Research Article: Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 2016;21(4):366-377.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.366
Published online: January 20, 2016

¹⁾Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea

²⁾Department of Food and Nutriton, Changshin University, Changwon, Korea

†Corresponding author Kyunghea Lee Department of food and nutrition, Changwon, National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam 51140, Korea Tel: (055) 213-3514 Fax: (055) 281-7480 E-mail: khl@changwon.ac.kr ORCID: 0000-0003-0444-4824

• Received: July 14, 2016 • Revised: August 19, 2016 • Accepted: August 25, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

148 Views
0 Download
3 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
REFERENCES

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of the study was to compare intake of energy nutrients, physical characteristics, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to protein intake group. Methods: Subjects were 827 men aged 40–65 years. The results presented were based on data from the 2012–2013 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the protein intake group and intake pattern of protein-rich foods. Results: The mean of protein intake was 73.96 ± 0.71 g. According to level of protein intake, four groups (deficient, normal, excess 1, excess 2) were created and their percentages were 8.3%, 39.6%, 37.1%, and 15.0% respectively. The mean of daily energy intake was 2,312.33 ± 24.08 kcal. It was higher in excess group 2 than in the deficiency group (p<0.001). Moreover, the intake of all energy nutrients increased significantly with protein intake group (p < 0.001). The main contribution to daily protein included mixed grains (10.96 ± 0.32 g), milled rice (7.14 ± 0.30 g), chicken (3.50 ± 0.21 g), and grilled pork belly (3.04 ± 0.16 g). With regard to physical characteristics, and blood pressure and blood test results, only body mass index increased significantly according to protein intake groups (p<0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in subjects was 38.5%, and there was no significant correlation with protein intake group. The OR of metabolic syndrome increased with protein intake, and was higher 4.452 times in excess group 2 than in the normal group (p<0.05). Conversely, the OR of metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of protein-rich food intake did not show a significant correlation. Conclusions: The results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to establish guidelines for protein intake in middle-aged men.
Keywords: middle-aged men; protein intake; OR of metabolic syndrome

Table 1.

Distribution of protein intake ratio among study participants

Independent variable	Items	N (%)	Mean ± SD
Protein intake group¹⁾	Deficiency group (< RNI 75%)	72 (558.3)	562.6 ± 1.2²⁾
	Moderate group (RNI 75∼< 125%)	325 (539.6)	102.0 ± 0.9
	Excessive group 1 (RNI 125∼< 200%)	316 (537.1)	154.2 ± 1.4
	Excessive group 2 (≥ RNI 200%)	114 (515.0)	247.1 ± 4.2
	Total	827 (100.0)	162.0 ± 2.6

¹⁾Protein intake ratio: (Protein intake/recommended protein intake)×100 2) %

Table 2.

General characteristics of the subjects by protein intake group

Variables	Items	Protein intake group				χ² or F value	Total
Variables	Items	Deficiency group	Moderate group	Excessive group 1	Excessive group 2	χ² or F value	Total
Income	Low	16 (21.4)¹⁾	87 (32.6)	70 (25.2)	24 (21.7)	16.155	197 (27.3)
	Middle low	24 (35.5)	90 (27.3)	77 (26.9)	24 (22.3)		215 (27.0)
	Middle high	16 (22.5)	70 (20.0)	74 (21.0)	34 (28.2)		194 (21.8)
	High	16 (20.6)	78 (20.1)	95 (26.9)	32 (27.8)		221 (23.9)
Education level	≤ Primary school	10 (15.0)	46 (11.9)	34 (59.4)	7 (56.1)	14.672	97 (10.4)
	Middle school	7 (57.9)	47 (15.3)	25 (58.8)	13 (59.2)		92 (11.4)
	High school	30 (39.3)	115 (39.0)	123 (42.3)	46 (45.6)		314 (41.2)
	≥ College	25 (37.8)	117 (33.8)	134 (39.5)	48 (39.1)		324 (37.0)
Occupation	Professionals or technicians	19 (29.7)	61 (16.8)	81 (25.4)	26 (23.5)	41.635∗	187 (22.0)
	Clerical support workers	4 (55.1)	44 (12.8)	35 (10.9)	11 (59.7)		94 (11.0)
	Salesperson service workers	8 (59.6)	32 (59.7)	50 (16.1)	19 (18.6)		109 (13.4)
	Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers	4 (53.2)	35 (58.6)	23 (57.4)	6 (53.6)		68 (57.0)
	Plant and machine operators, and assemblers	20 (32.3)	84 (28.6)	65 (23.2)	37 (33.6)		206 (27.6)
	Elementary occupations	7 (57.0)	28 (58.5)	30 (59.3)	7 (55.2)		72 (58.2)
	Inoccupation	10 (13.1)	41 (15.0)	32 (57.7)	8 (55.8)		91 (10.8)
Marital status	Married	69 (94.5)	314 (95.2)	308 (97.2)	110 (95.9)	52.077	801 (96.0)
Marital status	Unmarried	3 (55.5)	11 (54.8)	8 (52.8)	4 (54.1)	52.077	26 (54.0)
Age (years)		50.48 ± 0.78²⁾	49.58 ± 0.40	49.95 ± 0.43	49.83 ± 0.68	50.417	49.96 ± 0.33

¹⁾N (%) 2) Mean ± SD ∗: p < 0.05

Table 3.

Energy nutrient intake by protein intake group¹⁾

Variables		Protein intake group				F-value	Total (N=827)
Variables	Deficiency group (N=72)	Deficiency group (N=72)	Moderate group (N=325)	Excessive group 1 (N=316)	Excessive group 2 (N=114)	F-value	Total (N=827)
Energy (kcal)		1,158.49 ± 35.91²⁾	1,715.60 ± 18.38	2,347.33 ± 22.62	3,313.20 ± 549.33	381.140∗∗∗ 2	2,133.66 ± 16.35
Energy nutrient intake	Protein (g)	32.25 ± 50.73	53.65 ± 50.52	80.55 ± 50.78	129.38 ± 124.83	1041.739∗∗∗	73.96 ± 50.71
	Fat (g)	15.78 ± 50.94	27.38 ± 50.55	46.15 ± 50.83	82.97 ± 552.25	464.921∗∗∗	43.07 ± 50.73
	Carbohydrate (g)	219.63 ± 58.32	312.13 ± 54.06	400.28 ± 54.54	508.49 ± 558.76	249.490∗∗∗	360.13 ± 53.46
Energy ratio	Carbohydrate (%)	75.02 ± 50.84	72.41 ± 50.35	68.07 ± 50.31	61.41 ± 550.54	92.386∗∗∗	69.23 ± 50.28
	Protein (%)	11.66 ± 50.28	12.75 ± 50.10	13.93 ± 50.11	15.82 ± 550.18	68.392∗∗∗	13.54 ± 50.91
	Fat (%)	13.31 ± 50.67	14.83 ± 50.28	18.00 ± 50.24	22.77 ± 550.45	68.890∗∗∗	17.23 ± 50.23

¹⁾Adjusted for occupation in total subjects 2) Mean ± SD ∗∗∗: p < 0.001

Table 4.

Major sources and frequency of protein intake per week (N=827)

Rank	Food	Daily intake(g)	Food	Frequency of intake per week
1	Mixed grains	10.96 ± 0.32¹⁾	Cabbage kimchi	13.20 ± 0.27
2	Milled rice	7.14 ± 0.30	Mixed grains	9.74 ± 0.28
3	Fried chicken	3.50 ± 0.21	Milled rice	8.01 ± 0.30
4	Grilled pork belly	3.04 ± 0.16	Milk	1.89 ± 0.11
5	Noodles	1.96 ± 0.10	Fried eggs	1.70 ± 0.07
6	Milk	1.81 ± 0.11	Soy bean paste stew	1.31 ± 0.06
7	Ramen	1.80 ± 0.08	Kimchi stew	1.28 ± 0.06
8	Stir-fried pork	1.77 ± 0.13	Soy bean paste soup	1.24 ± 0.06
9	Fried eggs	1.72 ± 0.07	Ramen	1.08 ± 0.04
10	Squid	1.51 ± 0.11	Grilled pork belly	0.76 ± 0.03
11	Bibimbap	1.51 ± 0.09	Noodles	0.63 ± 0.03
12	Black bean sauce noodle	1.50 ± 0.10	Bibimbap	0.61 ± 0.04
13	Beef bulgogi	1.50 ± 0.10	Stir-fried pork	0.47 ± 0.03
14	Steamed pork	1.33 ± 0.11	Squid	0.45 ± 0.03
15	Kimchi stew	1.27 ± 0.06	Black bean sauce noodle	0.40 ± 0.03
16	Soy bean paste stew	1.11 ± 0.05	Fried chicken	0.34 ± 0.02
17	Stir-fried chicken	1.04 ± 0.16	Steamed pork	0.24 ± 0.02
18	Cabbage kimchi	1.02 ± 0.03	Stir-fried chicken	0.23 ± 0.02
19	Soy bean paste soup	1.01 ± 0.05	Roast beef	0.23 ± 0.02
20	Roast beef	1.00 ± 0.08	Beef bulgogi	0.20 ± 0.02

¹⁾Mean ± SD

Table 5.

Exploratory factor analysis for food sources¹⁾

Factors	Items	Factor loading	Communalities	Eigen values (% of variance)
Grain	White rice	0.893	0.824	2.872 (9.894)²⁾
Grain	Multi grain rice	0.876	0.787	2.872 (9.894)²⁾
Meat1	Grilled pork	0.544	0.484	1.666 (9.846)
Meat1	Chicken	0.661	0.533	1.666 (9.846)
Meat2	Roast beef	0.895	0.756	1.421 (9.098)
Meat2	Beef bulgogi	0.708	0.615	1.421 (9.098)
Stew	Soy bean paste soup	0.613	0.420	1.212 (8.669)
	Soy bean paste stew	0.742	0.672
	Kimchi stew	0.650	0.578
Meat3	Stir-fried pork	0.511	0.488	1.058 (8.507)
	Stir-fried chicken	0.665	0.515
	Squid	0.626	0.442
Noodle	Ramen	0.443	0.573	1.032 (7.957)
	Noodles	0.812	0.690
	Black bean sauce noodle	0.615	0.506
Egg & Milk	Fried eggs	0.574	0.676	1.014 (6.468)
Egg & Milk	Milk	0.810	0.717	1.014 (6.468)
	Total score			(60.440)

¹⁾Adjusted for occupation in total subjects 2) KMO and Bartlett's test 0.681 (p < 0.001)

Table 6.

Anthropometric measurement and blood pressure by protein intake group¹⁾

Variables	Protein intake group				F-value	Total (N=827)
	Deficiency group	Moderate group	Excessive group 1	1 Excessive group 2
	(N=72)	(N=325)	(N=316)	(N=114)
Height(cm)	168.99 ± 1.06²⁾	169.69 ± 0.52	170.53 ± 0.35	169.91 ± 0.50	3.359∗∗∗	169.78 ± 0.34
Weight (kg)	67.95 ± 1.86	69.37 ± 0.89	69.51 ± 0.67	70.31 ± 0.92	3.797∗∗∗	69.28 ± 0.56
Body mass index (kg/m²)³⁾	23.78 ± 0.58	24.09 ± 0.30	23.85 ± 0.18	24.29 ± 0.26	2.750∗∗	24.00 ± 0.17
Waist circumference (cm)	81.49 ± 1.52	83.16 ± 0.75	83.49 ± 0.59	85.47 ± 0.75	2.466∗∗	83.40 ± 0.49
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	119.27 ± 2.86	118.45 ± 1.45	121.96 ± 0.99	121.54 ± 1.32	1.995∗	120.30 ± 0.92
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	80.84 ± 1.58	79.36 ± 1.13	82.11 ± 0.66	81.31 ± 0.97	1.206	80.90 ± 0.54

¹⁾Adjusted for occupation, energy intake, carbohydrate intake and fat intake in total subjects 2) Mean ± SD 3) BMI (Body mass index)=Weight(kg)÷{Height (m)×{Height(m)} ∗: p < 0.05

Table 7.

Biochemical factors related to metabolic syndrome by protein intake group¹⁾

Variables	Protein intake group				F-value	Total (N=827)
Variables	Deficiency group (N=72)	Moderate group (N=325)	Excessive group 1 (N=316)	Excessive group 2 (N=114)	F-value	Total (N=827)
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL)	593.74 ± 2.44²⁾	96.29 ± 1.23	100.63 ± 1.20	102.14 ± 51.45	1.506	98.20 ± 0.82
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	5 44.88 ± 1.76	47.15 ± 0.87	48.60 ± 0.77	50.15 ± 51.14	1.638	47.70 ± 0.53
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	153.29 ± 20.42	143.82 ± 9.74	166.43 ± 8.11	177.50 ± 10.22	2.543∗∗	160.26 ± 5.72

¹⁾Adjusted for occupation, energy intake, carbohydrate intake and fat intake in total subjects 2) Mean ± SD

Table 8.

Metabolic syndrome index and the prevalence by protein intake group¹⁾

Variables	Items	Protein intake group				χ² value	Total
Variables	Items	Deficiency group	Moderate group	Excessive group 1	Excessive group 2	χ² value	Total
Waist circumference (cm)	< 90	61 (982.4)¹⁾	254 (979.3)	250 (979.8)	80 (969.9)	6.377	645 (978.3)
	≥ 90	11 (917.6)	71 (920.7)	66 (920.2)	34 (930.1)		182 (921.7)
	Total	72 (100.0)	325 (100.0)	316 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		827 (100.0)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	< 130	52 (970.8)	263 (980.1)	241 (978.3)	78 (968.6)	8.399	634 (976.9)
	≥ 130	19 (929.2)	61 (919.9)	75 (921.7)	36 (931.4)		191 (923.1)
	Total	71 (100.0)	324 (100.0)	316 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		825 (100.0)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	< 85	46 (963.3)	219 (966.6)	206 (965.6)	72 (958.9)	2.551	543 (964.8)
	≥ 85	25 (936.7)	105 (933.4)	110 (934.4)	42 (941.1)		282 (935.2)
	Total	71 (100.0)	324 (100.0)	316 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		825 (100.0)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	< 100	48 (968.8)	218 (967.1)	185 (963.1)	64 (960.4)	2.655	515 (964.7)
	≥ 100	23 (931.2)	105 (932.9)	124 (936.9)	50 (939.6)		302 (935.3)
	Total	71 (100.0)	323 (100.0)	309 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		817 (100.0)
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	< 150	46 (963.4)	185 (954.7)	182 (955.8)	67 (958.6)	1.990	480 (956.4)
	≥ 150	25 (936.6)	138 (945.3)	127 (944.2)	47 (941.4)		337 (943.6)
	Total	71 (100.0)	323 (100.0)	309 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		817 (100.0)
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	< 40	24 (932.4)	102 (930.6)	99 (934.2)	27 (922.9)	5.399	252 (930.9)
	≥ 40	47 (967.6)	221 (969.4)	210 (965.8)	87 (977.1)		565 (969.1)
	Total	71 (100.0)	323 (100.0)	309 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		817 (100.0)
Retention numbers of metabolic syndrome components	< 3	47 (965.7)	208 (962.6)	190 (962.7)	59 (953.7)	4.014	504 (961.5)
	≥ 3	23 (934.3)	115 (937.4)	119 (937.3)	55 (946.3)		312 (938.5)
	Total	70 (100.0)	323 (100.0)	309 (100.0)	114 (100.0)		816 (100.0)

¹⁾N (%)

Table 9.

Odds ratio for metabolic syndrome by protein intake group¹⁾³⁾

Variables	Unadjusted	Adjusted
Variables	OR (95% CI)	OR (95%CI)
Protein intake group
Deficiency group	0.874 (0.445 − 1.717)	0.768 (0.345 − 1.712)
Moderate group	1.000 (reference)³⁾	1.000 (reference)²⁾
Excessive group 1	0.993 (0.688 − 1.435)	1.315 (0.761 − 2.272)
Excessive group 2	1.442 (0.874 − 2.377)	4.452 (1.544 − 12.835)

¹⁾Adjusted for energy intake (continuous variable), carbohydrate intake (continuous variable), fat intake (continuous variable) and BMI (continuous variable) in total subjects 2) Odds ratio of deficiency, excessive 1, excessive 2 group based on the risk of moderate group 3) Calculated by Complex Samples Logistic Regression

Table 10.

Odds ratio for metabolic syndrome by the frequency of intake of proteins per week¹⁾²⁾

Variables		Unadjusted	Adjusted
Variables		OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Major sources of protein intake patterns	Grain	1.028 (0.990 − 1.068)	1.050 (1.000 − 1.102)
	Meat1	1.036 (0.931 − 1.154)	1.086 (0.935 − 1.262)
	Meat2	1.063 (0.925 − 1.221)	1.073 (0.870 − 1.322)
	Stew	1.017 (0.965 − 1.073)	1.026 (0.967 − 1.089)
	Meat3	1.052 (0.791 − 1.678)	1.029 (0.774 − 2.158)
	Noodle	1.022 (0.939 − 1.111)	1.032 (0.927 − 1.148)
	Egg & Milk	1.000 (0.930 − 1.075)	1.025 (0.927 − 1.134)

¹⁾Adjusted for energy intake, carbohydrate intake, fat intake and BMI in total subjects 2) Calculated by Complex Samples Logistic Regression

REFERENCES

1. Statistics Korea. Life expectancy [Internet]. Statistics Korea;. 1996; [cited 2016 May 11]. Available from:. http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=6&NUM=156.
2. Statistics Korea. The number and demographic dynamics rate trend [Internet]. Statistics Korea;. 1996; [cited 2016 Apr 7]. Available from:. http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B8000F&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=A2_6&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=E1.
3. Statistics Korea. A district (military region)/1-year-old per resident population [Internet]. Statistics Korea;. 1996; [cited 2016 Feb 5]. Available from:. http://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B040M1&vw_cd=MT_ZTITLE&list_id=A6&s. eqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&c onn_path=E1..
4. Baek SS, Yeoum SG, Cho JY. The Causal relationship between andropause symptoms, depression, and suicidal ideation in middle-aged men. J Korean Data Anal Soc 2014; 16(5): 2739-2755.
5. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [Internet]. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;. 2013; [cited 2014 Dec 16]. Available from:. https://knhanes.cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do.
6. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. 1st ed.. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2010.
7. Hochstenbach-Waelen A, Veldhorst MAB, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Westerterp KR. Comparison of 2 diets with either 25% or 10% of energy as casein on energy expenditure, substrate balance, and appetite profile. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(3): 831-838.
8. Umesawa M, Sato S, Imano H, Kitamura A, Shimamoto T, Yamagishi K, et al. Relations between protein intake and blood pressure levels in Japanese men and women: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90(2): 377-384.
9. Hunt JR, Johnson LAK, Roughead ZKF. Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89(5): 1357-1365.
10. Jang SO. Dietary reference intakes for protein: Protein requirement and estimation method, AMDR (Amount of Macronutrient Distribution Range), for protein. Korean J Nutr 2011; 44(4): 338-343.
11. Kim YN. A Study on calculation methods and amounts changes of recommended protein intake in the recommended dietary allowances for Koreans and dietary reference intakes for Koreans. J Korean Home Econ Educ Assoc 2012; 24(2): 51-62.
12. Park JS, Park ES. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and nutrient intakes of obese middle school students in Korea: Focused on Namwon city, Jeonbuk. Korean J Human Ecol 2008; 17(1): 159-170.
13. Na DW, Jeong E, Noh EK, Chung JS, Choi CH, Park J. Dietary factors and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men. J Agric Med Community Health 2010; 35(4): 383-394.
14. Jeon SH, Kim NH. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose according to food frequency similarity in Korea. J Korea Acad Ind Coop Soc 2013; 14(2): 751-758.
15. Oh AR. Major dietary patterns and their association with sociodemographic, psychological and physical factors among Korean middle-aged men: 2001 KNHANES [master's thesis]. Sungshin Women's University;. 2009.
16. Ahn SH. A study of dietary risk factors related to chronic disease in the Korean elderly: based on 2005 Korean national health and nutrition survey [master's thesis]. Chatholic University;. 2008.
17. Shimazu T, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Ohmori K, Sato Y, Nakaya N, et al. Dietary patterns and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: a prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36(3): 600-609.
18. Millen BE, Quatromoni PA, Pencina M, Kimokoti R, Nam BH, Cobain S. Unique dietary patterns and chronic disease risk profiles of adult men: The Framingham nutrition studies. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105(11): 1723-1734.
19. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. How to use the guidelines for low data of Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [Internet]. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;. 2010; -2012 [cited 2015 Aug 23]. Available from:. https://knhanes. cdc.go.kr/knhanes/index.do..
20. National Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Nutrition. 8th ed.. Paju: Kyomunsa; 2011.
21. World Health Organization. International association for the study of obesity, international obesity task force. The Asia Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment Sydney, Health Communications;. 2000; 15-21.
22. The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intakes for Koreans. 1st ed.. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2015.
23. Hwang MH, Sim YJ. Vascular endothelial dysfunction and exercise in metabolic syndrome patients. Korean J Obes 2015; 24(3): 126-131.
24. Willett W, Stamfer MJ. Total energy intake: Implications for epidemiologic analyses. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124(1): 17-27.
25. Moon HK, Kong JE. Assessment of nutrient intake for middle aged with and without metabolic syndrome using 2005 and 2007 Korean national health and nutrition survey. Korean J Nutr 2010; 43(1): 69-78.
26. Kim KE, Kwak KJ, Min HY, Choi JY, Jeon SY. An investigation into midlife as it is perceived by middle aged Korean men. Korean J Human Dev 2011; 18(3): 135-155.
27. Park EO, Choi SJ, Lee HY. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related risk factors based on the KNHANES V 2010. J Agric Med Community Health 2013; 38(1): 1-13.
28. Lee JE. Analysis of correlation of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, nutrient intake level and hyperlipidemic risk factors in middle aged Korean men [master's thesis]. Chung-Ang University;. 2008.
29. Vita JA, Yeung AC, Winniford M, Hodgson JM, Treasure CB, Klein JL, et al. Effect of cholesterol-lowering therapy on coronary endothelial vasomotor function in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2000; 102(8): 846-851.
30. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Obesity Treatment Guidelines [Internet]. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity;. 1992; [cited 2014 Jun 12]. Available from:. http://www.kosso.or.kr/general.
31. Yoo HJ, Kim YH. A study on the characteristics of nutrient intake in metabolic syndrome subjects. Korean J Nutr 2008; 41(6): 510-517.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluation of diet quality according to the eating-out patterns of preschoolers and school-aged children in South Korea: based on data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-na Ju, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song, Yujin Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(2): 165. CrossRef
Dietary Safety Management Awareness and Competency for Healthcare among Adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Areas
Yunhwa Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 112. CrossRef
Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Dietary Fat Energy Ratio in Middle-aged Men - Using the 2012~2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data -
Eun-Sil Her
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 1030. CrossRef

PubReader

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Intake Ratio and Intake Pattern of Proteins in Middle-aged Men Based on the 2012-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Korean J Community Nutr. 2016;21(4):366-377. Published online August 31, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.366

XML Download

We recommend

Related articles

Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Intake Ratio and Intake Pattern of Proteins in Middle-aged Men Based on the 2012-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

Table 1.

Distribution of protein intake ratio among study participants

Independent variable	Items	N (%)	Mean ± SD
Protein intake group¹⁾	Deficiency group (< RNI 75%)	72 (558.3)	562.6 ± 1.2²⁾
	Moderate group (RNI 75∼< 125%)	325 (539.6)	102.0 ± 0.9
	Excessive group 1 (RNI 125∼< 200%)	316 (537.1)	154.2 ± 1.4
	Excessive group 2 (≥ RNI 200%)	114 (515.0)	247.1 ± 4.2
	Total	827 (100.0)	162.0 ± 2.6

¹⁾Protein intake ratio: (Protein intake/recommended protein intake)×100 2) %

Table 2.

General characteristics of the subjects by protein intake group

Variables	Items	Protein intake group				χ² or F value	Total
Variables	Items	Deficiency group	Moderate group	Excessive group 1	Excessive group 2	χ² or F value	Total
Income	Low	16 (21.4)¹⁾	87 (32.6)	70 (25.2)	24 (21.7)	16.155	197 (27.3)
	Middle low	24 (35.5)	90 (27.3)	77 (26.9)	24 (22.3)		215 (27.0)
	Middle high	16 (22.5)	70 (20.0)	74 (21.0)	34 (28.2)		194 (21.8)
	High	16 (20.6)	78 (20.1)	95 (26.9)	32 (27.8)		221 (23.9)
Education level	≤ Primary school	10 (15.0)	46 (11.9)	34 (59.4)	7 (56.1)	14.672	97 (10.4)
	Middle school	7 (57.9)	47 (15.3)	25 (58.8)	13 (59.2)		92 (11.4)
	High school	30 (39.3)	115 (39.0)	123 (42.3)	46 (45.6)		314 (41.2)
	≥ College	25 (37.8)	117 (33.8)	134 (39.5)	48 (39.1)		324 (37.0)
Occupation	Professionals or technicians	19 (29.7)	61 (16.8)	81 (25.4)	26 (23.5)	41.635∗	187 (22.0)
	Clerical support workers	4 (55.1)	44 (12.8)	35 (10.9)	11 (59.7)		94 (11.0)
	Salesperson service workers	8 (59.6)	32 (59.7)	50 (16.1)	19 (18.6)		109 (13.4)
	Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers	4 (53.2)	35 (58.6)	23 (57.4)	6 (53.6)		68 (57.0)
	Plant and machine operators, and assemblers	20 (32.3)	84 (28.6)	65 (23.2)	37 (33.6)		206 (27.6)
	Elementary occupations	7 (57.0)	28 (58.5)	30 (59.3)	7 (55.2)		72 (58.2)
	Inoccupation	10 (13.1)	41 (15.0)	32 (57.7)	8 (55.8)		91 (10.8)
Marital status	Married	69 (94.5)	314 (95.2)	308 (97.2)	110 (95.9)	52.077	801 (96.0)
Marital status	Unmarried	3 (55.5)	11 (54.8)	8 (52.8)	4 (54.1)	52.077	26 (54.0)
Age (years)		50.48 ± 0.78²⁾	49.58 ± 0.40	49.95 ± 0.43	49.83 ± 0.68	50.417	49.96 ± 0.33

¹⁾N (%) 2) Mean ± SD ∗: p < 0.05

Table 3.