Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[English]
Analysis of health behavior changes among residents in depopulation areas in Korea: a cross-sectional study based on Community Health Survey data from 2010 to 2019: Miyong Yon; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):348-357. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00001

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
The total population of Korea began to decline in 2019; in particular, the population in rural areas has been rapidly decreasing and is aging. Therefore, the government has designated depopulation areas and is seeking ways to support them. To assess whether health disparities exist between areas with population decline and those without, this study used community health survey data to observe temporal changes in health behaviors between the two types of areas. Methods: The analysis used Community Health Survey data from 2010 to 2019, and regional classification was divided by depopulation areas designated by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Trends in health behavior and chronic disease prevalence between depopulation and non-depopulation areas were analyzed. All analyses were conducted using complex sample analysis procedures in SAS 9.4 software. Results: The smoking rate steadily decreased in both depopulation and non-depopulation areas, whereas the high-risk drinking rate increased slightly. The walking practice rate did not improve in depopulation areas compared to non-depopulation areas. Furthermore, nutritional labeling usage rate was consistently lower in depopulation areas than in non-depopulation areas, with the gap being the largest. The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension showed that the gap between depopulation and non-depopulation areas is continuously increasing. Conclusions: Health behaviors in depopulation areas have not improved, and the prevalence of chronic diseases is increasing rapidly. Therefore, the demand for health care services that support healthy lifestyle practices and chronic disease management in these areas is expected to increase.

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[Korean]
Association between health financial capacity of local governments and health behaviors of local residents: a cross-sectional study: Miyong Yon; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(2):95-103. Published online April 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.2.95

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The budget gap in the health sector of local governments affects the supply of health services, which can cause the health gap. This study classified local governments according to their financial characteristics, such as local financial independence and health budget level. It analyzed the health behaviors and disease prevalence of local residents to examine the effect of local government financial investment on the health of local residents.
Methods
To classify types according to the financial characteristics of local governments, financial independence and the health budget data for 17 local governments were collected from the local fiscal yearbook of the Ministry of Public Administration and Security. The prevalence of chronic diseases and healthy behavior was compared using the 16,333 data of adults between the ages of 30 and 65 years among the original data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2020).
Results
Cluster analysis was used to classify local governments into five clusters according to the health financial capacity type. A comparison of the prevalence of local residents by cluster revealed a similar prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand, the obesity rate (P < 0.01), high-risk drinking rate (P < 0.01), aerobic physical activity rate (P < 0.001), and healthy eating practice rate (P < 0.001) were significantly different. In addition, an analysis of the odds ratio based on the Seoul area revealed a higher risk of health behavior of non-Seoul residents.
Conclusions
It is necessary to review the universal health promotion project budget considering the degree of regional financial vulnerability from the viewpoint of health equity to narrow the health gap among regions.

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Original Articles

[English]
Relationship between Complementary Feeding Introduction and Early Childhood Caries: Results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2015: Miyong Yon, Hye Sun Shin, Haeng Shin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):97-105. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.97

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study examined whether the infant feeding type and duration are related to the introduction of complementary feeding, and whether the appropriate introduction of complementary feeding in infancy is related to tooth decay in toddlers.
METHODS
The subjects were 1,521 toddlers among 2~3 year old children in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 to 2015. The toddlers were divided into the appropriate group (4~6 months) and delayed group (>6 months) according to the timing of complementary feeding introduction.
RESULTS
The delayed group were 26.5% of subjects and the formula feeding period in the appropriate group and delayed group was 8.4 and 10.3 months, respectively (P=0.002). On the other hand, there was no difference in the breastfeeding period between the appropriate group and delayed group (P=0.6955). Early childhood caries was more common in the delayed group (P=0.0065). The delayed introduction of complementary feeding was associated with a risk of early childhood caries according to the logistic models (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.27â€“2.57).
CONCLUSIONS
The introduction of complementary feeding is associated with early childhood caries. Therefore, the importance of the proper introduction of complementary feeding in infancy should be emphasized, and public relations and education for maternal care and breastfeeding should be provided through health care institutions.

Citations

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Feeding Practices and Early Childhood Caries in Korean Preschool Children
You Hyun Park, Yoon Young Choi
International Dental Journal.2022; 72(3): 392. CrossRef
Prediction Models of Early Childhood Caries Based on Machine Learning Algorithms
You-Hyun Park, Sung-Hwa Kim, Yoon-Young Choi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8613. CrossRef
Dietary intake and nutritional status of Korean children and adolescents: a review of national survey data
Minji Kang, So Yoon Choi, Minyoung Jung
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2021; 64(9): 443. CrossRef

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[English]
Investigation on Influencing Environmental Factors on Health Status of Korean Septuagenarians Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):142-162. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.142

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea.
METHODS
We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (> or = 18.5 kg/m2), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin B1, B6, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake.
CONCLUSIONS
These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Development and Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Satisfaction (YLP-S) Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Kang-Hyun Park, Ickpyo Hong, Ji-Hyuk Park
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2021; 58: 004695802110176. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of dietary behavior and nutrient intake of elderly in urban and rural areas for development of “Village Lunch Table” program: Based on 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Youngmi Lee, Yourim Choi, Hae Ryun Park, Kyung Hee Song, Kyung Eun Lee, Chang Hee Yoo, Young Suk Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 171. CrossRef
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Lim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178. CrossRef
The Comparative Analysis of Health Risk Factor according to HbA1c Level of Elderly Women Dwelling in Jeonla Province - Blood Health Status, Food Habit and Nutrient Intake -
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(3): 392. CrossRef
Changes in the Nutrition Status of Elderly Females in Health Promotion Programs of Health Centers in Chungbuk Province
Myoung-Sook Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(2): 225. CrossRef
A Study on the Blood Health Status and Nutrient Intake in Elderly Women Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province according to Family Arrangement
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 940. CrossRef

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[English]
Breast-feeding and Obesity in Early Childhood: Based on the KNHANES 2008 through 2011: Miyong Yon, Haeng Shin Lee, Dohee Kim, Jeeyeon Lee, Jiwoon Nam, Gui Im Moon, Jinhwan Hong, Cho il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):644-651. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.644

Abstract PDF PubReader

Although there has been a significant increase in breast-feeding (BF) rate in Korea, it is plateaued since 2008 and still low compared with that of other countries. Because BF has been related to lower obesity prevalence in many studies and the increase in childhood obesity became evident in Korea, we wondered if a relatively lower BF rate has anything to do with this increase. Therefore, we looked into the relationship between mode & duration of BF during infancy and weight status of toddlers using the data from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 through 2011. Number of 2-3 year old toddlers with complete information on BF, anthropometry and normal birth weight was 674. While 87% of them were ever-breastfed, 6.2% each of them were either obese or overweight based on the Standard Growth Chart for Korean Children. Not only the obesity prevalence was different among groups of different mode of feeding, but also the mean duration of BF was significantly longer in normal weight group (9.2 mo.) compared with obese group (5.5 mo.). Accordingly, overweight and obesity prevalence of the toddlers breast-fed for 12 months or longer was significantly lower than that of the toddlers breast-fed for less than 12 months (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.32-0.87). This study revealed that both BF and duration of BF affect the childhood obesity and, BF for 12 months or longer should be encouraged more aggressively as one of the main strategies to prevent and/or decrease childhood obesity in Korea.

Citations

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Breastfeeding and impact on childhood hospital admissions: a nationwide birth cohort in South Korea
Jeong-Seon Lee, Jae Il Shin, Sunyeup Kim, Yong-Sung Choi, Youn Ho Shin, Jimin Hwang, Jung U Shin, Ai Koyanagi, Louis Jacob, Lee Smith, Han Eol Jeong, Yunha Noh, In-Sun Oh, Sang Youl Rhee, Chanyang Min, Seong Ho Cho, Steve Turner, Guillaume Fond, Laurent B
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Infant Feeding Characteristics With Dietary Patterns and Obesity in Korean Childhood
Kyoung-Nam Kim, Moon-Kyung Shin
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2023; 56(4): 338. CrossRef
Feeding characteristics in infancy affect fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety in early childhood
Kyoung-Nam Kim, Moon-Kyung Shin
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 307. CrossRef
Relations among Maternal Employment, Depressive Symptoms, Breastfeeding Duration, and Body Mass Index Trajectories in Early Childhood
Jihyoung Kim
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2020; 24(2): 75. CrossRef
Knowledge and health beliefs about gestational diabetes and healthy pregnancy's breastfeeding intention
Seungmi Park, Jung Lim Lee, Jang In Sun, Youngji Kim
Journal of Clinical Nursing.2018; 27(21-22): 4058. CrossRef
Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea
Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee
Obesity Research & Clinical Practice.2018; 12(2): 222. CrossRef
Dietary status of young children in Korea based on the data of 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Eun-kyung Kim, Byengchun Song, Se-Young Ju
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(4): 330. CrossRef
The Relationship Between Breastfeeding Duration and Preschooler Problem Behavior: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Development
Sujeong Kang, Yea-Ji Hong, Naya Choi, Kangyi Lee
Korean Journal of Child Studies.2017; 38(6): 63. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Obesity and Overweight in Korean Preschool Children: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014
Inju Hwang, Kyung-Sook Bang
Child Health Nursing Research.2016; 22(4): 237. CrossRef
Dietary Habits and Nutrient Intakes according to Feeding Method during Infant Period in Elementary School Students
Myung-Hwa Kang, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Hyun-Jin Kim, Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(1): 57. CrossRef

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[English]
Anthropometric Index, Dietary Habits and Nutrient Intake of the Oldest-old Population Aged 95 and Over Living in Seoul: Chung Shil Kwak, Ji Hyun Cho, Miyong Yon, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):603-622. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.603

Abstract PDF PubReader

The population aged 95 years and older in Seoul approximately increased to five-fold over the past 10 years, while nationwide rates increased to three-fold. In order to examine the dietary habit and nutritional status of oldest-old population living in Seoul, we recruited 87 subjects (25 males and 62 females) aged 95 years and older. The prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) were 18.2% and 18.2% in males, and 20.8% and 9.4% in females, respectively. In self-assessment of health, only 25.3% answered to be unhealthy. More males exercised regularly and reported a wide range of activities than females. The average of %Kcal from carbohydrate, protein and fat (C : P : F) was 64.9 : 13.8 : 21.2 in males and 68.1 : 14.2 : 17.7 in females. The average daily energy intake was 1,307 kcal in males and 1,304 kcal in females. More than 75% of subjects were taking under estimated average requirements (EAR) for vitamin B1, B2 & C and Ca. The average of mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.66 in males and 0.70 in females, and 28.8% of males and 12.9% of females were in MAR < 0.50. Based on MAR, 32.0% of males and 14.5% females were classified as normal and 16.0% of males and 25.8% of females were classified as malnourished. Our subjects were taking more animal food, especially milk and its products, compared to those living, in rural areas. However, a significant proportion did not meet the EAR for vitamin B1, B2 & C and Ca.

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Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef
Commentary for the Elderly in the Pandemic Era
Asif Khattak, Badar Kanwar, Consolato Sergi, Chul Joong Lee, Jenny Balentine, Jong-Hoon Lee, Jungwuk Park, So Jeong Lee, Su-Hee Choi
Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra.2021; 11(2): 168. CrossRef
Status of health and nutritional intake of the elderly in long-term care facilities: focus on Gwangju Metropolitan City
Gyusang Han, Eunju Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 27. CrossRef
Study on Energy and Nutrient Intake and Food Preference of the Elderly in Care Facilities
Jong-Sook Kwon, Seung Hee Lee, Kang Min Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 200. CrossRef
A study on the Needs for Nutrition Management Program for Elderly Who use Welfare Facilities
Min-June Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Ok-Jin Park, Young-Mi Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 65. CrossRef
The Prevalence of Obesity by Percentage of Body Fat, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index and Their Association with Prevalence of Chronic Diseases of Elderly in Seoul Area
Min Jeong Kang, Jung Young Park, Jung Yun Kim, Yeon Joo Lee, Min Hee Do, Sang Sun Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(3): 358. CrossRef

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[English]
Development and Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Website for the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity: Miyong Yon, Chan Park, Kwan Hee Yoo, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):390-406. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.390

Abstract PDF PubReader

Childhood obesity has rapidly increased worldwide and is one of the most serious health problems in this age group. In order to prevent and manage childhood obesity, we developed a nutrition education website. The website consisted of three parts. The first part was made for self-assessment with regard to obesity index, dietary habits, food frequency, dietary attitude, nutrition knowledge, nutrient intake, energy expenditure, and the stage of behavioral change, and tailored messages and advice according to the assessment results. A total of 612 real-size food photos as well as a nutrient database of 3,346 foods and 541 dishes were created to help children estimate nutrient intakes accurately. In addition, an energy expenditure database of 156 activities for children was established to calculate calorie consumption. The second part was made for setting long-term and short-term goals and keeping track of the changes in energy intake and expenditure in one's own page. The third part was made for education. Various types of nutrition information were provided; texts, pictures, calculators and games. The readability and design of the website were evaluated by 46 obese children. Usefulness, design and readability of the website were found to be desirable for children. This website is expected to be used by an obese child alone or with parents or nutrition teachers in order to control body weight through healthy dietary habits and physical activities. In addition, a non-obese child can also use this website for maintaining healthy dietary habits and preventing obesity.

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Development of Education Materials as a Card News Format for Nutrition Management of Pregnant and Lactating Women
Young-Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taeksang Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 248. CrossRef
Application and Evaluation of Web-based Food Frequency Questionnaire for Korean Adolescents
Jinhee Yum, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(5): 440. CrossRef
Development of Web-based u-Health Self-nutrition Management Program for Diabetic Patients
Yun Ahn, Jeahurn Bae, Hee-Seon Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 372. CrossRef
A Study on the Development of a Metadata Schema for the Food Education Digital Library
Soojung Kim, Eunha Youn
Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science.2014; 48(4): 323. CrossRef

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[English]
Major Sources of Sodium Intake of the Korean Population at Prepared Dish Level: Based on the KNHANES 2008 & 2009: Miyong Yon, Yoonna Lee, Dohee Kim, Jeeyeon Lee, Eunmi Koh, Eunjeong Nam, Hyehyung Shin, Baeg won Kang, Jong Wook Kim, Seok Heo, Hea young Cho, Cho il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):473-487. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.473

Abstract PDF PubReader

We attempted to define the sources of sodium intake for the Korean population at prepared dish level to provide a basis for developing sustainable nutrition policies and feasible programs for sodium intake reduction. Dietary intake data from 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used in the analysis for sodium intake sources. Sodium intake from individual dish consumed by each subject was calculated and used in delineating major sodium sources at dish and dish group level for sub-populations of different sex and age. Also, sodium intake was compared between eaters and non-eaters of some specific dish groups with considerable contribution to total sodium intake. The number of subjects included in the analysis was 18,022 and mean sodium intake was 4,600 mg/capita/day. Major sources of sodium intake at dish group level were in the following order: kimchi (1125 mg, 24.5%), noodles (572 mg, 12.4%), soups (488 mg, 10.6%), stews (399 mg, 8.7%), and cooked rice (284 mg, 6.2%). The magnitude of contribution to total sodium intake by soups and stews was different by age group. Sodium intake difference between eaters and non-eaters was much larger for kimchi group (2,343 mg for male, 1,452 mg for female) than for soups or stews. Interaction between consumption of aforementioned specific dish groups and age was highly significant (p < 0.0005) for both sexes. This study revealed an importance of having not only the control over sodium content of foods/dishes, but also the customized approach for different groups of population to accomplish an appreciable reduction in sodium intake.

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A traditional Korean fermented food, Gochujang exerts anti-hypertensive effects, regardless of its high salt content by regulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in SD rats
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Yu-na Ju, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song, Yujin Lee
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Hye-Kyung Park, Yoonna Lee, Baeg-Won Kang, Kwang-il Kwon, Jong-Wook Kim, Oh-Sang Kwon, Laura K Cobb, Norman R C Campbell, Drew E Blakeman, Cho-il Kim
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Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
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Verification of Utility of Simple Mensuration of Cl-from Urine to Estimate the Amount of Sodium Intake
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The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(1): 27. CrossRef
Major Foods and Nutrient Intake Quality According to Body Image Perception among Korean Women: Based on the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Young Suk Lim, Soo Bin Jeon, Hee Mang Kim, So Yeon Jeong, Jae Young Ahn, Hae Ryun Park
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(2): 154. CrossRef
A Study on the Kimchi Consumption of Korean Adults:Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2012)
Eun-Kyung Kim, Yoo-Kyung Park, Se-Young Ju, Eun-Ok Choi
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Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcium, and Sodium Bridging Between Osteoporosis and Hypertension in Postmenopausal Korean Women
Jee Soo Park, Soo Beom Choi, Yumie Rhee, Jai Won Chung, Eui-Young Choi, Deok Won Kim
Calcified Tissue International.2015; 96(5): 417. CrossRef
Evaluation of Consumer Nutrition Education Program to Reduce Sodium Intake Based on Social Cognitive Theory
So-Hyun Ahn, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyung Min Kim, Jin-Sook Yoon, Hye-Kyeong Kim
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A Study on Sodium-related Dietary Attitude and Behaviors According to Sodium-related Nutrition Knowledge of University Students
Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon, Jong Wook Kim, Jae-Eon Byun, So-Young Bu, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Yun-Jung Bae
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A Study on Eating Out Behavior and Recognition of Salinity in Restaurant Food in Jecheon Area
Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
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Contents of Sodium and Potassium for Restaurant Dishes in Seoul
Mi-ra Jang, Mi-sun Hong, Bu-chuhl Choi, Sung-hee Han, Kyeong-ah Lee, Li-la Kim, Jib-ho Lee, Jung-hun Kim, Kweon Jung
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The Relationship between Daily Sodium Intake and Obesity in Korean Adults
Jung-hoon Kim, Gyeong Eun Lim, Sunyoung Kang, Kayoung Lee, Tae-jin Park, Jinseung Kim
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Quality Characteristics of Low-sodium Tomato Jangajii according to Storage Time by Cultivars
Yeon Sook Park, Hae Jeong Gweon, Ki Hyeon Sim
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Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20 -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hee-Kyung Jang
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[English]
Assessment of Food Consumption, Dietary Diversity and Dietary Pattern during the Summer in Middle Aged Adults and Older Adults Living in Gugoksoondam Logevity Area, Korea: Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park, Chung Shil Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):536-549. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate food intake, dietary diversity and dietary pattern during the summer in middle aged and older adults living in Gugoksundam (Gurye, Goksung, Sunchang and Damyang counties), Jeonla Province located in southern part of Korea and known as one of the representative Korean longevity areas. Food intake and dietary diversity were assessed by using the data from 2 day-24 hour recall of 1,051 subjects (394 males and 711 females) aged 45 years and older (45-93 years in male, 45-105 years in female). The average ages of males and females were 70.7 years and 71.1 years, respectively. Average total daily food intake was significantly decreased with aging in both genders, and the average animal food intake ratio to total food intake was ranged 10~14% in 3 different age groups, 45~64 years, 65~74 years and 75 years and older. The contribution of each food group, in weight, to total food intake showed the descending order of grains, fruits, vegetables and alcohols in males, and grains, fruits, potatoes and meats in females. On daily intake amount of each food item, rice, watermelon, soju, kimchi, and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in males, and rice, watermelon, potato, kimchi and ylmukimchi in females. On intake frequency, rice, kimchi, onion, green pepper and potato were ranked on top 5 in descending order in both genders. Dietary variety score (DVS) and dietary diversity score (DDS) for the assessment of dietary diversity and balance were significantly decreased with aging in both genders. In food group intake pattern (DMGFV), 01101 type without consumption of dairy and fruits was the most prevalent, and only 3.6% of male and 3.9% of female subjects showed 11111 type, consumed all the 5 food groups a day. Dietary pattern of subjects was analyzed by cluster analysis with 18 food groups intake. Overall dietary pattern was classified into two clusters, one was more desirable and the other was less desirable. The percentage of subjects with more desirable dietary pattern was about 15% in male and 32% in female. In conclusion, most of our subjects living in Gugoksundam area were taking very simple diet with low amount of dairy products and fruits. These results indicate that nutrition intervention and education for older people living in rural areas should be focused on various food intake including dairy products and fruits.

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[English]
Anthropometric Index and Nutrient Intake in Korean Aged 50 Plus Years Living in Kugoksoondam Longevity-belt Region in Korea: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):308-328. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: As the older adult period (> or = 65 y) is increasing, it is needed to investigate the trend of aging-dependent anthropomeric index and nutrient intake, and establish the more specific dietary guide for the different stages of aging period. To find the difference in nutrient intake among the Koreans aged 50-64, 65-74 and 75 years and older, and also any characteristics of dwellers in longevity area, we recruited 1,083 subjects (385 male and 698 female) aged 50-95 years (mean age, 71.3 yrs) living in Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as a longevity-belt region in Jeonlaprovince, Korea. We measured some anthropometric index and collected 2 day-dietary record. Nutrient intakes were analyzed by using DW24 program. The mean height and weight of subjects aged 75 years and older were lower than Korean national reference. BMI and obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) prevalence were significantly decreasing with aging. Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) prevalence was also increasing with aging, especially in males, and it was slightly higher than national average, but similar to that in some other rural area. Obesity prevalence of male subjects was lower compared to national prevalence, but abdominal obesity prevalence (waist > or = 80 cm) was very high in females (about 89%). In both genders, the average proportional contribution of carbohydrate, protein and fat to energy intake was not different between 65-74 years and 75 years and older. On overall, nutrient intake and quality of diet of females were inferior to those of males so that many of females aged 75 years and older assumed to be at risk of malnourished status. Fiber, folate and vitamin E intakes were substantially higher compared to those in 2007 KNHNES and other some studies in rural area. While almost nutrient %EAR was significantly decreased with aging in females, there was no significant difference in %EAR for protein, vitamin A, B1, B6, B12, niacin, Ca and Zn between 65-74 years and 75 years and older in males. Vitamin B2 for male aged 50-64 years, vitamin B2 and Ca for male aged 65 years and over and female aged 50-74 years, and vitamin B2, vitamin C, Ca and folate intake for female aged 75 years and older were assessed to be at risk to undernutrition based on the prevalence of intake below EAR. MAR of 13 nutrients and the number of nutrients consuming below EAR were significantly decreasing with aging in both genders, however, the number of nutrients of INQ < 1 and the average mini-nutritional assessment score were not significantly different between 65-74 years and 75 years and older. Taken together, decreasing tendency of nutrients intake and the quality of diet with aging was more evident in females than in males, and it is unique that our subjects consumed substantially higher fiber, folate and vitamin E compared to not only urban but also some other rural areas.

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[English]
Development of a Nutrition Education Website for Children: Taisun Hyun, Miyong Yon, Sun Hee Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Suk Mi An, Sun Mi Lee, Hyun Jung Chi, Myeong Hee Sun, Chun Hwa Oh, Seon Hee Wang, Mi Kyung Hong; Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(3):259-269. Published online June 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to develop a nutrition education website for children, especially those around the 4th-6th grade levels. Among the already existing websites providing nutritional information for children, 7 websites with comparable amounts of information were evaluated in terms of their topics, credibility, content, ease of use, and aesthetics. In addition, a survey was conducted to assess the need for nutrition information among 305 elementary students. The food pyramid was the topic offered most often on those websites. Information on nutrients, digestion, food safety, nutrition labeling, and healthy eating habits were available on the websites. Some of those websites also provided games or quizzes to attract the children's interest. However, seine of the websites did not give any information on the person responsible for providing the information, which is most important in determining the credibility of the website. Other problems were that some information was too difficult for children, and some of the websites did not provide a way to search for information. According to the survey results, the topics that children wanted to know about were 'desirable weight', 'cooking', 'correct food choice', 'weight control method', 'calories consumed during exercise' but, they did not have a high interest in 'asking questions', 'books with nutrition messages', 'under weight', 'negative effect of weight control' and 'helping hungry children'. Based on these results, we developed a new nutrition education web-site, ifood' (http://ifood.or.kr). We focused on helping children develop healthy eating habits by providing information which is easy and practical for children. However, we neither included the program to assess their dietary intake, nor provided entertaining background sounds, which children like. Also, the game section is composed mainly of quizzes. Therefore, we need to further develop exciting games to teach nutrition to children. In the near future, the newly developed website should be evaluated by children regarding understandability and coverage of the contents as well as usability and design, and then revised to improve the educational effect.

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