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Research Articles
[Korean]
Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8 th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Chaemin Kim, Eunjung Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):65-80.   Published online February 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.65
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019–2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study utilized raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study.
Results
In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly.
Conclusions
After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Intake of energy and macronutrients according to household income among elementary, middle, and high school students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
    Chae-Eun Jeong, Heejin Lee, Jung Eun Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(3): 234.     CrossRef
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  • 1 Crossref
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[Korean]
Trends in Dietary Behavior Changes by Region using 2008 ~ 2019 Community Health Survey Data
Yun-Hui Jeong, Hye-Young Kim, Hae-Young Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(2):132-145.   Published online April 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.2.132
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study examined trends in the health status and dietary behavior changes by region using the raw data from the 2008 ~ 2019 Community Health Survey.
Methods
This study analyzed the data of 2,738,572 people among the raw data of the Community Health Survey from 2008 to 2019. The regional differences in health status and dietary behavior were examined by classifying the regions into capital and non-capital regions, and the non-capital regions were classified into metropolitan cities and provinces. A chi-square test was conducted on the body mass index (BMI), diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension, frequency of eating breakfast, salty taste in usual diet, recognition of nutrition labeling, reading of nutrition labeling, and utilization of nutrition labeling.
Results
In determining obesity using the BMI, the normal weight by year decreased, and the obesity rate by year was 34.6% in 2019, which increased by 13% compared to 2008. In addition, the diabetes diagnosis rate and hypertension diagnosis rate continued to increase with the year. Both diabetes and hypertension diagnosis rates were higher in the non-capital regions than in the capital region. Eating breakfast five to seven times per week was most common and showed a significant decreasing trend by year (P < 0.001). The percentage of respondents who said they eat slightly bland foods increased from 19.5% in 2008 to 19.9% in 2010 and then to 22.1% in 2013. The percentage then decreased to 19.9% in 2019, but showed an overall increasing trend (P < 0.001). According to the region, the capital region had a higher percentage than the non-capital region. The nutrition labeling's recognition rate and utilization rate increased yearly, whereas the reading rate decreased.
Conclusions
The study results presented the primary data necessary to develop nutrition education programs and establish strategies for local nutrition management projects to improve disease prevention and dietary problems.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparison of the levels of energy intake from dish and food groups by gender and age among Korean obese adults: data obtained from the 2013-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Cheongmin Sohn, Woori Na, Chaeryeon Kim, Seunghee Choi, Oh Yoen Kim, Jounghee Lee, Mi Ock Yoon, Myoungsook Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(6): 670.     CrossRef
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[Korean]
A Study on the Dietary and Lifestyle Changes of Middle-Aged Women in the Gwangju Area in the COVID-19 Era
Moon-Soon Kim, Bok-Mi Jung
Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(4):259-269.   Published online August 31, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.4.259
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the changes in the eating habits and lifestyle of middle-aged women in Gwangju during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 428 middle-aged women aged between 40 and 60 participated in a survey relating to general information, food and lifestyle, health functional food, and menopausal symptoms. The correlation between the variables was analyzed. Results: In the positive habits, the intake of nutritional supplements for immunity enhancement increased the most, followed by the use of media to learn healthy eating tips, and diets including healthy food. Negative habits increased in the order of frequency of taking delivery orders, levels of stress or anxiety, and time spent sitting or watching movies. In the case of recommended foods, the intake increased the most in the order of eggs, fruits, vegetables, milk/dairy products, and seaweed. Non-recommended foods increased in the order of meat, bread, rice, and noodles. The awareness of health functional foods was in the increasing order of interest, knowledge, consumption experience, and purchase amount. The type of health functional food intake was in the increasing order of probiotics, multivitamin and mineral supplements, vitamin C, collagen, and omega-3. Menopausal symptoms were in the increasing order of bone and joint pain, poor sleep quality, emotional ups and downs, loneliness, and feeling of emptiness. In the correlation of major variables, positive habits showed a significant positive correlation with recommended food intake and the recognition of health functional foods. Negative habits showed a significant positive correlation with non-recommended food intake and a significant positive correlation with menopausal symptoms. Recommended food intake showed a significant positive correlation with health functional food recognition and intake and menopausal symptoms. Conclusions: This study suggests that it is necessary to establish social measures to reduce the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on middle-aged women and to ensure effective self-management through a healthy lifestyle since the pandemic has a long-term impact.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
    Chaemin Kim, Eunjung Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 65.     CrossRef
  • Quality Characteristics of Staple Breads Based on Baking Methods
    Eun-Hee Doo
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(1): 77.     CrossRef
  • Dietary guidelines adherence and changes in eating habits among college students in the post-COVID-19 period: a cross-sectional study
    Eunyoung Yoon
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 220.     CrossRef
  • Changes in dietary habits and chronic diseases before and after COVID-19 by regions using data from the 2018-2020 Korea Community Health Survey and Consumer Behavior Survey for Foods: a cross-sectional study
    Surim Park, Eun-hee Jang, Seungmin Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 124.     CrossRef
  • 광주광역시 지역민의 영양교육 요구도 조사 분석
    은평 양, 경윤 김, 승희 최, 금비 류, 옥경 김, 정미 윤
    Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(2): 100.     CrossRef
  • Consumers’ perceptions of dietary supplements before and after the COVID-19 pandemic based on big data
    Eunjung Lee, Hyo Sun Jung, Jin A Jang
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 330.     CrossRef
  • Self-rated health according to change of lifestyle after COVID-19: Differences between age groups
    Dan Bi Lee, Jung Hyun Ahn, Jin Young Nam
    Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2022; 39(2): 1.     CrossRef
  • Factors Related to Changes of Daily Life during COVID-19
    Kyungjin Min, Pilhan Yun, Sangshin Park
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2022; 47(4): 297.     CrossRef
  • Dietary Behavior and Diet Quality in the Korean Adult Population by Income Level before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2020)
    Hye-Min Na, Bok-Mi Jung
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(3): 397.     CrossRef
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  • 9 Crossref
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Original Articles
[English]
Development of a Food Exchange Table and Food Pattern for Nutritionally Balanced Menu Planning
Yun Ahn, Ikhyun Yeo, Sangyun Lee, Kisun Nam
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(5):411-423.   Published online October 31, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.5.411
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to develop new meal planning tools for a nutritionally balanced diet.
METHODS
Based on the food exchange list for diabetes, we adjusted the food group classification system to reflect the suggested nutritional factors for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. We developed a nutritionally balanced dietary profile for adults and compared it with the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and the food pattern recommended by the Korean Diabetes Association.
RESULTS
The newly developed menu planning tools are the LOHAS food exchange table and the LOHAS food pattern. Our recommended daily 1,800 kcal dietary composition for adults is as follows: The carbohydrate food group consists of 4 ‘whole grains’, 3 ‘refined grains’, 2 ‘sugars’, 9 ‘vegetables’, 3 ‘starchy vegetables’, 2 ‘fruits’ and 1 ‘high sugar fruits’. The protein food group includes 3 ‘plant protein foods’, 3 ‘animal protein foods (low-fat)’, and 1 ‘animal protein foods (high-fat)’. The fat food group consists of 2 ‘oils and nuts’ and 1 ‘solid fats’. The total number of calories is estimated at 1,840 kcal and the energy ratio is 62% carbohydrate, 18% protein, 20% fat, 6.8% saturated fat and 13.2% sugars. Using the LOHAS food exchange table, it is possible to estimate values of saturated fat, unsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and sugars besides carbohydrate, protein and fat. It is also possible to compose a dietary design considering carbohydrate, sugars, saturated fat and dietary fiber. The LOHAS food pattern provides benefits for the management of both institutional food services and individual meals, as it can help reduce the levels of saturated fat and sugar intake and help develop healthy meals rich in unsaturated fats and dietary fiber.
CONCLUSIONS
The LOHAS food exchange table and LOHAS food pattern are expected to be practical tools for designing and evaluating nutritionally balanced diets.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The association between COVID-19 and changes in food consumption in Korea: analyzing the microdata of household income and expenditure from Statistics Korea 2019–2022
    Haram Eom, Kyounghee Kim, Seonghwan Cho, Junghoon Moon
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 153.     CrossRef
  • Development of a food exchange atlas for Sri Lankan adults
    Ranil Jayawardena, Dhanushya T. Jeyakumar, Manoja Gamage
    Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.2023; 118: 105154.     CrossRef
  • Development and validation of a nutrition literacy assessment tool for young adults
    Seokyoung Ahn, Bogyeong Kim, Mihyang Um, Yookyung Park, Seunghee Kye
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 175.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Decision Making by Visualization with Food Nutrition Information
    Sang-heon Oh, Sung-Hee Kim
    Journal of Digital Contents Society.2020; 21(2): 357.     CrossRef
  • 49 View
  • 1 Download
  • 4 Crossref
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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education at a Community Health Center on Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women in Jeonbuk Area-Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units
Se Yeon Kim, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):307-322.   Published online August 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.307
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the effects of nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food units using Food Exchange System on anthropometric, biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes for overweight and obese in a public health center.
METHODS
The subjects were 60 overweight/obese women based on BMI (educated 30 vs. noneducated 30, 50~64 years). Educated group was provided individual and/or group lessons (40 min/ lesson/week, 5 week), ‘Introduction: obese & health’, ‘6 nutrients and 6 food groups’, ‘My obesity & daily needed energy’, ‘Meal planning for personalized daily energy and food units using Food Exchange Systems’, and ‘Smart food choices’. After education, we examined the differences in anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes between educated group and non-educated group.
RESULTS
After nutrition education, in the educated group, there were improvements on anthropometric/biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrient intakes in the educated group compared to the non-educated group. We observed a decrease in the mean weight, total cholesterol (TC) and the incidence of overweight/obesity and hypercholesterolemia and an increase in the mean lean body mass. The scores of nutrition knowledge, ‘Function of carbohydrate, protein, vitamin, mineral’ and ‘Food Sources of fat, vitamin, mineral’ were increased. The scores of dietary attitudes, ‘Taking a joyful meal, a leisurely meal, a balanced meal, a meal with sufficient vegetables, a meal with diversity, a meal with spicy foods, a meal with overeating’ were increased. The intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamin A, thiamin, Zn and cholesterol were decreased. The scores of INQ, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, folate, Ca, P, Fe, Zn were increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The nutrition education focused on personalized daily energy requirement and food exchange unit using Food Exchange System for overweight and obese may improve food behavior, dietary intakes and symptoms of overweight and obese, even in a community health center.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
    Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
    Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women
    Myung-Hee Chang, Su-Jin Jung
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 318.     CrossRef
  • Effects of an Intensive Management Program for Diabetic Patients on a Blood Biochemical Profile and Diabetes Knowledge
    Su-Jeong Yeo, Bok-Hee Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(2): 148.     CrossRef
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  • 3 Crossref
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[English]
Dietary Changes After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Associations with Physical Activity, Anthropometry, and Health-related Quality of life Among Korean Breast Cancer Survivors
Sihan Song, Hyun Jo Youn, So Youn Jung, Eunsook Lee, Zisun Kim, Jihyoung Cho, Young Bum Yoo, Hyeong Gon Moon, Dong Young Noh, Jung Eun Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(6):533-544.   Published online December 31, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.6.533
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine levels of physical activity, anthropometric features, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Korean breast cancer survivors who reported changes in their diet after diagnosis.
METHODS
A total of 380 women who had been diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancer and had breast cancer surgery at least six months before the interview were included. Participants provided information on dietary change after diagnosis, post-diagnostic diet, physical activity, anthropometric measures, and HRQoL through face-to-face interview. We assessed HRQoL levels of breast cancer survivors using a validated Korean version of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and Breast Cancer Module (BR23). We used the logistic regression and generalized linear models to identify the associations of dietary changes in relation with physical activity, anthropometry, and HRQoL.
RESULTS
The majority of participants (72.6%) reported that they have changed their diet to a healthier diet after diagnosis. Breast cancer survivors who reported to have change to a healthy diet had higher intakes of vegetables and fruits and lower intakes of red and processed meats, and refined grains than those who did not. Also, survivors with a healthy change in their diet were more likely to engage in physical activity (top vs. bottom tertile: odds ratio [OR], 1.85; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.02-3.36) and have lower body mass index (BMI) (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.98 for one kg/m² increment in BMI) compared to those who did not. We found that a healthy change in diet was associated with higher scores of physical functioning (p=0.02) and lower scores of constipation (p=0.04) and diarrhea (p=0.006) compared to those who did not.
CONCLUSIONS
Healthy changes in diet after breast cancer diagnosis may be associated with lower levels of BMI, and higher levels of physical activity and HRQoL.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Cancer survivor's dietary safety management awareness and competency type
    Yun Hwa Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 532.     CrossRef
  • Health-related Quality of Life and Its Related Factors among Cancer Survivors and General Adults: Focusing on Lifestyle Behaviors and Mental Health
    Eun A Song, Youngran Kweon, Yoon Young Hwang, Minjeong An
    Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2020; 32(4): 385.     CrossRef
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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province
Kang Mo Ko, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):25-36.   Published online February 29, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.25
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education providing school lunch by personalized daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System for adolescent athletes.
METHODS
The subjects were 60 sports high school students (educated group, 30 vs. non-educated group 30). Nutrition education was provided for 4 weeks (40 min/lesson/week). In addition, personalized school lunch was served for 4 weeks, nutrition education period. The personalized lunch were provided Food Exchange Units according to personalized daily needed energy. The lessons were '5 Major nutrients, functions and foods', 'My daily needed energy and food exchange units by Food Exchange System', 'My meal plan by food exchange units according to my daily needed energy' and 'Smart choice of healthy snacks and eating outs'. After nutrition education, we examined the differences in anthropometric characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake between the educated and the non-educated group.
RESULTS
We observed improvements in lean body mass in the educated group. With regard to nutrition knowledge, there were improvements in 'Functions of vitamins', 'Functions of minerals', 'Foods of fat', 'Foods of vitamin', and 'Foods of mineral' in the educated group. In relation to dietary attitude, there were improvements in 'Taking a meal with family and friend', 'Taking a meal at ease', 'Taking a meal with kimchi and vegetables', 'Taking a meal with three kinds of side dishes', 'Priority of choosing snacks' and 'Type of snacks' in the educated group. With regard to dietary intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans, there were improvements in intakes levels of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, calcium, iron and zinc. The index of nutrition quality, as indicated by nutrition adequacy ratio also improved in the educated group.
CONCLUSIONS
These results showed that a nutrition education program providing education lessons and personalized school lunch by food exchange units according to daily needed energy showed positive changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of adolescent athletes. Nutrition education program providing personalized school lunch by Food Exchange Units may improve dietary behaviors and dietary intakes of adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Nutrition Quotient and Dietary Self-efficacy according to the Transtheoretical Model in Adolescent Athletes
    Nahan Kim, Kwang-Seok Hong, In-Kyung Jung
    Exercise Science.2022; 31(4): 499.     CrossRef
  • Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
    Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 485.     CrossRef
  • Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary · Middle · High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents
    Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 47.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of educational school meal programs in Gyeonggi province, South Korea
    Youngmi Lee, Oksun Kim, Uiok Lee, Sooyoun Kwon
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 111.     CrossRef
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  • 4 Crossref
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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea: Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units
Jia Li Guo, Soon Kyung Kim, Jeong Weon Kim, Mi Hyun Kim, Se Na Kim, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):565-576.   Published online December 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.565
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea. The subjects were 64 Chinese college students in Korea (educated group, 32 students vs. non-educated group, 32 students). Educated group was lessoned as group and/or individual. Nutrition education program consisted of four lessons (40min / lesson), '6 major nutrients & function (group lesson)', '6 food group and sources (group lesson)', 'personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units using Food Exchange System (individual lesson)', and 'smart choice of snacks and eating-out foods (group lesson)'. We examined the differences between educated group and non-educated group in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake. After education, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge: 'function and foods of 6 nutrients', on dietary attitudes: 'type of breakfast' in educated group. In the evaluation of nutrient intakes according to Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI), there were positive improvements on intake levels of riboflavin, fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, Ca and K in the educated group. In the index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) were significantly increased in the educated group. In conclusion, it is possible to improve nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake of Chinese college students in Korea through the nutrition education focused on personalized daily needed energy and food exchange units.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of Nutrition Education at a Community Health Center on Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women in Jeonbuk Area-Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units
    Se-Yeon Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(4): 307.     CrossRef
  • Comparisons of Health Related Lifestyle and Dietary Behaviors according to Gender, Ethnicity and Residence Type of University Students in Yanbian, China
    Kyung Hee Hong, Unju Hwa Oh
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(4): 486.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Weight Control Behaviour, Eating Habits and Health-related Life Habits According to Obesity Degree of University Students in Jeonbuk
    Hye-Soon Chang
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(1): 73.     CrossRef
  • Acculturation and changes in dietary behavior and anthropometric measures among Chinese international students in South Korea
    Jounghee Lee, Ran-Ran Gao, Jung-Hee Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(3): 304.     CrossRef
  • Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
    Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96.     CrossRef
  • A study on hypertension relevant nutritional knowledge and dietary practices in Chinese college students studying in South Korea
    Zhe Sun, Wookyoun Cho
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 441.     CrossRef
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  • 6 Crossref
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[English]
Study on the Eating Habits and Practicability of Guidelines for Reducing Sodium Intake according to the Stage of Change in Housewives
So Hyun Ahn, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Jin Sook Yoon, Baeg Won Kang, Jong Wook Kim, Seok Heo, Hea Young Cho, Hye Kyeong Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):724-736.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.724
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
This study was intended to investigate the sodium-related perception, dietary behavior, and practicability of methods for reducing sodium intake(RSI) according to the stage of change in consumers. The survey was conducted to 770 housewives, among them 553 subjects who answered the key questions for the stage of change were categorized into ''aintenance (M)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for more than 6 months; n = 287, 51.90%), 'Action (A)' stage (maintaining reduced salt intake for less than 6 months; n=139, 25.14%), and 'Pre-Action (P)'stage (not starting reduced salt intake; n = 127, 22.97%). The subjects in M and A were significantly older than those in P (p < 0.01). The scores of desirable dietary habit and dietary balance were the highest in M followed by A and P. When eating out, the subjects in P considered 'price' more and 'healthiness of food' less than those in M and A did. Among the guidelines for RSI, 'Avoid Processed Foods', 'Eat enough vegetables and fruits' and 'Add little amount of dipping sauce for fried food' were selected as the three easiest items to perform. With regard to the sodium-related perception, the subjects in M considered eating-out food to be more salty than homemade dishes, read nutrition labels more, avoided table salt or dipping sauce for fried food more, and had 'own low-sodium recipe' than those in P (p < 0.001). It is suggested that practicability of actions for RSI and the stage of change should be considered to develop effective personalized education program and nutrition guidance.

Citations

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  • Factors affecting sugar intake in adults based on the social cognitive theory
    Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 120.     CrossRef
  • Changes in the importance and performance of low-sodium management among childcare center cooks in Yongin, South Korea, after salinometer support programs: a descriptive study
    Jiwoo Min, Youngmi Lee, Yunhee Chang, Yujin Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 304.     CrossRef
  • Nutrition Quotient and Dietary Self-efficacy according to the Transtheoretical Model in Adolescent Athletes
    Nahan Kim, Kwang-Seok Hong, In-Kyung Jung
    Exercise Science.2022; 31(4): 499.     CrossRef
  • Development and evaluation of a nutrition education program for housewives to reduce sodium intake: application of the social cognitive theory and a transtheoretical model
    Sohyun Ahn, Jong-Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(1): 174.     CrossRef
  • Perceptions and Feasibility of Actions Related to Sodium Reduction among Restaurant Owners and Cooks in Seongnam, South Korea: Comparison According to Stages of Behavioral Change
    So-Hyun Ahn, Jong-Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
    Nutrients.2021; 13(12): 4375.     CrossRef
  • Current status, perception and practicability of restaurant staffs related to reducing sodium use in Seongnam, Korea
    So-Hyun Ahn, Jong Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Yoonna Lee, Hye-Kyeong Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 475.     CrossRef
  • Mobile application-based dietary sugar intake reduction intervention study according to the stages of behavior change in female college students
    Yunjung Choi, Hyun-Sook Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 488.     CrossRef
  • Effect of a public health center-based nutrition education program for hypertension in women older than 50 years of age
    Seoyun Park, Jong-Sook Kwon, Hye-Kyeong Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(3): 228.     CrossRef
  • A Study on the Quality of Elderly Dietary Services by Different Levels of Nutrition Knowledge of the Visiting Long-Term Care Provider
    Eun-Young Choi, Eun-Kyung Jung, Nami Joo
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(1): 76.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Factors Influencing Change Stages in Balanced Diet among Female University Students in Korea and China
    Mi Yeon Park, Chong Yu Ding, Pil Sook Park
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2017; 28(1): 45.     CrossRef
  • Status of Recognition, Effort, and Satisfaction of Customers on Low-Sodium Diet in Industry Foodservice
    Sang Jin Yoon, Kun Og Kang
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(2): 168.     CrossRef
  • Study of the characteristics of dietary behavior and the effects of nutrition education for sodium reduction according to the stages of behavioral change in sodium reduction of male adult subjects in Gwangju·Jeonnam regions
    Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472.     CrossRef
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    Bo-Na Lee, Jin-woo Kim
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(1): 52.     CrossRef
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    Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429.     CrossRef
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    Ye Seul Kim, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
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    Lin Jiang, Yun-Young Jung, Hyung-Sook Kim, Gi-Seon Nam, Jin-Sook Yun, Jong-Wook Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 109.     CrossRef
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    Soon Myung Hong, Jee Hye Lee, Hye-Kyung Kim, Rina Yu, Jeong Hee Seo, Eun Jeong Huh, Seong Suk Cho, Jeongah Yang
    Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(3): 174.     CrossRef
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    Juhyeon Kim, Hei-Ryeo Yoon, Nam-E Kang
    Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(6): 511.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Salt-Related Dietary Behaviors according to the Stage of Change Model for Salt-Related Intake of Middle School Students in Gyeongsangbuk-do Area
    So-Young Park, Kyung-A Lee
    Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(6): 687.     CrossRef
  • Development of Nutrition Education Program for Consumers to Reduce Sodium Intake Applying the Social Cognitive Theory: Based on Focus Group Interviews
    So-Hyun Ahn, Hye-Kyeong Kim, Kyung Min Kim, Jin-sook Yoon, Jong Sook Kwon
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 342.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units
Eun Su Lim, Young Sook Cho, Se Na Kim, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):689-706.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.689
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.

Citations

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  • Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
    Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province
    Kang-Mo Ko, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 25.     CrossRef
  • The Development of a Nutrition Education Program for Low-income Family Children by applying the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model
    Saes-byoul Lee, Yu-Ri Jeong, Hyo-Jin Ahn, Min-Ji Ahn, Su-A Ryu, Nam-E Kang, Se-Young Oh
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 165.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Media Use in the Nutrition Education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the Breakfast Habits on Elementary School Students
    Nurlaely Fitriana, Siti Madanijah, Ikeu Ekayanti
    Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.2015; 14(6): 335.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea - Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units -
    Jia-Li Guo, Soon-Kyung Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 565.     CrossRef
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[English]
Beliefs Regarding Vegetable Consumption, Self-Efficacy and Eating Behaviors according to the Stages of Change in Vegetable Consumption among College Students
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(1):1-13.   Published online February 29, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
The purpose of this study was to examine beliefs, self-efficacy and eating behaviors by the stages of change in vegetable consumption among college students (n = 297). A survey was conducted to examine study variables, and subjects were categorized into three groups based on the stages of change: precontemplation/contemplation stage (PC/C), preparation stage (P), action/maintenance stage (A/M). Subjects had 3.7 servings of vegetables a day, and vegetable consumption was significantly different by stages of change (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed higher score on beliefs regarding vegetable consumption (p < 0.001) than the other groups, and perceived benefits of vegetable consumption (e.g. cancer prevention) more strongly (p < 0.05). The PC/C group felt more barriers than the A/M group, such as disliking cooking methods, texture of vegetables (p < 0.001), bad taste and bad experience of eating vegetables (p < 0.05). Self-efficacy score was 27.2, with decreasing self-efficacy from A/M to P, PC/C (p < 0.001). The A/M group showed more confidence in nine behaviors such as "eating vegetables during meals" and "replacing menu at home with more vegetable dishes" (p < 0.001) than the other groups. The A/M group had more desirable eating behaviors (e.g, having a variety of foods, eating regularly, consumption of food groups). This study suggests that target population for education and educational strategies be different based on the stages of change. For those in the PC/C stage, education might focus on reducing barriers and increasing self-efficacy. For those in the A/M stage, it is necessary to use strategies to maintain and reinforce behaviors for enough vegetable consumption.

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    Ji Yeon Kim, Seong Suk Cho, Kyung Won Kim
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    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2020; 30(2): 117.     CrossRef
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    Su Hyeon Cha, Ho Kyung Ryu
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(3): 285.     CrossRef
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    Hee-Sook Lim, Sung-In Ji, Hyeonji Hwang, Jeongmmok Kang, Yoon-Hyung Park, Hae-Hyeog Lee, Tae-Hee Kim
    Journal of Bone Metabolism.2018; 25(3): 181.     CrossRef
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    Taejung Woo, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2017; 11(4): 340.     CrossRef
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    Sun-Hyo Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(3): 270.     CrossRef
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    Taejung Woo, Hye-Jin Lee, Kyoung Ae Lee, Seung Min Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 165.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of Dietary Self-efficacy, Obesity Stress, and Obesity-related Quality of Life According to BMI and Stages of Change in Vegetable Consumption for Nursing Students
    Myoung Sook Kim
    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(1): 65.     CrossRef
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    Suhyang Kwak, Taejung Woo, Kyoung Ae Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
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    Hyun Jeong Lim, Min Ju Kim, Kyung Won Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(1): 63.     CrossRef
  • Nutrition knowledge, outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors by calcium intake level in Korean female college students
    Min Ju Kim, Kyung Won Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(5): 530.     CrossRef
  • Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
    Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Salt-Related Dietary Behaviors according to the Stage of Change Model for Salt-Related Intake of Middle School Students in Gyeongsangbuk-do Area
    So-Young Park, Kyung-A Lee
    Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(6): 687.     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing on intention to intake fruit: moderating effect of fruit intake habit
    Hyesoo Kim, Sunhee Seo
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(2): 134.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of practice of dietary guidelines and health beliefs according to stage of weight loss behavior change among male workers
    Su Jeong Song, HongSeok Ahn, Jinmo Khil
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(3): 276.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Eating Habits and Practicability of Guidelines for Reducing Sodium Intake according to the Stage of Change in Housewives
    So-Hyun Ahn, Jong-Sook Kwon, Kyungmin Kim, Jin-Sook Yoon, Baeg-Won Kang, Jong wook Kim, Seok Heo, Hea-Young Cho, Hye-Kyeong Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 724.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Lower Grades Elementary Students -Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units-
Min Jung Son, Young Sook Cho, Se Na Kim, Hye Ji Seo, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):647-660.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.647
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education program and pamphlet for the lower grades elementary students focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System. Program consisted of four lessons (40 min/lesson), "5 major nutrients & function", "6 food group and sources", "daily needed food exchange units for normal body weight", and "smart snack choice and exercise". Pamphlet as activity book was developed for the program. The subjects were 3rd grade elementary students (educated group, 31 vs. non-educated group, 31). Educated group were lessoned as group and/or individual. We examined the differences in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary intakes and satisfaction of the program and pamphlet. In educated group, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge score "function and foods of 5 nutrients" and on dietary attitudes "type of breakfast and snacks". In the evaluation of dietary intakes according to KDRI, there were positive improvements on intakes level of riboflavin, vit. C, folate, Ca, P, Fe and Zn in educated group. In satisfaction with the program and pamphlet, contents, font size, visual, figure, difficulty and program curriculum were over 2.90/3.0. It showed that the developed nutrition education program and pamphlet focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake level in the lower grades elementary students.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
    Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province
    Kang-Mo Ko, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 25.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea - Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units -
    Jia-Li Guo, Soon-Kyung Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 565.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students -Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units-
    Eun-Su Lim, Young-Sook Cho, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 689.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Program for Diabetes Mellitus at Community Health Center: Focused on Individual Daily Energy Requirements and Food Exchange Units
Ji Yoon Oh, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):485-497.   Published online August 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of the developed nutrition education program focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using Food Exchange System for diabetes mellitus at a community health center. Developed the nutrition education program, four weeks' nutrition education including provided twice individual meal as diet therapy (2 hour/lesson/week, 4 week), was provided to 20 diabetic elderly (12 male, 8 female, 50-75 yrs): 1st lesson "Introduction: management of diabetes mellitus", 2nd lesson "6 Food groups and sources of 6 food groups", 3rd lesson "Individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units", and 4th lesson "Food choice for diabetes mellitus". For effects' analysis of the developed program, we assessed the changes in anthropometric characteristics; biochemical characteristics and nutrient intakes using 24 hr recall method. Effects of the developed nutrition education program were as follows: weight was significantly decreased, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were significantly decreased, and distribution of subjects in BUN and HbA1c was significantly changed. In protein : fat : carbohydrate (PFC) ratio, it was significantly changed from 15.98 : 16.30 : 66.69 to 17.51 : 18.94 : 64.10. In evaluation of nutrient intakes by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI), protein, fiber, fat, vitamin E, niacin, folic acid, calcium and zinc were shown significantly positive changes in distribution of subjects according to intake level. The index of nutrition quality (INQ), nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) were significantly increased. In conclusion, the developed 4 weeks' nutrition education program focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using Food Exchange System for diabetes mellitus at community health center may improve the symptom of diabetes mellitus.
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[English]
Eating and Exercise Behaviors of University Students by Weight Change Status
Seolhyang Baek, Eunjeong Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):374-382.   Published online August 31, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
Young adults are likely to start a new life style which may cause weight gain or obesity since leaving their parents for higher education or university. Whilst young people are slim in general, it is common to see them trying to manage their weight. Few studies have been carried out in Korea to support those changes in lifestyle that can result in weight gain in early adulthood. This study aims to identify prevalence of dieting as well as factors inducing weight gain among university students under unrestricted living conditions. A total of 99 university students were enrolled and asked to complete a questionnaire over a 3-day study period from June to September, 2008. T-test and chi-square-test were applied to compare each behavior between weight gainers and maintainers. Logistic regression was also used for further analysis. Half of the participants used 'eat less' and 'exercise' as a way of dieting, and weight gainers tried to control their weight significantly more than weight maintainers. Most participants were engaged in very little exercise and were more likely to watch TV and use a computer. The time of lunch was proven as the only factor to predict weight change in the participants. As a result of this study, an intervention to promote exercise with friends or as a group is required to makeup for the lack of exercise among young adults. Further studies are also necessary to investigate how each meal time a day relates to the amount of food eaten.
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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education Using Food Exchange System: Changes in Elementary Students' Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude and Nutrients Intake
Sook Bae Kim, Hee Jin Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(6):922-933.   Published online December 31, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education using Food Exchange System on elementary students' nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. Nutrition education lessons (40 min /lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups and sources of 6 food groups', 'good choice of snacks and eating out' as class lesson, 'daily needed energy and food exchange units' as individual lesson, were provided to 70 elementary students (4th grade 33 students, 5th grade 37 students) in Jeonbuk Province. We assessed the changes in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, food habit using a questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24 hr recall method by nutrition education. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'functions of carbohydrate', 'functions of protein', 'functions of lipid', 'foods of carbohydrate', and 'foods of lipid'. In dietary attitude, there were significant increases in scores of 'taking a meal with joy', 'taking a meal at ease', 'taking a meal with sufficient protein intake' and 'taking a meal without spicy foods' by nutrition education. There were significant changes in the type of breakfast and in the frequency of snacks. After education, in type of breakfast, it showed higher number of students ate rice oriented meal than they did before education. and in frequency of snacks, it showed lower number of students ate snacks 'over 3 times' than they did before education. In Carbohydrate : Protein : Fat (CPF) ratio (%), it was significantly changed from 55.8 : 17.7 : 26.6 to 63.6 : 15.3 : 21.1. In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc showed positive changes in distribution of number of children by intake level. That is, there were significant improvements in intakes of vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, calcium, phosphate, iron and zinc. These results showed that nutrition education using Food Exchange System for elementary students improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and nutrients intake. It suggest that nutrition education using Food Exchange System may improve dietary behaviors and reduce an incidence of obesity in elementary students.
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[English]
Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Self-Efficacy and Eating Habits According to Student's Stage of Regular Breakfast or Exercise
Mi Young Choi, Hye Young P Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(5):653-662.   Published online October 31, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study has been performed to analyze nutrition knowledge, dietary self-efficacy and eating habits of the elementary- and middle- school students (n = 342) according to student's stage of regular breakfast or exercise. Middle school students had higher nutrition knowledge than primary school students. Total dietary self-efficacy and dietary habit scores were not different by school year and gender. Nutrition knowledge, dietary self-efficacy and dietary habit scores were positively correlated each other. By the stage of regular breakfast, the pre-contemplation stage comprised 13.6%, contemplation 2.1%, preparation 15.7%, action 11.5% and maintenance stage 59.1%. By the stage of regular exercise, the pre-contemplation stage comprised 20.9%, contemplation 7.3%, preparation 45.6%, action 9.8% and maintenance stage 16.4%. According to the stage of change, movement from the pre-contemplation and contemplation to upper stage increased the dietary self-efficacy score. Dietary habit score increased significantly across the five stages of changes. The results of this study indicate differences in stages of changes in breakfast intake and regular exercise and indicate the need for taking these phases of change into account in nutrition education.
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[English]
Comparison of Health Status and Dietary Habits by Percent Body Fat (PBF) Change for Adult Women in the Weight Control Program by the Community Health Center
Hyun Kyung Moon, Hyun Jin Lee, Young Park
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):477-488.   Published online August 31, 2007
AbstractAbstract PDF
Prevalence of an obese population has been increasing in Korea. Obesity is considered a major risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases. Specifically, prevalence of obesity is prominent for adult woman in Korea. In many weight control programs, weight change did not often show any beneficial effects for health. These facts discourage people in the program. Thus in this study, the anthropometry, blood pressure, serum biochemical indices and dietary habits were compared by percent body fat change for adult women to show the beneficial effects of the weight control program. Study subjects were 134. Measurements were done before and after the weight control program. Percent Body Fat (PBF) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Using PBF changes, subjects were grouped as I (more than 1% increase), M (+/- 1% change), and D (more than 1% decrease). Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Among the 134 participants, 13 increased their weight and 100 decreased. For PBF, 19 increased and 59 decreased. Statistical significant differences were shown for anthropometric assessments before and after for all weight, fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. I had increases, and D shows decreases. But the difference of D is large than M. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Fasting blood glucose decreased in all groups but were statistically significant only in D. Also triglyceride decreased in D (p < 0.05). Thus health conditions showed desirable changes in I
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[English]
Comparison of Nutrient Intakes Regarding Stages of Change in Dietary Fiber Increasing for College Students in Kyunggi-Do
Eun Jung Chung
Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):592-602.   Published online October 31, 2005
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to compare nutrient intakes regarding stages of change in dietary fiber increasing behavior. Subjects were consisted of healthy 383 college students (250 females and 133 males) in Kyunggi-Do. Stages of change classified by an algorithim based on 6 items were designed each subjects into one of the 5 stages: precontemplation (PC), contemplation (CO), preparation (PR), action (AC), maintenance (MA). Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall method. Regarding the 5 stages of changes, PR stage comprised the largest group (39.4%), followed by AC (33.7%), MA (14.6%), PC (7.6%), CO (4.7%). Female were more belong to either AC or MA. The higher stage of change in dietary fiber increasing behavior, the higher self-efficacy. In all male and female, there were no differences in energy, protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol intakes across the 5 stages. But, fiber, potassuim (K), vitamin A and vitamin C intakes of AC or MA were higer than those of PC, CO and PR. Energy% from fat of PR (25.4 - 26.5%) was higher than 20%, and those of AC and MA was lower than the other groups. Dietary P/S and omega6/omega3 ratios of AC and MA were similar to the recommended ratio. Female of PR had the most total saturated fat and palmitic acid and those of MA had the least. Male of PR had the least alpha-LNA (omega3) and total omega3 fatty acids and those of MA had the most. In male and female in AC or MA, fiber and K intakes from breakfast, dinner and snack and vitamin C intakes from all meals were higher than those of the other stages. These results of our study confirm differences in stages of change in fiber intake in terms of nutritional status. To have lower energy% from fat, higher intakes of K, fiber and vitamins, desirable ratio of dietary fatty acids, it needs consistent nutritional education leading to the AC or MA of fiber increasing behavior.
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Validation Studies
[English]
Development of a Theory Based Nutrition Education Program for Childbearing Aged Women in Korea
Se Young Oh, Kyung A Kim, Hye Eun You, Hae Rang Chung
Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(6):725-733.   Published online December 31, 2004
AbstractAbstract PDF
It was well received that well grounded behavioral theories were important in the development of effective nutrition education programs, but there are only a few programs available for Korean women. The objective of this study was to develop nutrition education programs for childbearing-aged women in Korea. Based on the findings of the needs assessment for the program and theoretical backgrounds, we developed behaviorally oriented tailored nutrition education program including motivation (MT), modifying (MD) and maintenance (MA) stages. The key concepts of the stages were motivation promotion for MT, increasing behavioral capabilities for MD, and strengthening self-management and building favorable environmental condition for MA. The education program was intended to be need in individual nutrition counseling, but it could be well used for group education by developing materials using the relevant contents. The primary users of the program were nutrition educators, however it could be also used by clients as needed. The introductory chapter provided dietary assessment tools and nutrition education tips. MT chapter included subjects such as nutritional status screening, costs of inappropriate nutrition and weight management, benefits of eating right, and activities for motivation promotion. MD stage chapter dealt with topics of healthy weight, knowledges and skills for better eating habits and physical activity status, and activities related to setting tailored behavioral objectives. MA stage focused on facilitating self management skills and building helping relationships. Each stage underlined activities using various educational tools in order to promote active participation of the client (s). For better use of this program, it was recommended to conduct program validation study.
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Original Articles
[English]
Differences in the Dietary and Health-Related Habits and Quality of Diet in University Students Living in Daejeon
Mee Sook Lee, Mee Kyung Woo
Korean J Community Nutr 2003;8(1):33-40.   Published online February 28, 2003
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was investigated the differences in the dietary habits and quality of diet among 148 university students in Daejeon between 1993 (71 subjects) and 2000 (77 subjects). Among male students, there were increases in height and decreases in weight, but the number in the normal weight group assessed by the BMI, increased. Significant increases in meal regularity and the rate of considering a balanced diet at meal time and significant decreases in the rate of eating unbalanced meals were noted over time among the male students. The number of male students drinking alcohol and those drinking alcohol frequently decreased significantly. When considering differences in the nutrient intake of males according to the Korean RDA, the percentages of energy, iron, and Vitamin B2 decreased, while those of Vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus increased over time. The NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio) of most nutrients, especially in iron and Vitamin C were higher, than those of 1993, but the NAR of calcium, iron, Vitamin B2, niacin and MAR (Mean Adequacy Ratio) were lower than 0.75 in the males. The INQ (Index of nutritional quality) of Vitamin C was higher than that of 1993, and the INQ of calcium and Vitamin B2 were lower than 1 among the males. Among the females, there was no change in height and weight between 1993 and 2000, but the normal weight group, as assessed by the BMI, increased as among the males. However, unlike among the males, significant decreases in meal regularity and significant increases in the rate of alcohol drinking were noted over time. The intake of energy and nutrients showed trends similar to those among the males. The NARs of most nutrients were lower than those of 1993 among in the females. The INQs of protein, calcium, Vitamin B1, and Vitamin C increased significantly, but the INQs of calcium, iron, and Vitamin B2 were lower than 1 among the females. From these results, we found that male students showed relatively desirable changes over time in their dietary and health-related habits and the quality of their diets, while female students showed undesirable changes in their dietary and alcohol drinking habits and the quality of their diets.
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[English]
Analysis on the Stages of Change in Fat Reducing Behavior and Social Psychological Correlates in adult Female
Se Young Oh, Mi Ran Cho, Jean O Kim Rim
Korean J Community Nutr 2000;5(4):615-623.   Published online December 31, 2000
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Under the assumption that people go through stages in making dietary behavior change, this study was attempted to apply the stages of a change model for fat intake by examining the associations of social psychological variables with stages of change in dietary fat reduction. Derived from social psychological theories, 10 social psychological variables on motivational beliefs(6), social influence(3) and self-efficacy(1) related specifically to selecting every day diets low in fat were constructed. Fat and energy intakes were assessed by a short form semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The associations of stages of change with motivational beliefs, social influence, and self-efficacy variables and energy and fat intakes were assessed in 333 female adults from large cities in Korea. Dietary stage groups differed significantly on most of the social psychological variables in ways predicted by theory. Motivational factors that lead to a psychological state of readiness to take action were important in the early stages of the dietary change process. Social influences were more important in the stages as people decide to take action. Self efficacy and motivational beliefs, particularly, reduction of perceived barriers were important in maintaining fat reduction behavior. The results of our study indicate differences in stages of change in fat reduction behavior in terms of nutrient intakes and social psychological correlates and suggests that adding a time dimension to social psychological models increases our understanding of dietary change, which assist us in designing nutrition education interventions that are more appropriately targeted by stage of change.
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[English]
Change on the Food and Nutrient Intake Patterns of Men over Thirty Years Old in Jeon-ju Area
In Sook Kim, Hyeon Hee Yu, Eun A Seo
Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(3):382-393.   Published online September 30, 1999
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The objective of this study was to estimate changes on the flood and nutrient intake patterns of men over thirty years old in Jeon-Ju area. The first survey was conducted from December in 1991 to January in 1992, tile second one from January to February in 1994 and the third one from July to August in 1997. The nutrition survey using 24-hour recall method was executed to 303 subjects : 89, 82, 132 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Results of the study are as follows : Kimchi, rice, garlic and onions were the most frequently eaten food items. Total daily intakes of foods were 85 : 15, 81 : 19 and 81 : 19 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. The average numbers of foods per person were 15.7, 20.1 and 21.9 daily in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively and tends to increase significantly(p<0.05). The minimum numbers of foods per person were 4, 7 and 9 and the maximum numbers of foods per person were 27, 35 and 39 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) is determined by how many among the five food groups (cereals, vegetables, meats, milks, oils groups)were consumed per day. Most subjects earned the KDDS "3" ; 61, 46 and 42% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Average daily energy intakes wee 1,62 kcal(72% of RDA), 2,063 kcal(89% of RDA) and 1,818 kcal (79% of RDA) in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Energy intake rates of cereals : total energy intake were 65, 59, and 60% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively, which were decreasing. Protein intakes were 58g(72% of RDA), 79g(107% of RDA) and 71g(97% of RDA), respectively and animal protein comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively and animal protein comprised 38, 46, and 48% ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively, of which animal fat comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased, too. Malnourished (under 75% of RDA) rates were respectively 64, 34, and 47% in terms of energy ; 64, 31 and 33% in protein ; 67, 51, and 61% in calcium ; 53, 26, and 18% in iron ; 85, 74 and 84% in Vitamin A. Super-nourished(above 125% of RDA) rates were respectively 1, 13, and 3% in energy ; 1, 29, and 21% in protein ; 5, 18, and 7% in calcium ; 16, 31, and 7% in iron ; 16, 31, and 7% in Vitamin A, 42, 76, and 62% in Vitamin C. The percentages of calories from protein : fat : carbohydrate were 14 : 12 : 74, 15 : 16 : 69 and 16 : 17 : 67 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(number of five food groups per day), Meal Balance(number of five food groups per meal), DVS(average numbers of foods per person), amount of foods correlated positively with all the nutrient intakes(p<0.05). KDDS was positively correlated with energy, protein, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin(p<0.05)
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Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
© The Korean Society of Community Nutrition.
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