Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Article

[Korean]
Comparison of the Nutrient Intake and Health Status of Elderly Koreans According to their BMI Status: Focus on the Underweight Elderly Population: You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(5):422-434. Published online October 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.5.422

Objectives
With an increase in the population of the elderly in Korea, their nutritional status has become a cause for concern. This study was designed to compare the nutritional intake and health status of the Korean elderly according to their body mass index.
Methods
The subjects were 3,274 elderly people aged 65 and above who had participated in the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into four groups: underweight, normal, overweight, and obese, based on their BMI. The general characteristics, daily energy, and nutrient intakes, nutrient intakes compared to the recommended nutrient intake, percentage of participants whose nutrient intake was lower than the estimated average requirement (EAR), index of nutrient quality, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR), intakes by food group, and health status of the four groups were compared.
Results
Underweight elderly people showed lower energy, lipids, dietary fiber, vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium intake and MAR score (P < 0.001) compared to the normal or obese elderly. The mean protein, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, phosphorus, and iron intake of the underweight elderly was lower than the EAR (P < 0.05). Underweight elderly people also had a lower intake of vegetables and fats, oil and sweets food groups than the other groups (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia was higher in the obese group, but the percentage of anemia was higher in the underweight group.
Conclusions
Underweight elderly people were vulnerable to undernutrition and were at a higher risk of anemia.

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Effect of physical activity on free fatty acids, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in obese older women
Woo-Hyeon Son, Min-Seong Ha, Tae-Jin Park
Physical Activity and Nutrition.2024; 28(2): 1. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Nutrient and Carotenoid Intakes and Dietary Habits in Mentally Disabled Adults: Mi Yeon Ahn, Hwang Woon Moon, Hae Yun Chung, Yoo Kyoung Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):208-219. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.208

Abstract PDF PubReader: OBJECTIVES
According to preceding studies, many people with mental disability have unbalanced dietary habits or excessive intake of calories. Most of them are overweight or obese due to lack of self-control for food consumption, swallowing with inadequate chewing and physical inactivity. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the nutritional intake, including carotenoid, in mentally disabled people and find out a possible solution for nutritional improvement.
METHODS
People with intellectual disability (N=28), emotional disability (N=44) participated in this study. The disorder grades were from I to III and ages were between 20 and 65 years. Assessments included anthropometry, daily intake of nutrients, including carotenoid, ROMA III questionnaire for assessing bowel movement.
RESULTS
The average BMI of intellectually disabled people and emotionally disabled people was in the range of overweight and obesity respectively (23.7 +/- 6.3 kg/m2, 25.8 +/- 4.1 kg/m2). Overall, the frequencies of vegetable and dairy product intakes were lower in this population. When compared with Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) from Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2010, the intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and calcium were insufficient in both groups. Also, lycopene intakes of carotenoid were low, compared with traditional Korean diet of the non-disabled people from the second year 2008 of the 4th National Health and Nutrition Survey. In addition, emotionally disabled people also had lower intake of cryptoxanthin.
CONCLUSIONS
The mentally disabled people in this study showed lower intakes of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, calcium and carotenoids. Based on these findings, we recommend that it is important to encourage mentally disabled people to consume sufficient amounts of such nutrients in order to promote nutritional status.

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[English]
A Study on Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes according to BMI in Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female Students in Kyungnam University: Eun Hee Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(4):297-316. Published online August 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.4.297

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the body image, food habits, nutrition knowledge, food intake frequency, nutrient intakes of female university students in Masan.
METHODS
Two groups (n = 302, nutrition major: 147, non-major: 155) were classified into underweight, normal weight and overweight/obesity groups according to BMI respectively.
RESULTS
Height and weight of all subjects were 161.5 cm, 53.2 kg and were 161.5 cm, 55.1 kg, 161.5 cm, 51.3 kg in major and non-major female students, respectively. The BMI and body weight were significantly different (p < 0.001). Significantly higher proportions of underweight students in both study groups had perceived as 'normal' or 'fat' (p < 0.001). Higher proportion of the subjects skipped breakfast and main reason was no time to eat. Nutrition knowledge score was significantly higher in major than in non-major subjects (p < 0.001). Fish intake frequency score was significantly higher in non-majors, while the vegetable intake frequency score was significantly higher in majors. Nutrient intakes were significantly higher the majors compared to non-majors, particularly the intake of calcium (p < 0.05), zinc (p < 0.001), vitamin C (p < 0.001) and vitamin E (p < 0.01). Subjects in both groups did not have adequate nutrient intakes compared to KDRIs. BMI showed a positive correlation with body image, body weight and nutrition knowledge score (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that systematic nutrition education program which can be applied in real life is important for the formation of correct choices of food and good eating habits.

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Dietary life and mukbang- and cookbang-watching status of university students majoring in food and nutrition before and after COVID-19 outbreak
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Relationship among the use of food-related content, dietary behaviors, and dietary self-efficacy of high school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi areas
Min-Hwan Oh, Kyungeui Hong, Sung-Eun Kim
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Seung-Lim Lee
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Seok-Young Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 131. CrossRef
Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Nursing and Allied Health College Students
Su Ol Kim
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Nutrition Knowledge, Food Habit Problems and Dietary Attitudes of Nursing Students
Su-Ol Kim, So-Myeong Kim
The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2015; 21(4): 466. CrossRef
Comparative Study on Knowledge of Food Habits and Perception of Beauty between Beauty & Fashion Major and Non-major Female College Students
Chae-Jeong Han
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(6): 970. CrossRef
Survey on Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Food Habits of College Students in Wonju Area
Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef

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[English]
Body Image, Risk of Disturbed Eating Attitudes and Weight Control of Female Junior High School Students by the Body Mass Index in Seoul: Hyun Jung Song, Hyun Kyung Moon; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):111-121. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.111

Abstract PDF PubReader

OBJECTIVES
In this study, perception of body image, eating attitudes and weight control were examined by the degree of obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI).
METHODS
Out of 420 questionnaires distributed to the female middle school students (aged 12-16 years), 407 were returned (97% response rate) and 395 were analyzed (94% analysis rate). Female students were divided into two groups based on the BMI percentile using the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. (1) normal weight (5 th percentile < or = BMI < 85th percentile) (2) obese (85th percentile < or = BMI) by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Satisfaction of self-body shape, risk of disturbed eating attitudes (Eating Attitude Test : EAT-26), and weight control behaviors were examined.
RESULTS
Distribution of the subjects by BMI was 74.5% of normal and 25.5% of obese. There were significant differences between self-perceived current body image and self-perceived ideal body image. The dissatisfaction of body image was higher in obese than in normal groups (p < 0.001). 51.4% of female students were unsatisfied with their body image, while 2.6% were very satisfied. Among the students unsatisfied with their body image, 150 (52.1%) were of normal weight and 48 (49.4%) were obese. EAT-26 total scores were significantly higher in the obese group (16.42 +/- 8.23) compared with normal group (13.72 +/- 8.10) (p < 0.01). Attempted to weight control were significantly different by the BMI (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study concludes that there was desire to become thinner than current status in female students, even those with normal BMI. Many female students were dissatisfied with their body image and attempted to lose weight. It is harmful to their health and nutritional status if they choose undesirable methods. These findings suggested that there are needs to encourage female students for maintaining healthy weight. A higher score of EAT-26 was associated with dissatisfaction of selfbody image and this may lead to unhealthy behaviors in obese female students.

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Consumer characteristics of Body Mass Index groups, and the effect of body satisfaction and self-esteem on the involvement in dieting among females aged 25-49 years
Su-mok Jeong, Eunah Yoh
The Research Journal of the Costume Culture.2020; 28(5): 591. CrossRef
Survey on Foodservice Satisfaction and Dietary Education needs for Improvement of School Foodservice in Middle School Students in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Shin, Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 127. CrossRef
Characteristics of Groups classified by Degree of Obesity using Body Mass Index - Focused on Self-esteem, Food lifestyle, Social-cultural Attitudes towards Appearance, and Diet-related Attitude and Behavior -
Kwanghee Park
Journal of the Korean Society of Costume.2016; 66(8): 33. CrossRef
Energy Intake according to Expected Body Mass Index of Middle School Students in Seoul
Min-Jeong Ko
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(1): 30. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Serum Adiponectin Levels According to Body Mass Index and Dietary Behaviors of Female University Students in Seoul: Mi Joung Kim, Hyun Young Jun, Hye Bog Rha; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):354-364. Published online August 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.354

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was conducted to determine whether dietary factors could be related with serum adiponectin concentrations in 243, year-three female university students living in Seoul. The mean of body mass index (BMI) and adiponectin levels of all subjects were 20.17 kg/m2 and 11.07 microg/ml, respectively. When the subjects were divided into 3 groups based on BMI (underweight: < 18.5, normal: 18.5 < or = < 23, overweight and obesity: > or = 23), serum adiponectin levels in underweight group was significantly higher than that in 'normal' or 'overweight and 'obesity' groups. Also when the subjects were divided into two groups by mean adequacy ratio (MAR), serum adiponectin concentration of the high MAR group (MAR > 75) was slightly higher than that the low MAR group (MAR < or = 75). Serum adiponectin levels showed a negative correlation with body weight (p < 0.01) or BMI (p < 0.001) and a positive correlation with intakes of of animal or total protein (please clarify) or vegetable protein.Among the dietary behaviors, serum adiponectin levels of females who answered 'yes' to the question about 'eating breakfast' was significantly higher than that of those who answered 'sometimes' or 'No' (p < 0.05) and serum adiponectin levels were higher among those who reported higher fruit intakes. Overall, our results suggested that healthy lifestyle including acceptable BMI, eating breakfast and higher fruit consumption might play an important role in the prevention of obesity and enhancement of blood adiponectin levels.

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A Study on Food Habits and Nutrient Intakes according to BMI in Food and Nutrition Major and Non-major Female Students in Kyungnam University
Eun-Hee Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 297. CrossRef
Relationships among Serum Adiponectin, Leptin and Vitamin D Concentrations and the Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 12. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Eating Behavior between Commensality and Solo-eating of University Students by BMI: Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho, Yujin Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):280-289. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.280

Abstract PDF PubReader

The objective of this research was to explore the influences of 'having a meal with someone' on individuals' eating pattern. Eating is not a simple matter of energy intake but also serves to anchor daily routines being cultivated by people and society. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional eating behavior survey of university students (N = 893, 380 men, 513 women) aged 20 to 24 years. Results were analyzed and presented as frequencies, means and chi2-test with SPSS 14.0. Differences in dietary habits by commensality and solo-eating were observed; Students who ate alone, spent 15 min for a meal and ate convenience food items when they didn't feel hungry. Compared to students who ate alone, those who ate together with someone spent 30 min for a meal and ate more amount of food. Eighty percent of respondents ate more various menus in commensality than solo-eating. They felt lonely when they ate alone and preferred to eat together. In conclusion, university students start to decide and select their own meals by themselves after junior and high school food services which are fixed with regard to menu and the amount. Dietary habits of Koreans rapidly changed concomitant with social changes over the past half century. Governments and health experts recognize that unbalanced meals cause lifestyle-related diseases, in particular obesity. Our research findings will contribute to more comprehensive efficient nutrition education programs in order to prevent obesity and other lifestyle-related diseases in early stages of adulthood.

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Differences in Solo Eating Perceptions and Dietary Behaviors of University Students by Gender
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Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(1): 57. CrossRef
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Seung Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(2): 96. CrossRef
Health-related Factors, Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Nursing and Allied Health College Students
Su Ol Kim
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The Relationship between Obesity Degree and Psychological Factors, Dietary Behaviors and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adult Women in their Twenties in Seoul and Kyungin Area
Sang-Yeon Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2013; 26(3): 535. CrossRef
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Youngmee Lee, Lin Sun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(1): 25. CrossRef

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[English]
Analysis of BMI, Body Composition, Weight Control, Dietary Behaviors of Adult Women: Jae Ok Koo, Seoyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):454-465. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.454

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was carried out to investigate distribution of obesity, body composition, weight control and dietary behaviors, and to analyze the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and physical characteristics, body composition and dietary behaviors by anthropmetric measurement and questionnaires. The 199 study subjects were divided into 3 age groups; 30's (78), 40's (77) and 50's (44) and 4 groups by BMI ; under weight (4.5%), normal (51.3%), over weight (26.1%) and obese (18.1%). Amount of skeletal muscle, body water, mineral and body fat were significantly increased with BMI. There were especially significant increase skeletal muscle 5.3 kg (19.1 --> 23.5 kg), body water 5.3 kg (26.3 --> 31.6 kg) and fat 15.2 kg (11.2 --> 26.4 kg) from under weight to obesity group, respectively (p < 0.01). There were significantly decreased in the ratio of body water (10.3%), protein (2.7%) and body mineral (1.1%) from under weight to obesity, but significant increase 14.1% in body fat (p < 0.001). About 44.4% of under weight group and 40.1% of normal group and 50% of over and obesity group had dissatisfaction on their body images. Most of the women were concerned about their body images and experienced weight control. Dietary behavior scores of obesity group were significant lower than the other four groups (p < 0.001). There were significant positive correlation between BMI and body water (r = 0.62), protein (r = 0.52), skeletal muscle (r = 0.63), body fat (r = 0.91) and WH ratio (r = 0.91), respectively (p < 0.001). The correlation between BMI and body fat and WH ratio were much higher than the correlation between weight and fat and WH ratio.

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Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul
Da-Mee Kim, Youl-Ri Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
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Bo-Mi Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
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Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(3): 153. CrossRef
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[English]
A Study on Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Nutrient Intake, Psychological Index according to the Obesity Degree of College Women: Se Na Kang, Jung Hwa Park, Hye Jin Hwang; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):14-22. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.14

Abstract PDF PubReader

This study was designed to compare the incidence and severity of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) between normal (N = 85) and overweight or obese (N = 28) college female students and investigated correlation between PMS, nutrient intake, hematological index and psychological index (depression, anxiety, stress). Each subject was asked a Menstrual Discomfort Questionnaire (MDQ) for PMS by 5 Likert scale. The PMS scores of women in the normal weight subjects ranked in order of severity were water retention (2.71), followed by behavioral change (2.58), negative affect (2.46), pain (2.31), autonomic reaction (2.27), decreased concentration (2.16). The symptoms of 'pain' and 'behavioral change' of overweight or obese subject were significantly higher than those of normal subject (p < 0.05). And total cholesterol concentration of overweight or obese subjects was significantly higher than in normal subject (p < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the symptoms of 'negative effect' and BMI. And the triglyceride concentration was positively related with 'water retention (p < 0.01)'. The symptoms of 'decreased concentration' were negatively correlated with calcium (p < 0.01) and vitamin B6 intake (p < 0.05). The depression score were positively related with symptoms of 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)', 'negative affect' (p < 0.01), and the anxiety score was positively correlated with 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'decreased concentration (p < 0.05)'. The stress score was positively correlated with 'decreased concentration (p < 0.01)', 'behavioral change (p < 0.05)' and 'negative affect (p < 0.05)'. This suggests that PMS represents the clinical manifestation of a calcium, vitamin B6 deficiency and psychological disorder. Therefore we concluded that nutrient supplementation, depression and stress management may help to relieve PMS symptoms.

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Premenstrual symptom clusters and women’s coping style in Korea: happy healthy 20s application study
Chiyoung Cha, Su Jin Nam
Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology.2016; 37(3): 91. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Serum Insulin, Leptin, Adiponectin and High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Levels according to Body Mass Index and their Associations in Adult Women: Mi Young Lee, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):126-135. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.126

Abstract PDF PubReader

Obesity is characterized by increased storage of fatty acids in an adipose tissue and closely associated with the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through secretion of adipokines. This study was done to compare serum insulin, leptin, adiponectin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels according to body masss index (BMI) in Korean adult women aged 19 to 50. In addition, we examined the association of BMI, serum lipids and Homa-IR with serum adiponectin, leptin and hs-CRP levels. The subjects were divided into 3 groups by their BMI, normal weight (BMI < or = 22.9, n = 30), overweight (23.0 < or = BMI < or = 24.9, n = 71) and obese group (25.0 < or = BMI, n = 59). Serum levels of total-cholesterol, TG, and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in obese group than in normal weight group. LDL/HDL ratio and AI were significantly higher in obese group than in normal or overweight group. Fasting serum levels of glucose and insulin and Homa-IR as a marker of insulin resistance were significantly higher in obese group than in overweight group. Serum leptin level was significantly higher in obese group while serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in obese group compared to other two groups. hs-CRP was significantly increased in obese group. Correlation data show that serum adiponectin level was positively correlated with serum HDL-cholesterol level and was negatively correlated with BMI, WC, TG, LDL-cholesterol, Homa-IR, hs-CRP and leptin. In addition, serum leptin level was positively correlated with BMI, WC, glucose, insulin, Homa-IR and hs-CRP. These results might imply that the regulation of key adipokines such as adiponectin might be a strategy for the prevention or treatment of obesity-associated diseases such as diabetes and CVD.

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Yeonah Jeong, Misung Kim, Saeron Shin, Ahreum Han, Geomsuk Seo, Cheongmin Sohn
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Relationships among Serum Adiponectin, Leptin and Vitamin D Concentrations and the Metabolic Syndrome in Farmers
Seo-Eun Yeon, Hee-Ryoung Son, Jung-Sook Choi, Eun-Kyung Kim
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Nutrient Intake, the Concentrations of Leptin, Adiponectin, Cotisol & Insulin by the Body Fat Content of Women
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[English]
Analysis of BMI Menopose, Blood Pressure and Dietary Habits Affecting Born Mineral Density of 30~60 Years Women: Jae Ok Koo, Seoyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):403-414. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: Reducing women's bone mineral density (BMD) has close relationship to risk in osteoporosis. This study was carried out to identify bone density risk factors affecting women's BMD, and to analyze the relationship of age, between BMD and menopause, BMI, blood pressure lifestyle and dietary habits for bone health by physical measurement and questionnaires. The study subjects, 128 women living in Seoul, were divided into 4 age group; 30~39 years (17), 40~49 years (54) and 50~59 years (36) and 60~69 years (21). There were significant differences in mean height, BMI, systolic blood pressure, menache and menopause age and menopause ratio and BMD T-score among the 4 age groups. BHD was significantly decreased according to increasing age and BMI and menopause. The rate of BMD risk subjects was significantly different increasing with age and BMI. The rate of risk group were 0%, 13%, 22.2% and 71.4%, by age groups and 0%, 16.2%, 33.3% and 52.9% by BMI respectively. BMD of menopause groups was significantly decreased from 1.23 (40 years) to 1.34 (60 years). p < 0.001. Also systolic blood pressure were significantly increased from 116.5 mmHg (30 years) to 130.81 mmHg (60 years). The T-score of normal group also decreased significantly from 1.27 to 0.13 (60years) with age. There were significant negative correlation between BMD and age (r = -0.409) menopause (r = -0.346), BMI (r = -0.218) systolic blood pressure (r = -0.193), salty taste eating out (r = -0.185) (p < 0.05). There were significant positive correlation between BMD and meat fish and walking time. In conclusion, bone density decreased with age. Most of the 50 years' subjects were in risk group. BMI, menopause, systolic blood pressure, frequency alcohol consuming. To prevent osteoporosis, over 40 years needed to be educated to maintain normal weight and the improvement of eating and living habits.

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[English]
Effects of the 12 Weeks Weight Control Program on Improvement of BMI, Nutrition Knowledge, Physical Fitness and Stress Levels of Adult Obese Women: Kyung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):73-82. Published online February 28, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a weight control programs on BMI, nutrition knowledge, physical fitness and stress level of adult obese women. The subjects of this study were 36 adult obese women aged 30-65 years whose BMI were above 23 kg/m2. The weight control program for obese women included nutritional education, exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy for 12 weeks. The BMI of the subjects was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) from 27.1 kg/m2 to 26.4 kg/m2 after the 12 weeks of the weight control program. In addition, the weight of body fat was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) and % body fat was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 35.4% to 34.9% after completion of the weight control program. In addition, nutritional knowledge (p < 0.001) and eating behavior scores (p < 0.01) were significantly increased. However, the food intake scores were not changed after the program. Stress levels of the adult obese women were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) from 85.63 to 66.88 and also obesity stress levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) after the weight control program. In the physical fitness levels of the subjects, muscle endurance (p < 0.05) and ability of balance (p < 0.01) were significantly improved after completion of the weight control program. There were positive significant correlations between general stress and obesity stress level (p < 0.05), and negative correlations between stress level and food intake score (p < 0.05). These results showed that the weight control program for adult obese women may be effectively used to improve weight reduction, physical fitness and stress levels.

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[English]
Association of Nutritional Status with Obesity by Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference among Hypertensive Elderly Patients: Kyung Hee Seo, Hye Jin Lee, Bu Dol Lim, Yun Jung Choi, Hyunmee Oh, Jin Sook Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):831-845. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: Hypertension and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information was collected from hypertensive patients visiting community health education and information center by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p < 0.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. Vegetable intake was significantly lower in the obese group according to BMI as well as waist circumference. Energy intake from carbohydrate was significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p < 0.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. Our results indicated the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down salt intake with wise selection of staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients.

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[English]
Effects of Body Composition and Nutrients Intake on the Calcaneal Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation in College Students: Eun Joo Jea, Kwang Eui Byoun, Jung Eun Youn, Byung Kook Lee, Hee Seon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):590-599. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship of nutritional status measured by the body composition and dietary nutrients intakes with calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in college students. Total of 886 (462 male and 424 female) students who received health examination in May 2007 participated in this research.Participants bone status was measured by a quantitative ultrasound method and t-score was calculated via WHO guideline. For body composition measurements, body fat, height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Dietary data were collected by a 24-hour recall method. Based on Asia-Pacific standard of WHO, BMI was divided into 3 groups; UW (BMI<18.5), NW + OW (18.5< or =BMI<25) and Obese group (25< or =BMI). Among male students, 2.4% belong to the UW group, 45.0% to the NW+OW group and 52.6% belong to the obese group, while 10.4% of female students belong to the UW group, 71.9% to the NW + OW group and 17.7% of female students belong to the Obese group. Differences among male and female students were statistically significant (p<0.001). Students with higher BMI showed significantly higher bone health status. Male students did not show any significant differences in nutrients intakes by BMI groups while female students showed the higher intakes of energy, protein, pyridoxin, phosphorus, iron and zinc among NW + OW group than other groups (p < 0.05). The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of diet by BMI groups did not show any significant differences in both male and female students. The result of the multiple regression analyses showed that the body fat and bone status was negatively related while energy intake was positively related with the bone status. These results revealed that bone health status was positively affected by BMI but not by body fat. In conclusion, among those who are at their twenties, the period when the bone density becomes maximized, body fat may negatively affect bone health unlike during other life cycle stages.

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[English]
Study on Stress, Depression, Binge Eating, and Food Behavior of High School Girls Based on Their BMI: Ji eun Park, Sung joo Kim, Ryowon Choue; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(2):175-181. Published online April 30, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships of stress, depression, binge eating and food behavior of high school girls with their degree of BMI. One hundred twenty high school girls from the Seoul metropolitan area participated in this study. Self-administrated questionnaires to search for degree of stress, depression, binge eating, and food behavior were distributed. Anthropometric assessment was carried out to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The results are as follows: The mean of age and BMI of the subjects were 17.6 +/- 0.6 years and 21.0 +/- 2.9 kg/m2 (ranged from 15.4 to 31.7 kg/m2), respectively. 16.7%, 65.8% and 17.5% of the subjects were classified as under weight, normal weight and overweight, respectively. The average scores of stress, depression and binge eating were 124.9 +/- 31.4, 15.2 +/- 9.8, 29.5 +/- 7.8 points, respectively. The food behavior score was 11.5 +/- 2.4 points. Their degree of stress, depression, binge eating was significantly higher in overweight high school girls compared to underweight or normal weight high school girls. There were significant correlations of BMI with stress (P < 0.05), depression (P < 0.001), and binge eating (P < 0.01). Also there were significant correlations of food behavior with stress (P < 0.05), depression (P < 0.05) and binge eating (P < 0.001). These results indicate that the high school girls who have higher BMI seem to have more stress, depression, and binge eating habits. Also the high school girls who have more stress, depression and binge eating habits have poor food behaviors. Therefore proper control of emotions is required to maintain desirable food behaviors in high school girls.

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[English]
Study of Bone Mineral Density, Body Composition and Dietary Habits of 20~30 Years Women: Jae Ok Koo, Hong Seok Ahn, Sook Young Yoo; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(4):489-498. Published online August 31, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to identify bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, lifestyle and dietary habits of young women by physical measurement and questionnaires. The study subjects, 190 young women living in Seoul, were divided into three age groups: 20 ~ 24 years (93), 25 ~ 29 years (44) and 30 ~ 39 years (53). There was no significant difference in mean body muscle mass, protein, mineral, body fat and BMI among the three age groups. The rate of low weight (18%) in 20 years group was higher that of the 30 years (11.3%). The mean BMD and T-score were 0.44 g/cm2 and -0.66. BMD and T-score of the forearm bone were significantly higher in the 30 ~ 39 years group. But BMD and T-score of calcanues were not significantly different among the three age groups. The rate of normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis subjects by BMD were 60.5%, 38.4%, 1.1%, respectively. The rate of osteopenia in 20 ~ 24 years group was significantly higher than the other age groups. The rate of meal irregularity was significantly higher in 20 ~ 24 years group. The rate of women who walk and are exposed to sunlight more than 1hr per day were significantly higher in 20~24 years group than the others. However, the score of food behaviors is significantly higher (bad) in 20 ~ 24 years group than the others. The relationship between BMD and frequency of food intake showed significant differences in beans, broom, seaweed and rice wine. In conclusion, the risk rate of BMD was very high, 40% of the subjects, and the risk rate of BMD was higher in 20 years group than 30 years group, and the rate of low weight in 20 years group was higher than in 30 years group. The food habits and behaviors were not healthy enough. Therefore, nutrition education is needed for bone health.

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[English]
Relations Among Weight Control Behaviors, Health-related Lifestyles, and Diet Behaviors in Middle Aged Koreans: Yoon Jung Choi, Eun Mi Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(2):176-188. Published online April 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: In this study, we compared demographic anthropometric characteristic, health-related lifestyle and diet behavior among weight control behaviors of 1187 (555 male, 632 female) aged 40~69yrs in Ganghwa country. All the data were analyzed by chi-square test, trend test, student t-test using SPSS 12.0 version at p < 0.05. 'Attempting weight control (loss)' was more in women than that was found in men (36.6% vs 20.7%), and women attempting weight loss most were 40-50 yrs. The reasons of weight loss were 'health problem' and 'health promotion'. Physical activity and diet restriction were commonly employed as weight control methods. Both genders attempting weight loss had a higher education level, BMI, percentage of body fat, waist circumference and physical activity than those not attempting weight control (p < 0.05). In dietary habits like 'meal regularity', 'slow eating' and 'over eating', women attempting weight loss were superior than those who not attempting weight control group (p < 0.05). Eating pattern changes like 'decrease of fats and fatty foods intake', 'vegetable oil usage', 'increase of fruit and vegetables intake', 'decrease of sugar and salt intake' showed significant differences (p < 0.001) between the attempted weight control groups and nonattempted weight control groups. Salt taste was a preference in male non-attempted weight control group, while sour, hot and spicy taste were preference in female attempted weight control group (p < 0.05). Preference for processed foods, fried foods and snack were significant differences (p < 0.05) in women attempted weight control group. Those attempting weight loss tried to improve their eating patterns. However, those attempting weight loss were poorer than the others in health-related lifestyle and eating habit. Therefore, it is necessary to make an effort that improve healthrelated lifestyle and diet behavior in middle aged group.

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[English]
Weight-related Perceptions, Practices and Eating Behaviors of Middle School Students: Associations with BMI: Ji Eun Kim, Hye Sun Min; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):13-23. Published online February 29, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the association between the weight status of middle school students and the various weightrelated characteristics including desired weight, weight perception, weight-related practice, physical activity, and overeating behavior. Questionnaires were administered to 473 middle school students (178 boys and 295 girls) in Daejeon. Boys and girls were divided into three groups respectively; (1) underweight (BMI < 5th percentile) (2)normal weight (5th percentile < or = BMI < 85th percentile) (3) overweight (BMI > or = 85th percentile). Using BMI calculated from measured height and weight, 14.0% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight, and 16.3% of boys and 14.2% of girls were overweight. However, among this sample of students, 38.4% of boys and 13.6% of girls perceived themselves as underweight and 29.4% of boys and 44.9% of girls perceived themselves as overweight. We found that overweight students reported their body weights lower and their heights higher compared to nonoverweight students, resulting in an underestimation of BMI. Based on desired BMI, 79.9% of the girls desired to be underweight and 73.0% of the boys desired to be normal weight. Overweight or normal weight students were less satisfied with their body weights than underweight students. Girls had more weight control experience and concern compared to boys. Overweight girls spent longer times in watching TV compared to non-overweight girls (p < 0.001) and had more overeating behaviors (p < 0.05). Overweight students reported that they ate snacks less frequently than non-overweight students, which may be due to their tendency to report less eating. In conclusion, significant gender differences and weight status differences existed in weight perception, weight satisfaction, and weight control experience and concern. Because perception of overweight is likely to lead to unhealthy eating behaviors and weight control, efforts for adolescents to improve accuracy of weight perceptions and to understand the benefits of being healthier are needed.

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[English]
Evaluation of the Dietary Diversity and Nutrient Intakes in Obese Adults: So Hye Kim, Ju Young Kim, Kyoung A Ryu, Cheong Min Sohn; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):583-591. Published online October 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to assess the diet diversity, food habit and nutrient intake of obese adults who were visiting the health promotion center. This study was accomplished with the 138 obese adults (men = 103, women = 35) aged over 20 years old whose BMI were above 25 kg/m2. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS), and food group consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) by using the data from the three days record were analyzed and the food habit and lifestyle were assessed by self reporting questionnaire. The average energy intake of men was 2150.2 kcal which was significantly higher than that of women (p < 0.05). The intake ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat over total energy was 54.8% : 19.3% : 25.8% in men, 59.5% : 17.8% : 22.6% in women, respectively. Frequency of the breakfast in a week above 4, 2~3 time and under one time was 75.7%, 10.7% and 9.7% in men, 77.1%, 5.7% and 14.3% in women respectively. Frequency of eating between meals in a day under one time was 73.8% in men, 57.1% in women (p < 0.05). The average DDS and DVS was 3.63 +/-0.07 and 14.10 +/-3.45, respectively which was significantly correlated with MAR (r = 0.40 in DDS, r = 0.64 in DVS, p < 0.01). The most frequent style of food pattern was DMGFV = 01101 in 35% of men, and DMGFV = 01111 in 37.1% of women. Our results show that dietary diversity and variety are useful parameters for evaluating nutrient intakes in obese adults. These findings suggest that nutritional education based on obese persons' eating behavior and eating diversity may be required to increase educational efficiency of weight control programs.

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[English]
Weight Control and Associated Factors among Health-related Major Female College Students in Seoul: Jae Yeon Lim, Hye Bog Rha; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):247-258. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate weight control status and associated factors among health-related major female college students. The subjects consisted of 41 nutrition and 78 physical exercise major female college students. Nutrient intakes, biochemical index, nutrition knowledge (recognition and accuracy), interest of weight control, body satisfaction, self-recognition of health condition, self-evaluated body weight were studied. About 73% of nutrition and 79% of physical exercise major female students were in the normal range of BMI (18.5~23) and 2% of nutrition and 1% of physical exercise major female students were underweight, 10% of nutrition and 6% of physical exercise major female students were obese. There were no significant differences in height and weight by major but %body fat and WHR in physical exercise majors were significantly lower than nutrition major students (respectively p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Overall, nutrition intakes of subjects were not shown to be appropriate, especially Ca/P of subjects was shown 0.54~0.64, fat% out of energy of subjects was shown 24.7~29.0 and Na intake was shown above 2000mg. Recognition and accuracy of nutrition were higher than those of physical exercise majors (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in self-recognition of health condition, self-evaluated body weight, satisfaction of body shape by major and weight control attempt. But interest of weight control of attempter was higher than that of no-attempter in nutrition (p < 0.05) and physical exercise major students (p < 0.01). Significantly negative correlation was found in satisfaction of body and BMI, body fat mass, %bodyfat, WHR. And significantly positive correlation was found in interest of weight control and BMI, %bodyfat, WHR. It was noticeable to see that interest of weight control was positively correlated to accuracy and accuracy was negatively correlated to blood cholesterol level. Therefore, proper nutrition education for female college students is needed in order to improve their weight control-related health.

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[English]
Nutritional Environment Influences Hypertension in the Middle-aged Korean Adults: based on 1998 & 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey: Hae Jeung Lee, Haeng Shin Lee, Yoonna Lee, Young Ai Jang, Jae Jin Moon, Cho il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):272-283. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to delineate the relationship between lifestyle and nutritional risk factors associated with hypertension in representative middle-aged Korean population. Hypertension in this study is defined as hypertensive (SBP> or = 140 mmHg or DBP> or = 90 mmHg) adults without recognition of a disease state before a health exam. With data from the 1998 and 2001 National Health and Nutritional Survey, nutrient intakes of 6,112 adults, 40-64 years of age were calculated using food composition database and matched with health examination records by individual ID. After excluding those with extreme intake values, the number of final subjects included in the analysis was 5,200 (male 2,458, female 2,742). Using logistic regression method, socio-demographic data, lifestyle factors, and nutrient intakes were analyzed. Risky factors for hypertension revealed in this study were age, sex, BMI over 23, waist circumference, alcohol intake of more than 16 g (male) or 8 g (female). Regarding nutrient intakes, the intakes of highest quartile for energy (> or = 2363.0 kcal) and protein (> or = 90.2 g) were significantly associated with higher risk of hypertension after adjusting for age, sex, and other socio-demographic factors (OR = 1.312 (1.046-1.711), OR = 1.488(1.194-1.854), respectively)). Although high intakes of sodium (> or = 6604.0 mg) and phosphorus seemed to be risk factors of hypertension also before energy adjustment (OR = 1.278(1.034-1.581), OR = 1.280(1.024 -1.600), respectively), only high intakes of energy and protein remained significant after adjustment. This study revealed that modifying risky lifestyles and dietary patterns, especially high energy intake, high protein intake, and high alcohol drinking, in middle-aged Korean adults could result in a prevalence decrease and/or prevention of hypertension.

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[English]
The Comparison in Daily Intake of Nutrients and Dietary Habits of College Students in Busan: Myung Soo Ko; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(3):259-271. Published online June 30, 2007

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and daily intake of nutrients in college students. This survey was conducted using a self-administered questionaire. The average heights and weights were 173.5 cm and 72.3 kg of male students and 161.8 cm and 57.2 kg of female students. The average of BMI was 24.2 kg/m2 of male and 21.9 kg/m2 of female, and the value of male students was higher than the value of female students. The response to the daily meals was 54.6% for '2~3 times/week'. The regularity of mealtime was 41.7% for irregular and the frequency eating after nine was 45.7% for '5-6 times/week', respectively. The repast was 72.2% for 'overeating and little eating' and was a significant difference of male and female students (p < 0.05). The eating rate was higher '10 ~20 min'. As for breakfast food eaten, skipping breakfast was 23.6% for 'no/week' and female students were higher than male students (p < 0.05). The frequency of snacks was 36.0% for 'nothing' of males students and 34.8% for '3- 4 times/week' of female students (p < 0.05). The type of snack was a significant difference of males and females students (p < 0.01), and was the highest 75.0% for carbonated drinks of males and 37.5% for snacks of females. The eating due to stress solution was a significant difference of male and female students (p < 0.01), and was the highest 23.0% for 'frequency' of males and 44.7% for 'sometime' of females. As for food intake of male and female students, the meat intake was 66.7% for 'everything of male and female students. The fish intake was 68.1% for '1- 2times/week'. The milk, milk products, eggs and beans were each 40.3%, 58.3%, 56.9%, 47.2% for '1-2 times/week' (p < 0.05). The fat intake was 55.6% for '1~2 times/week'. The average consumption of energy was 58% of male and 67% of female of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat was 57 : 15 : 28 of all subjects. The mean intakes of vitamin C and folic acid were 70% and 51% of males and 62% and 52% of females of recommended intake (RI). The mean intakes of Ca, P, Fe and Na were 71%, 140%, 146% of males and 72%, 122%, 76% of female of RI and 273% of males and 233% of females of adequate intake (AI). Therefore, nutritional education is necessary for college students to establish physicall and mentall optimal health conditions through nutritional intervention.

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[English]
Effect of Nutritional Education and Exercise Intervention on Reducing and Maintaining Weight in Obese Women: Myoung Sook Kim, Mee Sook Choi, Ki Nam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):80-89. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of nutritional education and exercise intervention on reduction and maintenance of weight. The subjects were 24 obese women whose body mass index (BMI) was over 25 kg/m(2). Nutritional education was performed once a week and swimming was done three times a week throughout this 12 week program. The subjects were recalled 1 month after the program was complete. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24 hour recall method. Also food habits, dietary behaviors and nutritional knowledge were investigated by self-administered questionnaires before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. Height, weight, body composition and blood levels were measured before and after the weight control program and one month after completing the program. During the 12 weeks of the weight control program, body weight significantly decreased from an average of 69.7 kg to 65.8 kg and to 65.1kg after one month (p < 0.05). Body fat and BMI also significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Cholesterol and blood sugar levels decreased after 12 weeks and increased one month after completing the program. After taking nutritional education, the nutritional knowledge scores increased. Calcium intake significantly increased after completing the education and one month after completing the program (p < 0.01). Iron intake significantly decreased from an average of 12.1 g to 11.3 g after completing the program and increased to 15.5 g one month after completing the progrom (p < 0.001). We concluded that our nutritional education and exercise program was effective for reducing and maintaining weight.

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[English]
Comparison of Food Intakes and Serum Lipid Levels in Overweight and Obese Women by Body Mass Index: Ok Hyun Kim, Hana Jung, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(1):40-49. Published online February 28, 2007

Abstract PDF: This study was done to investigate the health-related habits, dietary intakes and serum lipid levels in overweight and obese women by body mass index (BMI). Subjects were 137 pre-menopausal women aged 19 to 49 years. They were divided by 3 groups, overweight (23 < or = BMI < 25), obese (25 < or = BMI < 30) and morbidly obese (BMI > or = 30) according to their BMI. Body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. Dietary intakes were examined by 3-day record method and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professionals (CAN-pro 3.1). Serum lipid levels were measured using automatic biochemical analyzer (Selectra E). The average age, height, weight, and BMI of subjects were 31.7 years old, 159.3 cm, 69.4 kg, and 27.4 kg/m(2), respectively. Their average consumption of energy were 12 kcal and 86.4% of estimated energy requirement (EER). Their mean ratio of carbohydrate : protein : fat was 55.2 : 14.6 : 30.2. Particularly, the fat consumption of subjects tended to be elevated with increasing BMI. There was no significant difference in nutrient intakes among 3 groups. But the mean intakes of Ca, Fe, vitamin C and Na of all the subjects were 70.1%, 87.2%, 75.7% of recommended intake (RI) and 258.9% of adequate intake (AI), respectively. The intakes of vegetables and seaweeds were significantly higher in morbidly obese group while the intake of fruits was higher in overweight group compared to the other groups. Serum lipid analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol among the groups. But the serum HDL-cholesterol level of the overweight group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. LDL-/HDL-cholesterol ratio and AI index were significantly higher in the morbidly obese group compared to the other groups. In addition, The systolic blood pressure of morbidly obese group was significantly higher compared to the other groups. Overall data suggest that morbidly obese women have to more concern about reducing systolic blood pressure and serum lipid levels by decreasing their fat consumption and salt intakes as well as loosing body fat. In addition, all the subjects participated in this study have to be careful about their meals and health-related behaviors in order to prevent obesity-related chronic diseases.

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[English]
A Study on the Relationship between Time Spent on Lunch and Degree of Obesity,Eating Habits in Culinary College Male Students: Sookhee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(6):695-706. Published online December 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was to investigate the relationship between time spent on lunch and degree of obesity, eating habits in culinary college male students. This survey was conducted using questionnaires for 106 male students in a Hongseung-located culinary college. Over 16 minutes of time spent on lunch group had significantly lower body weights, obesity degrees and body mass index (BMI) and tended to have lower body fat % than the other groups. It suggests that shorter time spent on lunch is related with lower body weight, obesity degree and BMI. Those who ate the meal prepared by mother had longer time spent on lunch. The shorter times spent on lunch group recognized their body shape was lean, the longer time spent on lunch group recognized the overweight or obesity significantly. The shorter time spent on lunch group tended to eat the cooked rice in the gug and recognized that they were not healthy. Those who had diseases in the past tended to have shorter time spent on lunch. The more they chewed cooked rice and then longer time spent on lunch they had, they recognized their eating speed was not significantly speedy. The shorter time spent on lunch they had, the fewer fruits and salty foods they ate significantly. This study suggests that more chewing time, slower eating speed and longer time spent on eatmg lunch is very related with lowering weight, BMI, body fat % and obesity degrees, so male college students should be educated to have correct eating habits.

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[English]
Body Mass Index, Dietary Intake, Serum Lipids and Antioxidant Status of Young Females: Hyun Sook Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(4):479-487. Published online August 31, 2006

Abstract PDF: Many epidemiological and observational studies show that distorted body image of normal body weight is widespread among Korean young females. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and underweight of young females and, to compare nutrient intakes, body composition, serum indices (lipids, MDA: Malondialdehyde, TAS: Total Antioxidant Status) with different BMI groups. The subjects were 75 university students in Seoul. We divided the subjects into 3 groups according to their BMI by IOTF guideline (UW: underweight group; BMI < 18.5, NW: normal body weight group; 18.5 < or = BMI < 23.0, OW: overweight group; BMI > or = 23.0). Data on dietary intakes, body compositions and serum indices were obtained in 3 groups. Differences on all of the above variables were assessed by body weight groups. Using IOTF guidelines, the prevalence of overweight and underweight in young females were 23%, 61%, 16% respectively. beta-carotene and vitamin A intake of UW were significantly higher than that of NW (p < 0.05). Fiber intakes of NW was significantly higher than that of UW (p < 0.05). But intakes of energy and the other nutrients were not significantly different among BMI groups. Calcium and folate intakes were 75%, 61% of KDRIs. Serum TGs were significantly higher in OW than that of NW, UW (p < 0.05), but level of MDA and TAS were not significantly different. The association of overweight and low intake of beta-carotene and vitamin A may be one of many factors predisposing obese females to a high risk of oxidative stress later in life. This requires urgent nutritional intervention programs involving enough intake of fruit and vegetables, with modification of inappropriate dietary habits.

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[English]
An Exploratory Study for Identifying Factors Related to Breakfast in Elementary, Middle and High School Students: Bo Sook Yi, Il Sun Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):25-38. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to identify factors related to breakfasts in elementary, middle and high school students. This study was surveyed by questionnaires and data was analyzed by SPSS program. Exploratory analysis was conducted according to three school student groups (elementary children, middle school students, and high school students). The subjects were 1,886 school students (female 893, male 959) of 51 schools in the nationwide region. The distribution of subjects was elementary school children 544, middle school students 661 and high school students 681. The results are summarized as follows. Only sixty percent of the subjects had breakfast regularly. About one fourth of the subjects had the habit of skipping breakfast or eating it 2~3 times per week. Frequency of having breakfast and reasions of skipping breakfast were significantly different according to school student groups (p < 0.001 respectively). The rate of skipping breakfast was 14.4% in elementary school, 16.1% in middle school, and 25.0% in high school. The main reason for skipping breakfast was "not delicious or poor appetite" in elementary school (42.5%), but "busy" in middle (50.2%) and high school (61.1%). There was no significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to living areas (rural and urban). There were not significant differences between frequency of having breakfast and BMI and degree of satisfaction on body weight. But there were significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to economical status (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in degree of school performance according to frequency of having breakfast (p < 0.001). There was significant relationship between the time of attending school and the frequency of having breakfast. But there were significant relationships between frequency of having breakfast and time of rising. These findings suggested that the time of rising was controlled by having enough time that students eat breakfast. And mother (or person who prepares meals) must have more concerns about preparing breakfast for children and students.

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[English]
Dietary Macronutrients and VO2 by BMI among Female College Students in Seoul: Jae Yeon Lim, Hae Bok Na; Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):52-62. Published online February 28, 2006

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate dietary macronutrient and VO2 by BMI. The subjects consisted of 50 female college students. They were divided into three groups: Below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 (n = 9), BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (n = 28), above BMI 23 g/m2 (n = 13). Health-related questionnaires, dietary macronutrients, macronutrient compositions, food frequency questionnaires, body compositions and VO2 were studied. Macronutrient compositions that macronutrient intakes were expressed by the percentage of daily energy intakes. There were significant differences in body fat, percent of body fat, and fat distribution by BMI. Also, significantly increasing of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was shown by BMI, but BMR per body weight was decreased by BMI. Overall, there were no significant differences in health-related questionnaires, food frequency questionnaires (FFQ), dietary macronutrients and VO2 by BMI but salty taste preferences and carbohydrate intakes, FFQ of beans, white vegetables rand, yellow-green vegetables in the above BMI 23 g/m2 group were significantly higher than other groups. There were no significant differences in macronutrient composition but the lipid composition of subjects was shown above 20%. Also, energy intakes of subjects were shown to be low; especially the below BMI 18.5 kg/m2 group was very low (55% of RDA). Significantly positive correlation was found in BMR and body composition such as skeletal muscle & lean body mass, but significant correlation was not found in BMR and dietary macronutrients. Overall, researched energy metabolism factor was not different by BMI. Only in the BMI 18.5 - 23 kg/m2 (normal) group, significantly positive correlation was found in VO2peak and body fat oxidation. Therefore, proper nutritional education for female college students is needed in order to improve their obesity-related health. Moreover, a nutritional survey method of finding diverse factors that affect their health should be developed to meet various needs.

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[English]
Changes in Blood Pressures, Blood Profiles and Physical Conditions among Adults in the Daejeon Area: Hae Kyung Kang; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):633-644. Published online October 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: The body mass index, blood pressures and blood profiles of adults, who worked at three colleges in the Daejeon area, were evaluated for use in developing well-balanced menus at their workplace cafeterias and/or in creating nutrition education programs tailored to their health statuses. The data analyzed were from physical examinations performed in 2002 and in 2004 by the National Health Insurance Corporation. Overall, levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol were lower in the 2004 samples than in those of 2002, but most samples in 2004 showed higher levels of SGOT. In 2002, statistical differences occured in the levels of blood pressure and serum cholesterol among age groups, but not in 2004. And in 2004, the older the age group, the higher the BMI. Among subjects in their twenties, three variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and serum cholesterol) showed statistical differences; this increased to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their thirties and to six variables (Hb, SGOT, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and serum cholesterol) among those in their forties, followed by a decline to four variables (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Hb and serum cholesterol) among subjects in their fifties. In general, the results of physical examinations showed improvements in blood pressure and blood profiles in 2004 in comparison with results in 2002. The level of SGOT was the exception. Despite these improvements, of those employees who had physical examinations in 2004, 5.2% had high blood glucose and 18.1% hypertension, 27.9% hypercholesterolemia, 8.3% registered abnormal liver functions, and 31.3% were classified as overweight and obese. Moreover, because some vulnerable blood profiles were found in the older age groups, various programs, including nutrition education, and/or development of healthful diets as well as excercise activities, may be needed within their workplaces.

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[English]
Osteoporosis Prevalence of Radius and Tibia and Related Factors Using Multiple Bone Sites Quantitative Ultrasound Measurement of the Korean Health and Genome Study Cohort Women: Seon Joo Park, Younjhin Ahn, Hae Sook Min, Kyoung Soo Oh, Chan Park, Nam Han Cho, Kuchan Kimm; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(4):536-545. Published online August 31, 2005

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate osteopenia and osteoporosis prevalence of radius and tibia using Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) and to identify affecting factors of osteoporosis. A total of 4,340 women aged 40 - 69 years, living in Ansung (rural) and Ansan (mid-sized) area, and free of illnesses affecting bone metabolism participated in the community-based cohort study. Among them 4,059 subjects measured radius bone density and 4,089 measured tibia. The T-score threshold, defined as < -1.0 and < or = -2.5, was used to identify subjects with osteopenia and osteoporosis by WHO criteria. The crude prevalence of osteoporosis in radius and tibia was 8.4% and 23.3% respectively; after adjustment for age, it changed 6.3% and 18.8%. In simple logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis increased by aging, non-marital status, low education, low income. Otherwise, high intakes of Ca/P, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitamin E were decreased osteoporosis prevalence. Compared to the normal BMI (body mass index) group (18.5 < or = BMI < 23), the odds ratio (ORs) of the low BMI group (BMI < 18.5), and high BMI groups (BMI 25 - 30, BMI > or = 30) were significantly increased. The OR of osteoporosis decreased across increasing quartiles of intakes of Ca, P and Ca/P. Therefore, maintaining normal BMI and increasing Ca intake and Ca/P ratio may have a beneficial effect on bone health of Korean women.

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[English]
Nutrient Intakes and Physical Fitness by BMI among Middle School Students in Seoul: Jae Yeon Lim, Hae Bok Na; Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(1):22-35. Published online February 28, 2005

Abstract PDF: Proper nutrient intakes and physical fitness focus one's attention on health promotion. This study was conducted to investigate nutrient intakes and physical fitness by BMI in middle school students. Health-related questionnaire, dietary intakes, food frequency questionnaire and physical fitness were studied. There were no significant differences in health-related questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire and physical fitness by BMI, but several nutrition intakes, preference of salty tastes and the proportion of iron deficiency of female students were significantly different by BMI. Although the female obese group (BMI 85 - 100 percentile) had decreased the proportion of iron deficiency and increased fish intake frequency than other groups, obese females did not show better physical fitmess than other groups. And the average Ca intake was below 75% of Korean RDA in both male and female students. Significantly positive correlation was found between calorie intake and push-up of normal (BMI 15 - 84 percentile) male students (r = 0.29), also significantly negative correlation was found between protein intake and 50m dash of normal female students (r = 0.22). And significantly positive correlation was found between beans and bent knee sit-up of normal male students (r = 0.25), and significantly positive correlations were found between beans, meat, eggs, green & yellow vegetable and sit and reach (r = 0.20, r = 0.28, r = 0.21, r = 0.19) and significantly negative correlation was found between beans and long distance race of normal female students. Therefore, this study suggests that proper nutrition and non-obese states should be achieved for health promotion in middle school students.

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