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- [English]
- Effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome risk factors in middle-aged Korean adults: an intervention study
- Minji Kang, Young-Hee Park, Subeen Kim, Eunyoung Tak, Hyun Wook Baik, Hee Young Paik, Hyojee Joung
- Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):265-277. Published online August 31, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00005
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Abstract
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ePub - Objectives
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean adults.
Methods
A total of 411 Korean adults 30–59 years of age were allocated randomly into three groups: the nutrition education group for promoting Han-sik consumption (HG), the nutrition education group for eating balanced diet (EG), and the control group (CG). The HG and EG received four face-to-face nutrition education sessions over 16 weeks to improve nutritional problems based on the individual’ usual diet. Effectiveness of the program was evaluated with the differences of self-reported dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical indices between the baseline and the end of the nutrition education program. The changes within groups were analyzed using paired t-test and McNemar test and effectiveness among three groups was analyzed by repeated analysis of variance.
Results
After the nutrition education, the percentages of participants who achieved the recommended food group consumption in the Korean Food Guidance Systems significantly increased in HG (P = 0.022). Body weight (P = 0.007), body mass index (P = 0.002), and triglycerides (P = 0.002) significantly decreased in HG. Waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all three groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
This study found that tailored nutrition education program for middle aged Korean adults showed beneficial effects on improving dietary behaviors and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of the nutrition education programs on metabolic syndrome risks.
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- [English]
- Serum branch chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids ratio and metabolic risks in Koreans with normal-weight or obesity: a cross-sectional study
- Ji-Sook Park, Kainat Ahmed, Jung-Eun Yim
- Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):212-221. Published online June 30, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.212
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- Objectives
Metabolic disease is strongly associated with future insulin resistance, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Thus, identifying early biomarkers of metabolic-related disease based on serum profiling is useful to control future metabolic disease. Our study aimed to assess the association of serum branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids (AAAs) ratio and metabolic disease according to body mass index (BMI) status among Korean adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 78 adults aged 20–59 years in Korea. We compared serum amino acid (AA) levels between adults with normal-weight and adults with obesity and investigated biomarkers of metabolic disease. We examined serum AA levels, blood profile, and body composition. We also evaluated the association between serum AAs and metabolic-related disease.
Results
The height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-hip-ratio, body fat mass, body fat percent, skeletal muscle mass, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure were higher in the group with obesity compared to normal weight group. The group with obesity showed significantly higher levels of BCAA, AAA, and BCAA and AAA ratio. Further, BCAA and AAA ratio were significantly positively correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and skeletal muscle mass. The evaluation of metabolic disease risks revealed an association between the ratios of BCAAs and AAAs, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome.
Conclusions
Our study is showed the associations between BCAA and AAA ratio, obesity, and obesity-related diseases using various analytical approaches. The elevated BCAA and AAA ratio could be early biomarkers for predicting future metabolic diseases in Korean population.
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- [English]
- Regional differences in protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome using the 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a cross-sectional study
- You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):173-188. Published online June 30, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.173
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- Objectives
The study aim was to analyze the regional differences in dietary protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome.
Methods
Study participants were 1,721 older adults aged 65 and over who participated in 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using 24-hour recall dietary intake data, protein intake and their food sources were examined. The association between protein intake and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and abdominal obesity were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results
Total protein and animal protein intakes were higher in urban area (60.0 g, 24.4 g, respectively) than in rural area (54.6 g, 19.6 g, respectively). With increase of protein intake level, animal to total protein proportion was increased in both areas. Total protein and plant protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity, abdominal obesity in both areas. Animal protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity in both areas, and with abdominal obesity only in urban area. In urban area, plant protein intake was also negatively associated with the risks of metabolic syndrome, elevated triglyceride, and reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In urban area, the risk of metabolic syndrome was decreased when their protein intake was more than 0.91 g/kg and was lowest when their protein intake was more than 1.5 g/kg (P for trend < 0.001).
Conclusions
Korean older adults showed inadequate protein intake and those in rural area showed lower animal protein intake than in urban area. The risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome was decreased with the increase of protein intake level. These findings may help develop effective nutrition support strategy for older adults to reduce regional health disparity.
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- [Korean]
- Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Adults in Metabolic Syndrome Patients According to Taking Medical Care: Based on the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Juhee Lee, Kyungsuk Choi
- Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(4):321-340. Published online August 31, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.4.321
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults.
Methods
The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed.
Results
The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points.
Conclusions
This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Identification of shared genetic risks underlying metabolic syndrome and its related traits in the Korean population
Jun Young Kim, Yoon Shin Cho
Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Intake in Normal, Caution, and Metabolic Syndrome Groups: Data from the 2019 Eighth KNHANES
Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(12): 1304. CrossRef - Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Joohee Oh, SongHee Ahn, Xiangqin Zhou, Yu Jin Lim, Sookyeong Hong, Hyun-Sook Kim
Nutrients.2023; 15(24): 5110. CrossRef - Distribution of the Metabolic Syndrome by Obesity and Health Behavior Based on the Eighth KNHANES at 2019
Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(11): 1136. CrossRef
- Identification of shared genetic risks underlying metabolic syndrome and its related traits in the Korean population
- 70 View
- 3 Download
- 4 Crossref
- [Korean]
- Dietary Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Status in Korean Menopausal Women: Based on the 2016 ~ 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Pil-Sook Park, Mei-Sheng Li, Mi-Yeon Park
- Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(6):482-494. Published online December 31, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.6.482
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Abstract
PDF
- Objectives
This study evaluated dietary behavior and nutritional status according to the metabolic syndrome status in Korean menopausal women.
Methods
The subjects were 1,392 menopausal women aged 50 to 64 who took part in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2016 and 2017. Subjects were classified into normal (NOR) group, pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MetS) group, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) groups according to the number of metabolic syndrome risk factors present.
Results
The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 33.7%. Using the NOR group as a reference, the odds of belonging to the MetS group in Model 1 adjusted for age were higher at 53% (OR = 1.53, 95% CI:1.011-2.307) for ‘not used’ subjects compared to ‘used’ subjects of the nutrition labeling system. Using the NOR group as a reference, every 1g increase in the intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased the odds of belonging to the MetS group in Model 1 adjusted for age by 3% (MUFA, OR = 0.97, 95% CI:0.946-0.991; PUFA, OR = 0.97, 95% CI:0.942-0.993).
Conclusions
These results suggest that to reduce the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome in menopausal women, nutritional education should emphasize the adequate intake of riboflavin, unsaturated fatty acids, protein, and calcium, and also encourage the recognition and use of nutritional labeling. Results of this study are expected to be utilized as basic data for the health management of menopausal women. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Cardiocerebrovascular Disease or Fatty Liver Incidence Associated with Pattern of Metabolic Risk Factors and Nutritional Status of Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Pil Sook Park, Mei Sheng Li, Chong Yu Ding, Mi Yeon Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(2): 165. CrossRef - The Relationship Between the Korean Adults Diet Evaluated Using Dietary Quality Indices and Metabolic Risk Factors: Based on the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Chong-Yu Ding, Pil-Sook Park, Mi-Yeon Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(3): 223. CrossRef
- Cardiocerebrovascular Disease or Fatty Liver Incidence Associated with Pattern of Metabolic Risk Factors and Nutritional Status of Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
- 65 View
- 2 Download
- 2 Crossref
Original Articles
- [English]
- Relation between the Total Diet Quality based on Korean Healthy Eating Index and the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Constituents and Metabolic Syndrome among a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults
- Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):61-70. Published online February 29, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.61
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Abstract
PDFPubReaderePub
- OBJECTIVES
This study examined the association of the total diet quality with the incidence risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults.
METHODS
Based on a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2014, data from a total of 5,549 subjects (2,805 men & 2,744 women) aged 40~69 years at the baseline with a total follow-up period of 38,166 person-years were analyzed. The criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel was employed to define metabolic syndrome. The total diet quality was estimated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome in relation to KHEI quintile groups was calculated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
RESULTS
After adjusting for age, energy intake, income, education, physical activity, smoking, and drinking, the incidence of abdominal obesity and high blood pressure was significantly lower, by approximately 29.7% (P < 0.01) and 25.2% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile in men. A significant decreasing trend of the metabolic syndrome incidence was observed across the improving levels of KHEI (HRq5vs.q1: 0.775, 95% CIq5vs.q1: 0.619~0.971, P for trend < 0.01). In women, the incidence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was significantly lower, by approximately 29.8% (P < 0.01) and 22.5% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile adjusting for multiple covariates. On the other hand, the linear trend of metabolic syndrome risk across the KHEI levels did not reach the significance level.
CONCLUSIONS
A better diet quality can prevent future metabolic syndrome and its certain risk factors among Korean men and women. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: the mediating effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
Jina Yoon, Dayeon Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 88. CrossRef - Association between Dietary Quality and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study Using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (2013–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Taeyeon Kim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1516. CrossRef - TAS2R38 bitterness receptor genetic variation is associated with diet quality in Koreans
Hae Young Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Appetite.2024; 200: 107561. CrossRef - Association between green tea consumption and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: results from the Health Examinees study
Hyeonjin Cho, Sunwoo Han, Jiwon Jeong, Hyein Jung, Sangah Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(1): 70. CrossRef - Obesity-Status-Linked Affecting Factors of Dyslipidemia in Korean Young-Adult Men: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Min Kwon, Jinheum Kim, Eunjeong Cha
Healthcare.2023; 11(14): 2015. CrossRef - The association of the Korean Healthy Eating Index with chronic conditions in middle-aged single-person households
EunJung Lee, Ji-Myung Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 316. CrossRef - Association between the Korean Healthy Eating Index and Serum Vitamin D Level in Korean Adults: 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
So-Yoon Choi, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2023; 13(4): 218. CrossRef - Benefits of adherence to the Korea Healthy Eating Index on the risk factors and incidence of the metabolic syndrome: analysis of the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(1): 120. CrossRef - Prediction of metabolic and pre-metabolic syndromes using machine learning models with anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical factors from a middle-aged population in Korea
Junho Kim, Sujeong Mun, Siwoo Lee, Kyoungsik Jeong, Younghwa Baek
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparison of the Nutrition Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Carrots and Parsnips
Yeon-Jin Park, So-Yeon Han, Jae-Joon Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(1): 83. CrossRef - Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124. CrossRef - Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef - Association between frailty and dietary quality in community-dwelling elderly: data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2015)
Woori Na, Hyeji Kim, Cheongmin Sohn
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition.2021; 68(3): 268. CrossRef - Changes in Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
Ji Young Kwon, Sang-Wook Song, Ha-Na Kim, Sung Gu Kang
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(4): 304. CrossRef
- Association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: the mediating effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
- 59 View
- 3 Download
- 14 Crossref
- [English]
- Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intake of White Rice and Kimchi in Korean Adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015
- Jin Su Kim, So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son
- Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):525-537. Published online December 31, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.525
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between white rice and Kimchi intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean adults.
METHODS
Dietary intake and health data of 8289 subjects aged 19 years and over from the 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used. Daily total intake of white rice and Kimchi was assessed by 24-hour recall data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of Mets according to the daily intake of white rice and Kimchi.
RESULTS
The highest intake of white rice and Kimchi was associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (Q1 vs Q5, multivariable adjusted OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.03–2.03) in women. In addition, a significantly increased risk of elevated blood pressure (multivariable adjusted P for trend 0.0459) was associated with a higher intake of white rice and Kimchi in women. There was no significant trend in the risk of metabolic syndrome according to the intake of white rice and Kimchi in men.
CONCLUSIONS
A higher intake of white rice and Kimchi was only associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome in women indicating it is necessary to consume more various food groups beside white rice and Kimchi, especially in women. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Analysis of intake trends of kimchi, fruits and vegetables (1998–2020) and factors associated with the intake (2016–2020): based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Jiwon Jeong, Jungmin Park, Yu Kyung Lee, Sung Wook Hong, Sangah Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 404. CrossRef - The Relationship Between the Korean Adults Diet Evaluated Using Dietary Quality Indices and Metabolic Risk Factors: Based on the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Chong-Yu Ding, Pil-Sook Park, Mi-Yeon Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(3): 223. CrossRef - Nutritional status and metabolic syndrome risk according to the dietary pattern of adult single-person household, based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu Been Keum, Qi Ming Yu, Jung-Sook Seo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(1): 23. CrossRef - Association of Korean fermented cabbage kimchi consumption with an incidence of metabolic syndrome: 10-year follow-up results of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Suk Hyeon Seo, Jiyoun Hong, Im Huei Son, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 569. CrossRef
- Analysis of intake trends of kimchi, fruits and vegetables (1998–2020) and factors associated with the intake (2016–2020): based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- 49 View
- 0 Download
- 4 Crossref
- [English]
- Field Application and Evaluation of Health Status Assessment Tool based on Dietary Patterns for Middle-Aged Women
- Hye Jin Lee, Kyung Hea Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):277-288. Published online August 31, 2018
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.277
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to verify the validity and judgment criteria setting of a health status assessment tool based on dietary patterns for middle-aged women.
METHODS
A total of 474 middle-aged women who visited the Comprehensive Medical Examination Center at Hanmaeum Hospital in Changwon were enrolled (IRB 2013-0005). The validity was verified using clinical indicators for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS), and it was used to set the criteria for the tool. A logistic regression analysis was performed for validation. The area under-receiver operation (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and Youden Index were calculated through ROC curve analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 21, and p value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
RESULTS
The mean score of the group with no MS (73.3 points) was significantly higher compared to the group with MS (65.7 points) (p < 0.001). An analysis of the association between the tool scores and risk of MS showed a 0.15-fold reduction in the risk of MS every time the tool's score increased by one point. As the result of the ROC curve analysis, the assessment reference point was set to 71 points, indicating 77.0% sensitivity and 61.0% specificity. Risk of MS was significantly higher in the group with a score of less than 71.0 than a group with more than 71 points (OR=5.28, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
This study was the first attempt to develop a health status assessment tool based on the dietary patterns for middle-aged women, and this tool has proven its usefulness as an MS assessment tool through the application of middle-aged women in the field of health screening. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225. CrossRef
- Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
- 36 View
- 0 Download
- 1 Crossref
- [English]
- Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intakes of Vegetables and Kimchi in Korean Adults: Using the 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2010–2011
- Jae Eun Yoo, Jin Su Kim, Sook Mee Son
- Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(6):507-519. Published online December 31, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.507
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to examine the relations between total vegetable and Kimchi intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (Mets) in Korean adults.
METHODS
This study used dietary intake and health data of 6668 subjects aged 20 years and over from the 2010–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Daily intakes of total vegetables and Kimchi were assessed by 24-hour recall data. The odds ratio of Mets risk according to daily intake of vegetables and Kimchi was analyzed, respectively.
RESULTS
The highest consumption of total vegetables was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity (multivariable adjusted OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.93) in men and lower risk of Mets (multivariable adjusted OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.94) in women. Kimchi consumption was not related to the risk of Mets in both men and in women. However, a higher intake of Kimchi was associated with an increased risk of elevated blood pressure (Q1 vs Q5, multivariable adjusted OR=1.34, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.90, P for trend= 0.0261) in women.
CONCLUSIONS
A higher intake of vegetables was associated with decreased risk of abdominal obesity and Mets in both men and women, respectively. A higher consumption of Kimchi was not related to the risk of Mets in both in men and in women. However, a higher intake of Kimchi was associated with an increased risk of elevated blood pressure in women. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Association between Phthalate Exposure and Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Repeated Panel Data Study
Hongsoo Kim, Seyune Lee, Young-Il Jung, Yun-Chul Hong
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(4): 1985. CrossRef - Association of Korean fermented cabbage kimchi consumption with an incidence of metabolic syndrome: 10-year follow-up results of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Suk Hyeon Seo, Jiyoun Hong, Im Huei Son, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 569. CrossRef - Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to Intake of White Rice and Kimchi in Korean Adults: based on the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2015
Jin-Su Kim, So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(6): 525. CrossRef
- Association between Phthalate Exposure and Frailty among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Repeated Panel Data Study
- 48 View
- 0 Download
- 3 Crossref
- [English]
- Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults
- Eun Ju Dennis, Minji Kang, Sung Nim Han
- Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):441-455. Published online October 31, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.441
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Calcium- and Sodium-Rich Food Intake among Koreans with and without Metabolic Syndrome: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Byeonggeun Choi, Jiyoon Kim, Yeonjin Kim, Jiae Shin, Sang-Ah Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(15): 2439. CrossRef - Effects of Calamansi Soju and Other Alcoholic Beverages on Resin Restorations
Moon-Jin Jeong, Kyungwon Heo, Myoung-Hwa Lee, Myeong-Ju Jeong, Do-Seon Lim
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(4): 251. CrossRef - Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Dietary Quality using Nutritional Quotient among Adults in Daegu, Korea
Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 350. CrossRef - Association between Dietary Habits, Shift Work, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea Nurses’ Health Study
Heeja Jung, Hyunju Dan, Yanghee Pang, Bohye Kim, Hyunseon Jeong, Jung Eun Lee, Oksoo Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7697. CrossRef - Exploring parenting variables associated with sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children
Taejung Woo, Kyung-Hea Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(2): 169. CrossRef - Influence of beverage type and ingestion time on tooth corrosion
Jae-Deok Cheon, Eun-Ah Cho, Hyun-Bae Park, Yu-Jin Choi, Han-Ju Kim, Jung-Soo Lee, Eun-Jeong Bae
Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2018; 45(3): 169. CrossRef
- Calcium- and Sodium-Rich Food Intake among Koreans with and without Metabolic Syndrome: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
- 46 View
- 0 Download
- 6 Crossref
- [English]
- Metabolic Syndrome Status of Chinese Workers and Their Physical Profiles, Lifestyle Scores, and Nutrient Intakes
- Chao Wang, Hokyung Ryu
- Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):63-73. Published online February 28, 2017
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.63
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to survey the related factors of metabolic syndrome of Chinese workers aged 20 years and above.
METHODS
The study was conducted at three locations in Shandong, China, currently working and took the physical examination (PE) within one year in the area as target participants. Personal characteristics, physical and biochemical results based on the PE, lifestyle habits, and food intake of the participants were used to analyze the relationship with metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS
Results showed that overall, thirty-one subjects (22.5%) had metabolic syndrome, twenty males (32.7%) and eleven females (14.2%). Metabolic syndrome was related to age, gender, educational level and occupational type with more risk in male (P < 0.05), people of older age (P < 0.001), low educational level (P < 0.05) and nonoffice workers (P < 0.01). According to the life style scores, lifestyle evaluation showed specifically alcohol consumption and smoking (P < 0.001) and stress management (P < 0.05) as important factors that were associated with the metabolic syndrome. High calorie (P < 0.01) and carbohydrate (P < 0.01) intakes were observed on male participants with metabolic syndrome in comparison to the non-metabolic syndrome but no significant difference on female participants.
CONCLUSIONS
This results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to prevent and control metabolic syndrome in Chinese workers.
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- [English]
- Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Intake Ratio and Intake Pattern of Proteins in Middle-aged Men Based on the 2012-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
- Minkyoung Jang, Eunsil Her, Kyunghea Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(4):366-377. Published online August 31, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.366
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the study was to compare intake of energy nutrients, physical characteristics, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to protein intake group.
METHODS
Subjects were 827 men aged 40-65 years. The results presented were based on data from the 2012-2013 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the protein intake group and intake pattern of protein-rich foods.
RESULTS
The mean of protein intake was 73.96 ± 0.71 g. According to level of protein intake, four groups (deficient, normal, excess 1, excess 2) were created and their percentages were 8.3%, 39.6%, 37.1%, and 15.0% respectively. The mean of daily energy intake was 2,312.33 ± 24.08 kcal. It was higher in excess group 2 than in the deficiency group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the intake of all energy nutrients increased significantly with protein intake group (p < 0.001). The main contribution to daily protein included mixed grains (10.96 ± 0.32 g), milled rice (7.14 ± 0.30 g), chicken (3.50 ± 0.21 g), and grilled pork belly (3.04 ± 0.16 g). With regard to physical characteristics, and blood pressure and blood test results, only body mass index increased significantly according to protein intake groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in subjects was 38.5%, and there was no significant correlation with protein intake group. The OR of metabolic syndrome increased with protein intake, and was higher 4.452 times in excess group 2 than in the normal group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the OR of metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of protein-rich food intake did not show a significant correlation.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to establish guidelines for protein intake in middle-aged men. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Evaluation of diet quality according to the eating-out patterns of preschoolers and school-aged children in South Korea: based on data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-na Ju, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song, Yujin Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(2): 165. CrossRef - Dietary Safety Management Awareness and Competency for Healthcare among Adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Areas
Yunhwa Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 112. CrossRef - Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Dietary Fat Energy Ratio in Middle-aged Men - Using the 2012~2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data -
Eun-Sil Her
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 1030. CrossRef
- Evaluation of diet quality according to the eating-out patterns of preschoolers and school-aged children in South Korea: based on data from the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- 38 View
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- 3 Crossref
- [English]
- Effect of a Worksite-based Dietary Intervention Program for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
- Hye Jin Kim, Injoo Choi, Won Gyoung Kim, Kana Asano, Jeongmin Hong, Young Min Cho, Jihyun Yoon
- Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(3):237-246. Published online June 30, 2016
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.3.237
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of a worksite-based dietary intervention program for the management of metabolic syndrome (MS) among male employees.
METHODS
A dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was implemented targeting white-collar employees at a worksite located in Seoul for 10 weeks. Out of 104 employees having agreed to participate in the program, those having three or more out of five components of MS and having two components, including a waist circumference component were classified into "the high risk group" (n=41) and received group nutrition education and individual nutrition counseling three times each. The rest of the study subjects were considered as "the low risk group" (n=63). The food environment at the worksite, where both the high and low risk groups were exposed, was changed to promote healthy eating. Physical data including MS components were collected and a questionnaire on dietary behaviors was administered before and after the intervention. The data from the high risk group (n=17) and the low risk group (n=20), excluding the subjects ineligible for or failed to complete the study (n=67), were analyzed. The difference before and after intervention was tested for significance by Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
RESULTS
Weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, and HbA1c and the healthy dietary practice score improved significantly after intervention in the high risk group. The median number of MS components decreased significantly from 3.0 to 1.0 in the high risk group. In the low risk group, only HbA1c significantly decreased. Conclusions: The 10-week worksite-based dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was found to be effective for managing MS of male employees.
CONCLUSIONS
The 10-week worksite-based dietary intervention program combining individual and environmental approach was found to be effective for managing MS of male employees. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- A cohort study of the effects of social support on cerebral cardiovascular disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome
Sung-Kyung Kim, Yong Whi Jeong, Dae Ryong Kang, Jang Young Kim, Hunju Lee, Sang-baek Koh, Yoshihiro Fukumoto
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0305637. CrossRef - Salutogenesis intervention improves cardio‐cerebrovascular health in at‐risk office workers: A quasi‐experimental study
Ji Hyun Moon, Hosihn Ryu
Public Health Nursing.2024; 41(4): 690. CrossRef - Process evaluation of a mobile healthcare program among employees with overweight and obesity: a 12-week intervention study investigating the role of engagement
Imhuei Son, Jiyoun Hong, Young Hee Han, Bo Jeong Gong, Meng Yuan Zhang, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(6): 466. CrossRef - Facilitators and barriers to achieving dietary and physical activity goals: focus group interviews with city bus drivers and counseling dietitians
Yongmin Jo, Suhyeun Cho, Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(5): 376. CrossRef - Effectiveness of a mobile health intervention on weight loss and dietary behavior changes among employees with overweight and obesity: a 12-week intervention study investigating the role of engagement
Imhuei Son, Jiyoun Hong, Young-Hee Han, Bo Jeong Gong, Meng Yuan Zhang, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 141. CrossRef - Predictors of Health Promotion Behaviors Among Working Adults at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome
Sungwon Park, Min Kyeong Jang, Chang Gi Park, Oi Saeng Hong
Nursing Research.2022; 71(4): 275. CrossRef - Inverse association of improved adherence to dietary guidelines with metabolic syndrome: the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management program
Dongwoo Ham, YoungYun Cho, Mi-Suk Park, Yun-Sug Park, Sun-Young Kim, Hye-Min Seol, Yoo Mi Park, Sunok Woo, Hyojee Joung, Do-Sun Lim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 621. CrossRef - The Effect of Community-based Health Intervention Program to Improve Metabolic Disease in Jeju Island
Woo Jin Kim, Sang Hoon Kim, Shin Young Park
The Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2018; 50(3): 297. CrossRef
- A cohort study of the effects of social support on cerebral cardiovascular disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome
- 51 View
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- 8 Crossref
- [English]
- The Relations between Diabetic Dietary Compliance, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
- Dong Eun Kim, Seung Hee Hong, Ji Myung Kim
- Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(5):351-361. Published online October 31, 2015
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.5.351
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between diabetic dietary compliance and dietary intake, physical activity and prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in type 2 diabetic patients.
METHODS
Seventy five subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes visiting the D hospital in Dongducheon from May 2014 to Dec 2014 were included in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their diabetic dietary compliance score (median 39); low diabetic dietary compliance (LDDC) group (n=44) and high diabetic dietary compliance (HDDC) group (n=31). Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method. The nutrient intake, food intake and KDDS (Korean's dietary diversity score), DVS (dietary variety score) and GMVDF (grain, meat, vegetable, dairy and fruit) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Metabolic parameters were obtained from the hospital records. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test and general linear model adjusted for sex.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MS was 59.7% in the participating diabetic patients. The prevalence of MS of the HDDC (39.3%) was significantly lower than that of the LDDC (72.7%). The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups (p=0.006). The intakes of seeds and nuts of the HDDC were significantly lower than those of the LDDC. Fat and vegetable fat intakes and % fat of energy in the HDDC were significantly lower than those in the LDDC. But, carbohydrate (CHO) and potassium intake and %CHO of energy in the HDDC were significantly higher than those in the LDDC. KDDS and GMVDF showed significant differences between groups (p=0.033; p=0.012).
CONCLUSIONS
Continuous intervention by specialized nutritionists for long-term self-regulation is needed for diabetic patients, and the high compliance to diabetic diet and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(3): 185. CrossRef - Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef - Healthy Dining Out in Diabetic Patients
Hae-Young Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2017; 18(4): 264. CrossRef
- The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
- 57 View
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- 3 Crossref
- [English]
- The Risk of Metabolic Syndrome by Dietary Patterns of Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province
- You Sin Lee, Moo Yong Lee, Sim Yeol Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(6):527-536. Published online December 31, 2014
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.527
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to assess how nutrient intakes are related to risk factors for metabolic syndrome according to dietary patterns in the middle-aged adults.
METHODS
The subjects (n = 187; 47 men, 140 women) consisted of middle-aged adults over 30 years old in Ilsan area. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the data collected from each subject, including anthropometric measurements and blood analyses. The dietary patterns were derived from the average of two-day dietary intake data.
RESULTS
Factor analysis identified three major dietary patterns which were "Meats and alcohol", "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits", and "Rice, Kimchi and fish & shellfish". The daily intakes of energy, protein, and sodium increased across quartiles of "Meats and alcohol" pattern scores (p < 0.05), whereas the intakes of carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, and fiber increased across quartiles of "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits" pattern scores (p < 0.001). The "Meats and alcohol" pattern scores were positively correlated with protein and sodium intakes but inversely correlated with carbohydrates, fiber and potassium intakes which were adjusted for age, sex and energy (p < 0.05). The highest quartile pattern score of "Meats and alcohol" pattern had elevated odds ratio of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). The risk of hypertriglyceridemia decreased in the highest quartile of "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits" pattern (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-1.00).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggested that reducing the consumption of meat and alcohol along with increasing fruits, vegetables and mixed grains would be helpful for preventing the metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(3): 185. CrossRef - Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Dietary Fat Energy Ratio in Middle-aged Men - Using the 2012~2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data -
Eun-Sil Her
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 1030. CrossRef - Reduction of Plasma Triglycerides and Cholesterol in High Fat Diet-Induced Hyper-Lipidemic Mice by n-3 Fatty Acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) Seed Oil
Hyelin Jeon, Su-Jin Oh, Hyun Soo Nam, Yoon Seok Song, Kyung-Chul Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(7): 961. CrossRef
- The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
- 46 View
- 0 Download
- 3 Crossref
- [English]
- Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Korea Children and Adolescents and Nutrient intakes: Using 2008 the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Hang Me Nam, Mi Ja Choi
- Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):133-141. Published online April 30, 2014
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.133
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), metabolic abnormalities, and nutrient intakes in Korea children and adolescents using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008.
METHODS
A sample of 838 children and adolescent males (n = 442) and females (n = 396) aged 10-18 was used from the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome subjects was adapted from modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III by Ford. To compare nutrient intakes, we used a judgment sampling. The first group was composed of all children and adolescents (n = 46) with MS. The second one along with the first group had children and adolescents with the same age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) but without MS (n = 46). The control group like the first two had children and adolescents with same sex and same age but with normal BMI and without MS (n = 46).
RESULTS
In this randomized controlled controlled trial, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 5.8%. The risk factors was associated with the MS were abdominal obesity 9.4%, hypertriglyceridemia 25.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 10.3%, hypertension 23.4%, and hyperglycemia 7.1%. Among metabolic abnormalities, blood pressure was significantly affected by sex, age and obesity. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and waist circumference were directly linked to obesity. There were no significant differences in nutrient intakes among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of MS was higher in children (10-11 years old) than in adolescents (12-18 years old). There was a difference in hypertension among risk factors by gender, and there were no significant differences in nutrient intakes. -
Citations
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Ji Hyun Kim, Jung Sub Lim
Life.2022; 12(9): 1404. CrossRef - Biochemical Index, Nutrition Label Use, and Weight Control Behavior in Female Adolescents: Using the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Ja Choi, Hyun-Ju Jo, Mi-Kyung Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(1): 32. CrossRef - Socioeconomic and Behavioral Characteristics Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Among Overweight/Obese School-age Children
Ok Kyung Ham
Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2017; 32(1): 30. CrossRef - Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents According to the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation
Seonho Kim, Wi-Young So
Nutrients.2016; 8(10): 588. CrossRef - Dietary Assessment and Factors Related to Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Youth: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2013
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim, Eun-Mi Ahn, Hyun Ju Kang, Young-Hee Park, Young Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2016; 27(4): 875. CrossRef - Evaluation of nutrient intake and food variety by age in Korean adolescents: Based on 2010~2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yun-Jung Bae
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(3): 236. CrossRef
- Prevalence Trends of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Children and Adolescents from a Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey
- 46 View
- 1 Download
- 6 Crossref
- [English]
- Nutritional Evaluation and Its Relation to the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome according to the Consumption of Cooked Rice and Cooked Rice with Multi-grains in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Soo Hyun Son, Hwa Jung Lee, Kyong Park, Tae Youl Ha, Jung Sook Seo
- Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):77-87. Published online February 28, 2013
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.77
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- This study was conducted to investigate the nutrient intakes of subjects by quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice, consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains and to evaluate rice consumption in relation to the risk of metabolic syndrome. The subjects were 5,830 males and females aged between 20~64 years based on 2007-2008 KNHNES data. Levels of percent energy intake from cooked rice were classified into 4 groups (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 groups: 25% of each) using data of 24-hour recall method from KNHNES. Using medical examination and questionnaire, subjects were classified according to diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome. The subjects with higher age, being married, lower education, lower economic level were more likely to take higher percent energy intake from cooked rice. Quartile Q3 of percent energy intake from cooked rice tended to show higher Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) for fiber, calcium, iron, potassium and vitamin A. INQ of protein, dietary fiber, calcium, thiamin, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C by consumption of cooked rice mixed with multi-grains was higher than that by consumption of cooked white rice when adjusted for age. No association with a risk for metabolic syndrome was found for quartile of percent energy intake from cooked rice or cooked rice mixed with multi-grains compared to cooked white rice after adjusting for energy, gender, age, BMI, alcohol, smoking, income and physical activity. In conclusion, consumption of over 54% energy intake from cooked rice or only cooked white rice showed relatively low INQs, but was not associated with a higher risk for metabolic syndrome.
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Citations
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Hongbin Guo, Jun Ding, Jieyu Liang, Yi Zhang
Frontiers in Nutrition.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Association of Korean fermented cabbage kimchi consumption with an incidence of metabolic syndrome: 10-year follow-up results of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Suk Hyeon Seo, Jiyoun Hong, Im Huei Son, Young Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 569. CrossRef - Dietary quality differs by consumption of meals prepared at home vs. outside in Korean adults
Kyung Won Lee, Won O. Song, Mi Sook Cho
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(3): 294. CrossRef - Diet Pattern According to Socio-Economic status - Using the Fifth (2010-2012) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Han Na Kim, Hyo Eun Park
The International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology.2016; 4(3): 24. CrossRef - Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20 -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hee-Kyung Jang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 246. CrossRef - The Development of Institutional Food-Service Menu with Temple Food
Sim-Yeol Lee, Jin-A Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(5): 338. CrossRef - Adequate Standard Pot and Number of Plants Per Tree of Raising Seeding Pot on the Foxtail Millet Transplanting Culture in the Southern Province
Yong-Soon Kim, Dong-Kwan Kim, Jin-Gyung Choi, Heung-Gyu Park, Myeong-Seok Kim, Hae-Ryoung Shin, Gyung-Ju Choi, Jong-Tag Yun
The Korean Journal of Crop Science.2015; 60(1): 23. CrossRef - Analysis of Dietary Intake Status and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome According to White Rice Consumption in Korea: Basted on Data 1st (1998), 4th (2007~2009), 6th (2013) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Fang-Fang Song, Jin-A Jang, Yang-suk Kim, Hei-ryeo Yoon, Mi-Sook Cho
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(5): 682. CrossRef - The Effect on Behavior of Instant Rice Selected Attributes According to Food Lifestyle
Inja Youn, Sohyeong Myeong, Deokihn Yoon
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(6): 804. CrossRef - The Relationship between Health Behavior and General Health Status: Based on 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Chunhoo Cheon, So-Mi Oh, Soobin Jang, Jeong-Su Park, Sunju Park, Bo-Hyoung Jang, Yong-Cheol Shin, Seong-Gyu Ko
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2014; 5(1): 28. CrossRef - An Evaluation of Dietary Habit and Nutritional Status by Household Income in Female Adults over the Age of 20 - Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -
Hee-Kyung Jang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 660. CrossRef - The Risk of Metabolic Syndrome by Dietary Patterns of Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province
You-Sin Lee, Moo-Yong Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 527. CrossRef - Cooking Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Cooked Rice According to the Addition of Glutinous and Non-glutinous Sorghum
Koan Sik Woo, Jee Yeon Ko, Jung In Kim, Jae Saeng Lee, Seuk Bo Song, Jae Min Cho, Tae Wook Jung, Ki Young Kim, In Seok Oh
Korean Journal of Crop Science.2013; 58(4): 399. CrossRef - Nutritional Assessment and Perioperative Nutritional Support in Gastric Cancer Patients
Kyung Won Seo, Ki Young Yoon
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2013; 61(4): 186. CrossRef
- Associations of Whole Grain and Refined Grain Consumption With Metabolic Syndrome. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
- 66 View
- 0 Download
- 14 Crossref
- [English]
- Milk Intake is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007~2010
- Chang Jin Lee, Hyojee Joung
- Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):795-804. Published online December 31, 2012
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.795
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- This study aimed to examine associations between milk intake and metabolic syndrome. The subjects included 1,928 males and 3,103 females, aged 19 to 64 years, from the data of 'The Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2007-2010'. Daily intake of milk and dairy products was obtained by a 24 hour dietary recall method and divided into two categories by equivalent weight of one serving. The average individual intakes of milk and dairy products were 59.4 g and 74.1 g per day respectively. Milk intake was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.54~0.89), central obesity (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62~0.91), and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.59~0.90). The total intake of dairy products was also inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.74, 95% CI 0.60~0.92), central obesity (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.62~0.86), hypertension (OR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65~0.99). The association between intakes of milk and dairy products and metabolic syndrome was significant in women, but not in men. These results indicate that increased consumption of milk and its products is associated with a reduced likelihood of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further research on causal relationship and dose-response association between milk intake and metabolic syndrome risk is necessary prior to applying the observed results in nutrition policies and programs to prevent the metabolic syndrome.
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Minji Kang, Young-Hee Park, Subeen Kim, Eunyoung Tak, Hyun Wook Baik, Hee Young Paik, Hyojee Joung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 265. CrossRef - Intakes of Dairy and Soy Products and 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Korean Adults
Sinwoo Hwang, Ae Wha Ha
Nutrients.2024; 16(17): 2959. CrossRef - Evaluation of Dietary Nutrient Intake and Food Variety by Milk Consumption in Postmenopausal Korean Women: Data Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013～2015
Ae Wha Ha, Woo Kyung Kim, Sun Hyo Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(9): 912. CrossRef - Inverse association of improved adherence to dietary guidelines with metabolic syndrome: the Seoul Metabolic Syndrome Management program
Dongwoo Ham, YoungYun Cho, Mi-Suk Park, Yun-Sug Park, Sun-Young Kim, Hye-Min Seol, Yoo Mi Park, Sunok Woo, Hyojee Joung, Do-Sun Lim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 621. CrossRef - Association between dairy product intake and hypertriglyceridemia in Korean adults
Seon-Joo Park, Junghyun Park, Hong Ji Song, Chang-Ho Lee, Hae-Jeung Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(2): 152. CrossRef - Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to the Frequency of Milk Consumption in Korean Adolescents: Data from the 2010~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Hyun Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(6): 485. CrossRef - Association of total dietary antioxidant capacity with oxidative stress and metabolic markers among patients with metabolic syndrome
Dongwoo Ham, Shinyoung Jun, Minji Kang, Sangah Shin, Gyung-Ah Wie, Hyun Wook Baik, Hyojee Joung
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(3): 246. CrossRef - Study on relationship between milk intake and prevalence rates of chronic diseases in adults based on 5thand 6thKorea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Sehyug Kwon, Jung-Sug Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 158. CrossRef - Association of Metabolic Syndrome with Whole Milk and Low Fat Milk: Using Data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015
Hyun-Chul Moon, Da-Hye Choi, Tae-Young Lee, Taek-Young Kim, Young-In An, Seong-Jee Park, Myung-Chul Jung
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2017; 17(4): 234. CrossRef - Serum Lipid Levels in Relation to Consumption of Yogurt: The 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Bong-Kyung Seo, Nam-Eun Kim, Kyong-Min Park, Kye-Yeung Park, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2017; 38(5): 249. CrossRef - Comparison of Diet Quality and Diversity according to Obesity Type among 19-64 year old Korean Adults
Hyae Min Gu, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Mi Ah Han, Yeong Eun Son
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(6): 545. CrossRef - Dyslipidemia patterns are differentially associated with dietary factors
SuJin Song, Hee Young Paik, Minseon Park, YoonJu Song
Clinical Nutrition.2016; 35(4): 885. CrossRef - Meat and milk intake in the rice-based Korean diet: impact on cancer and metabolic syndrome
Shinyoung Jun, Kyungho Ha, Sangwon Chung, Hyojee Joung
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.2016; 75(3): 374. CrossRef - Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20 -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hee-Kyung Jang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 246. CrossRef - Low consumption of fruits and dairy foods is associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults from outpatient clinics in and near Seoul
SuJin Song, Eun-Kyung Kim, Soyoung Hong, Sangah Shin, YoonJu Song, Hyun Wook Baik, Hyojee Joung, Hee Young Paik
Nutrition Research and Practice.2015; 9(5): 554. CrossRef - Assessment on Dietary Diversity According to Korean Dietary Pattern Score of Korean Adolescents and Children: Using 2007~2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(5): 660. CrossRef - The Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province
You-Sin Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2015; 15(2): 75. CrossRef - Food Insecurity and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(4): 308. CrossRef - Prevalence of Osteoarthritis and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 99. CrossRef - Development of Han-sik Database Utilizing an Expert Focus Group and Assessment of Han-sik Effects on Diet Quality
Minji Kang, Hyun Ju Jung, Hyojee Joung, Jae Eun Shim, Sang Eun Lee, Young-Hee Park, Hee Young Paik
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(1): 9. CrossRef - The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination
Hye-Sang Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 479. CrossRef - The effect of high-carbohydrate diet and low-fat diet for the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents: Using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 1998-2009
Mi-Rhan Han, Jeong Hyun Lim, YoonJu Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(3): 186. CrossRef - 국민건강영양조사 데이터베이스 활용 사례 연구: 토마토 섭취량 산출 및 대사증후군 위험도와의 상관성
Eunha Youn, Jean Kyung Paik, Bumsik Kim
Food Engineering Progress.2014; 18(2): 109. CrossRef - An Evaluation of Dietary Habit and Nutritional Status by Household Income in Female Adults over the Age of 20 - Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -
Hee-Kyung Jang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 660. CrossRef - The Specific Food Consumption Pattern and Blood Lipid Profiles of Korean Adults
Youngok Kim
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(2): 124. CrossRef
- Effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome risk factors in middleaged Korean adults: an intervention study
- 43 View
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- 25 Crossref
- [English]
- Dietary Behaviors Related to Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults
- Jinkyung Park, Sanghui Kweon, Yangha Kim, Myoung Jin Jang, Kyungwon Oh
- Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):664-675. Published online October 31, 2012
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.664
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- This study was conducted to investigate the cross-sectional associations between dietary factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 12,755 subjects (males 5,146, females 7,609) aged 19 years or above using data from the 4th (2007-2009) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The prevalence of MetS in Korean adults was 23.6% (males 26.1%, females 20.9%) with the criteria for modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. While males had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high blood pressure than females, the prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol level was higher in females than in males. Among dietary guidelines, the response of 'yes' for asking practice of 'avoiding salty foods', and 'eating moderately and increasing physical activity for healthy weight' were significantly associated with the decreased risk of MetS in both males and in females. Especially, the risk of MetS was significantly lower in the subjects that responded the practice of all items of Korean Dietary Guidelines. Significantly negative associations with MetS were also found in the responding for practice of 'limiting consumption of alcoholic beverages' in males, and taking dietary supplements in females. Skipping breakfast was positively associated with the risk of MetS. In conclusion, dietary behaviors such as having breakfast, practice of dietary guidelines, and food consumption in moderation could modify the prevalence of MetS, and our findings could be useful for establishing guidelines for preventing MetS.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Comparison of health indicators and lifestyle according to atherogenic index of plasma in Korean adults in their 20s and 30s
Bora Hwang, Yoon Jung Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(2): 168. CrossRef - Mediating Effects of Diet Quality between Meal Frequency and Cardiometabolic Risk among Korean Adults: Data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES)
Yoo Mi Cho, Kyoung Suk Lee
Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2023; 16(2): 67. CrossRef - Association of Seaweed Consumption with Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Haeun Park, Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin
Foods.2022; 11(11): 1635. CrossRef - Effect of Household Type on the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korea: Using Propensity Score Matching
Jisu Park, Ilsu Park
Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 1894. CrossRef - Association between breakfast skipping and metabolic outcomes by sex, age, and work status stratification
Jun Heo, Won-Jun Choi, Seunghon Ham, Seong-Kyu Kang, Wanhyung Lee
Nutrition & Metabolism.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Coexistence of metabolic syndrome and osteopenia associated with social inequalities and unhealthy lifestyle among postmenopausal women in South Korea: the 2008 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES)
Hansongyi Lee, Jieun Kim, Hyunjung Lim
Menopause.2020; 27(6): 668. CrossRef - Effects of BeHaS Program on Health Behavior, Physiologic Index and Self-Esteem of the Elderly Living Alone with Metabolic Syndrome Based on Community Based Participatory Research
Jong Im Kim, Sun Ae Kim, Keumok Park, Jiyoung Kim, Lina Lee, Si Wan Choi, Bon Jeong Ku
Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.2020; 50(4): 571. CrossRef - A Study on the Relationship between Metabolic Syndrome and Sodium among the Clients of the General Medical Examination Center
Mi-Jung Yun, Young-Mi Kim
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(6): 404. CrossRef - Field Application and Evaluation of Health Status Assessment Tool based on Dietary Patterns for Middle-Aged Women
Hye-Jin Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 277. CrossRef - Motivation Factors for Stages of Behavioral Change among Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome
Rhayun Song, Moonkyoung Park
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing.2018; 30(1): 60. CrossRef - Comparative study on prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome and nutritional status by occupation and gender: Based on the 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ga Ram Kim, Hae Ryun Park, Young Mi Lee, Young Suk Lim, Kyung Hee Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 74. CrossRef - Alcohol Consumption and Diabetes Mellitus
Hye-Kyung Chung
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2016; 17(1): 41. CrossRef - Analysis of Dietary Inflammatory Index of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean : Data from the Health Examinee Cohort (2012-2014)
Mi-Sung Kim, Cheong-Min Sohn
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(6): 823. CrossRef - Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Dietary Fat Energy Ratio in Middle-aged Men - Using the 2012~2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data -
Eun-Sil Her
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 1030. CrossRef - Relationship between metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score and beta cell function by gender in Korean populations with obesity
Hyun Yoon, Dae Keun Jeong, Kyu Su Lee, Han Soo Kim, Ae Eun Moon, Jong Park
Endocrine Journal.2016; 63(9): 785. CrossRef - Effect of a Worksite-based Dietary Intervention Program for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Hye Jin Kim, Injoo Choi, Won Gyoung Kim, Kana Asano, Jeongmin Hong, Young Min Cho, Jihyun Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(3): 237. CrossRef - An Evaluation of Chronic Disease Risk Based on the Percentage of Energy from Carbohydrates and the Frequency of Vegetable Intake in the Korean Elderly: Using the 2007-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yoon Suk Suh, Min Seon Park, Young-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(1): 41. CrossRef - Antioxidative activities of various solvent extracts from haw (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge)
Yishan Duan, Min-A Kim, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
Korean Journal of Food Preservation.2014; 21(2): 246. CrossRef - Antioxidative Activity of Feral Haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) Seed Extracts Using Various Solvents
Min-A Kim, Yishan Duan, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(1): 33. CrossRef - Development and Effect of a Metabolic Syndrome Prevention Program for University Students using Mobile Application.
Han Kyu Kang, Tae Bin Kim, Kyu Hyung Kim, Min Jin Kim, Jin Hyun Kim, Hyun Yong Kim, Kyung Hoon Yeom, Ka Hyun Lee, Eun Young Choi, Kyung Ah Kang
Child Health Nursing Research.2014; 20(3): 205. CrossRef - Relation between Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Pattern Identification Questionnaire in Middle-aged Health Check-up Examinees
Jeong-Eun Yoo, Young-Hye Cho, Hyun-Gyung Gu, Bo-Young Kim, Young-Ju Yun
Journal of Korean Medicine.2014; 35(1): 124. CrossRef - The study of metabolic risk factors and dietary intake in adolescent children by the status of mothers' metabolic syndrome: Using the data from 2007-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
SoYeon Kwon, Mijung Park, YoonJu Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(6): 531. CrossRef
- Comparison of health indicators and lifestyle according to atherogenic index of plasma in Korean adults in their 20s and 30s
- 74 View
- 0 Download
- 22 Crossref
- [English]
- The Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Blood Profiles and Nutrient Intake in Overweight or Obese Children and Adolescents
- Jae Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim
- Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):530-542. Published online October 31, 2012
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.530
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- The purposes of this study were to investigate blood profiles and nutrient intakes of groups that are different in obese levels, and to find the credible predictor of insulin resistance. The subjects were classified as normal weight (%IBW < or = 110), obese without MS and obese with MS according to IDF definition of the risk group in metabolic syndrome (MS). Subjects of this study were included 137 (59 boys, 78 girls) free living children and adolescents (mean age 12.6 +/- 3.4 years) in Gangneung area, South Korea. %IBW of normal weight (94.9%), obese without MS (123.8%) and obese with MS (131.5%) were significantly different among groups. HOMA-IR had positive correlations with TG (r = 0.634), waist circumference (r = 0.553), atherogenic index (r = 0.513), %IBW (r = 0.453) and ALT (r = 0.360), but showed negative correlations with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.417, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR showed positive correlation with polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05). The energy intake of obese with MS was 1762 kcal/day which was not significantly different from those of normal weight and obese without MS. Total fatty acid intakes of two obese groups were significantly higher than that of normal weight. The results of this study suggest that waist circumference and ALT as well as TG, atherogenic index and weight can be credible indices to predict the insulin resistance in children and in adolescents. In addition, nutrition education and adequate diet should be provided to prevent MS in children and in adolescents.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Assessment of dietary quality and nutrient intake of obese children in Changwon area
Ji-Sook Park, Ha-Neul Choi, Jae-Young Kim, Sang-Hyuk Ma, Jung-Eun Yim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(6): 630. CrossRef - Biochemical Index, Nutrition Label Use, and Weight Control Behavior in Female Adolescents: Using the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Ja Choi, Hyun-Ju Jo, Mi-Kyung Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(1): 32. CrossRef - Factors associated with Obesity among Korean Adolescents based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016)
Hyun Young Koo, Eun Kyung Lee
Child Health Nursing Research.2019; 25(1): 28. CrossRef - Effects of interaction betweenSLC12A3polymorphism, salt-sensitive gene, and sodium intake on risk of child obesity
Joohyun Jung, Myoungsook Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 32. CrossRef - Evaluation of Eating Behavior and Nutritional Status Using the Nutrition Quotient in Obese Children
Hee-Sook Lim, Soon-Kyung Kim, Yoon-Hyung Park, Young-Lim Shin
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2016; 25(4): 225. CrossRef
- Assessment of dietary quality and nutrient intake of obese children in Changwon area
- 56 View
- 0 Download
- 5 Crossref
- [English]
- Egg Consumption and Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Based on 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- Hyo Jin Kim, Kyong Park
- Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(3):364-374. Published online June 30, 2011
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.364
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- There is a great public concern that higher consumption of eggs may increase the risk of chronic disease due to high levels of cholesterol in eggs. In contrast to this concern, limited studies have examined this relationship, and the study results have been inconsistent. This study was to evaluate the cross-sectional associations between egg consumption, blood markers and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Egg intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome was ascertained using criteria of the NCEP ATP III (2001) and abdominal obesity criteria of the WHO. In 5,548 subjects, 937 subjects were defined as having metabolic syndrome. In linear regression models, subjects reporting one or more egg consumption per day had significantly lower levels of triglyceride, fasting blood glucose and blood pressure, and a higher level of HDL cholesterol, compared to those who rarely consumed eggs (P-trends < 0.05). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, the associations were no longer significant except for total cholesterol, showing higher levels with frequent egg consumption. More frequent intakes of egg (1 egg or more/day) were associated with lower risk of metabolic syndrome in a logistic regression model (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.50-0.96), but this association also became insignificant after adjustments for multiple confounding factors (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.71-1.57). In healthy Korean adults, frequent intakes of eggs did not adversely affect the risk of metabolic syndrome. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Association of High sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) with poor Glycaemic control and Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
dayoub Aziz, Imad Khayat Mohammad, Zrieki Afraa
Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2023; : 193. CrossRef - Relationship between Egg Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
J. Ding, Yi Zhang
The Journal of nutrition, health and aging.2022; 26(4): 373. CrossRef - Relationship between Egg Consumption and Body Composition as Well as Serum Cholesterol Level: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2011
Jung-Eun Shim, Young-Gyun Seo
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(24): 5918. CrossRef - Food consumption frequency of Korean adults based on whether or not having chewing difficulty using 2013–2016 KNHANES by sex-stratified comparative analysis
Mi Jeong Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2020; 14(6): 637. CrossRef - Risk of metabolic syndrome in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients
Yahya Pasdar, Shima Moradi, Jalal Moludi, Mitra Darbandi, Parisa Niazi, Seyyed Mostafa Nachvak, Hadi Abdollahzad
Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism.2019; 12(4): 353. CrossRef - Analysis of Kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2012)
Eun-Kyung Kim, Ae-Wha Ha, Eun-Ok Choi, Se-Young Ju
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(2): 188. CrossRef - Utilization and Application to Increase Egg Dishes in Communal Food Service in Accordance to Dietician’s Awareness
Heon Ok Lee, Si Jin Seong, Sang Woo Beak, Jung Geun Park, Jong Jun Kim, Eun Zoo Kang, Ae Son Om
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(5): 619. CrossRef - Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20 -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
Hee-Kyung Jang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 246. CrossRef - A Study on the Kimchi Consumption of Korean Adults:Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010~2012)
Eun-Kyung Kim, Yoo-Kyung Park, Se-Young Ju, Eun-Ok Choi
Journal of The Korean Society of Food Culture.2015; 30(4): 406. CrossRef - Food Insecurity and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013 Data
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(4): 308. CrossRef - 국민건강영양조사 데이터베이스 활용 사례 연구: 토마토 섭취량 산출 및 대사증후군 위험도와의 상관성
Eunha Youn, Jean Kyung Paik, Bumsik Kim
Food Engineering Progress.2014; 18(2): 109. CrossRef - An Evaluation of Dietary Habit and Nutritional Status by Household Income in Female Adults over the Age of 20 - Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -
Hee-Kyung Jang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 660. CrossRef - The Factors Influencing Health-Related Quality of Life in the Elderly: Focused on the General Characteristics, Health Habits, Mental Health, Chronic Diseases, and Nutrient Intake Status: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination
Hye-Sang Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 479. CrossRef - Prevalence of Osteoarthritis and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 99. CrossRef - Permeation Efficiency of Sea Tangle (Laminaria japonica) Extract into Egg Using Temperature Change Method and Pressure
Yeo-Jin Park, Dong-Ho Kim, Keum-Il Jang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2014; 43(4): 544. CrossRef
- Association of High sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) with poor Glycaemic control and Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- 44 View
- 0 Download
- 15 Crossref
- [English]
- Relationship between Nutrients Intakes, Dietary Quality, and Serum Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers in Metabolic Syndrome Patients
- Misung Kim, Juyoung Kim, Wookyung Bae, Sohye Kim, Yesong Lee, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
- Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):51-61. Published online February 28, 2011
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/KJCN.2011.16.1.51
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Abstract
PDFPubReader
- Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects (65.87 +/- 9.86) than in male subjects (62.60 +/- 8.95). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016
Bo-Young Seo, Eun-Sil Her
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 406. CrossRef - Relation between the Total Diet Quality based on Korean Healthy Eating Index and the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Constituents and Metabolic Syndrome among a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults
Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(1): 61. CrossRef - Development of a food-based index of dietary inflammatory potential for Koreans and its relationship with metabolic syndrome
Woori Na, Tae Yang Yu, Cheongmin Sohn
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(2): 150. CrossRef - Association between Total Diet Quality and Metabolic Syndrome Incidence Risk in a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults
Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee
Clinical Nutrition Research.2019; 8(1): 46. CrossRef - Effects of food items and related nutrients on metabolic syndrome using Bayesian multilevel modelling using the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS): a cohort study
Zahra Cheraghi, Saharnaz Nedjat, Parvin Mirmiran, Nazanin Moslehi, Nasrin Mansournia, Mahyar Etminan, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lawrence C McCandless
BMJ Open.2018; 8(12): e020642. CrossRef - Development and Validation of Korean Inflammtory Index(K-DII) for Metabolic Disease Patients: by Using the Health Examinee Cohort (2012-2014)
Woori Na, Misung Kim, Susan Park, Minhyung Lee, Cheongmin Sohn
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2017; 26(4): 369. CrossRef - Amelioration of metabolic disturbances and adipokine dysregulation by mugwort (Artemisia princeps P.) extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats
Yun-Hye Kim, Chung-Mu Park, Gun-Ae Yoon
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 411. CrossRef - Development of dietary pattern evaluation tool for adults and correlation with Dietary Quality Index
Yeo Do Lee, Kyung Won Kim, Kyung-Suk Choi, Misung Kim, Yeo Jin Cho, Cheongmin Sohn
Nutrition Research and Practice.2016; 10(3): 305. CrossRef - Analysis of Dietary Inflammatory Index of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean : Data from the Health Examinee Cohort (2012-2014)
Mi-Sung Kim, Cheong-Min Sohn
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(6): 823. CrossRef - A study on dietary habits, nutrient intakes and dietary quality in adults of a health screening and promotion center according to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Ji Ho Chang, Hye Seung Lee, Eun Hee Kang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(5): 330. CrossRef - Correlation between vitamin D and cardiovascular disease predictors in overweight and obese Koreans
Misung Kim, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition.2013; : 167. CrossRef - Comparison of health outcomes according to intervention compliance in male Korean workers with metabolic syndrome
Kyung-Hui Nam, Ji-Yeon Kang, Yeon-Ju Lee, Sook-Hee Sung, Youn-Koun Chang, Ji-Young Lee, Ill-Keun Park, Tae-In Choi
Korean Journal of Nutrition.2013; 46(2): 156. CrossRef - Effect of the Telephone-Delivered Nutrition Education on Dietary Intake and Biochemical Parameters in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome
Juyoung Kim, Wookyung Bea, Kiheon Lee, Jongsoo Han, Sohye Kim, Misung Kim, Woori Na, Cheongmin Sohn
Clinical Nutrition Research.2013; 2(2): 115. CrossRef - Evaluation of nutrient intake and diet quality of gastric cancer patients in Korea
Heesook Lim, Gyuseok Cho, Soonkyung Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2012; 6(3): 213. CrossRef - The framingham risk score, diet, and inflammatory markers in Korean men with metabolic syndrome
Cheongmin Sohn, Juyong Kim, Wookyung Bae
Nutrition Research and Practice.2012; 6(3): 246. CrossRef - The Effects of 12-Weeks Intensive Intervention Program on Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Adipocytokines and Nutrients Intakes in Industrial Male Workers
Kieun Moon, Ill Keun Park, Yeon Sang Jo, Yun Kyun Chang, Yun Mi Paek, Tae In Choi
The Korean Journal of Nutrition.2011; 44(4): 292. CrossRef
- A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women: Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016
- 47 View
- 0 Download
- 16 Crossref
- [English]
- The Association between hs-CRP Concentration of Blood and Metabolic Syndrome in the Residents of a Rural Community
- Jong Im Kim
- Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):796-805. Published online December 31, 2010
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Abstract
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- This study investigated the correlations and risk distribution differences between high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the diagnosis factors of metabolic syndrome among the residents of a rural community. Two thousand adults aged from 40 to 70 were recruited and 1,968 subjects were included in the study after excluding those with infectious disease or with hs-CRP higher than 10 mg/L in blood. The subjects were then divided into three groups of hs-CRP to examine the correlations and risk ratio with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. There was a tendency of hs-CRP increasing according to the number of risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The risk ratio with hs-CRP according to metabolic syndrome significantly increased by 2.0 and 2.2 times in the intermediate and high risk group, respectively, compared with the low risk group. The risk ratio with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to hs-CRP rose in abdominal obesity, triglyceride, and W/Ht in the intermediate risk group of hs-CRP. The risk ratio also surged in high pressure, W/Ht, ex-drinking (1.7 times), exsmoking (2.0 times) and current smoking (2.0 times) in the high risk group. The results indicate that hs-CRP is related to the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and that it's very important to manage obesity including abdominal obesity and W/Ht and everyday habits including drinking and smoking.
- 16 View
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- [English]
- Nutrient Intake and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers
- Myeong Ok Kim, Hye Jin Lee, Eunju Park, Kyung Hea Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):783-795. Published online December 31, 2010
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Abstract
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- This study was intended to investigate the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy 92 male smokers (mean age: 44.4 +/- 7.8 yrs). We investigated the anthropometric assessment and dietary intake survey for 2 days by 24-recall method, also blood pressure and serum lipids were measured. The average numbers of cigarettes smoking a day were 21.3/d, smoking duration were 21.5 years. The proportion of fat energy was 24.9% and intakes of vitamin B2, folate, calcium, potassum and fiber were lower than KDRI. The body mass index (BMI) and body fat % were 24.8, 23.9% respectively. The systolic (134.1 +/- 1.4 mmHg) and the diastolic blood (87.9 +/- 1.1 mmHg) pressure were in borderline hypertension. Among biochemical parameters, TG (173.6 +/- 9.4 mg/dL) and fasting blood glucose (109.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dL) levels were out of normal values. The most occurred problem among the risk factors related to MS was the borderline hypertension (63%) in subjects. Regarding the correlations of anthropometric data with biochemical factors, TG was significantly correlated with the BMI, body fat % and waist circumference. Smoking years showed positive correlation with AI. These results suggest that the smoking habit has significant relations with the risk factors of MS. Therefore, quitting is necessary to prevent MS, and nutrition education and dietary management program are required to prevent the degenerative disease.
- 17 View
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- [English]
- Assessment for Nutrient Intakes in Korean Women according to Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
- Hye Kyung Chung, Ju Hee Kang, Min Jeong Shin
- Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):694-703. Published online October 31, 2010
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Abstract
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- Recent studies have reported that a subset of obese individuals who were metabolically healthy but obese had more favorable clinical outcomes than obese subjects with metabolic disturbances. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution and agreement of obesity subtypes according to body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Furthermore, we examined the differences of nutrient intake among the groups. Data was analyzed for 1,095 female subjects older than 40 years using Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey in 2008. The degree of obesity was classified by two methods, using BMI (obese > or = 25 kg/m2, not obese < 25 kg/m2) and MS (meet > or = 3 criteria among 5 index: waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose, HDL-cholesterol and blood pressure). Subjects were divided into 4 groups according to 2x2 cross table: non-obese without MS, non-obese with MS, obese without MS and obese with MS. Nutrient intakes were compared among 4 groups. The results showed that the proportions of non-obese without MS, non-obese with MS, obese without MS and obese with MS were 47.6%, 13.6%, 16.6%, and 22.2% of total subjects, respectively. The agreement (kappa value) of two methods was 0.354 (fair) in total subjects, 0.365 (fair) in 40-60 year old subjects and 0.304 (fair) in > or = 61 year old subjects. In > or = 61 years old subjects, intakes of percentage energy from carbohydrate, percentage of energy from fat, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, vitamin A, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin were significantly different among the groups. In contrast, the subjects of 40-60 years old, no differences in nutrient intakes were observed. In conclusion, there were differences in nutrient intakes among the groups subdivided by obesity and MS, especially in elderly female subjects. Individualized dietary guideline for subtype of obesity will be needed to treat metabolic disturbance of obesity.
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- [English]
- Effects of Worksite Nutrition Counseling for Health Promotion; Twelve-Weeks of Nutrition Counseling Has Positive Effect on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Male Workers
- Mi Sun Lee, Hae Jin Kang, Hye Sun Oh, Yun Mi Paek, Ryo Won Choue, Yoo Kyoung Park, Tae In Choi
- Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):46-61. Published online February 29, 2008
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Abstract
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- The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of nutrition counseling on improving metabolic syndrome (MS) risk factors. Sixty-eight subjects were grouped according to their numbers of MS risk factors. Subjects who have three or more risk factors of MS were defined as "High risk", subjects who have two risk factors of MS were defined as "low risk", and subjects who have below two risk factors of MS were defined as "no risk" group. All groups finished nutrition counseling every three weeks for 12 weeks. Anthropometric, dietary assessments (24 hr-recall) and blood samples were measured at 0 and 12 weeks nutrition counseling. After 12 weeks of intervention, anthropometric data (weight, BMI, body fat (%), and waist/hip ratio) were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all groups. Daily consumption of calorie was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the group of low risk and high risk. Blood level of fasting plasma glucose was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in all groups after 12 weeks of intervention. Significantly, the fasting plasma glucose level was returned to normal range in the high risk group. The number of people who have three or more risk factors of MS (high risk group) was decreased from 25 to 12. Sum of MS Criteria decreased from 85 to 52 in the group of MS and decreased from 143 to 99 in all groups. These results indicate that nutrition counseling for male workers at the worksite proved to be helpful by reducing the risk factors of MS and thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Continuing and systematic nutritional management programs should be developed and implemented for male workers at the worksites.
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- [English]
- Relationship between Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power and Metabolic Risk Factors in Korean Women Living in Seoul
- Ho Kyung Kwak, Mee Sook Lee, So Young Lim, Sun Yoon
- Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):91-99. Published online February 29, 2008
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Abstract
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- The present study was conducted to examine metabolic risk factors and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of Korean females living in Seoul and to investigate the relationship between the metabolic risk factors and serum TAC. A total of 353 females aged between 20 and 64 participated in the study. Obesity indicators, blood pressure, serum lipid profile and fasting blood glucose were measured as metabolic risk factors. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay was employed to determine serum TAC of subjects. Obesity indicators such as body mass index, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were significantly higher in the participants aged > or = 50 y (older group) than in the participants aged 20-49 y (younger group) (p < 0.001). Blood pressure, serum total cholesterol (TC), riglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the older group than in the younger group (p < 0.001), demonstrating significant positive correlations between age and MS risk factors. The association between FRAP and MS risk factors were also investigated. FRAP values showed significant positive correlations with age (p = 0.001), serum TG (p = 0.002) and TC (p = 0.03). A tendency of positive association between FRAP and waist circumference was observed without any significant difference (p = 0.06). Increased serum FRAP with central obesity and serum lipids may be interpreted as results of activation of antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress induced by metabolic syndrome (MS) constituent factors. However, to verify the function of FRAP as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to MS various contributors to the plasma antioxidant capacity and their biological relevance related to MS should be elucidated further.
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- [English]
- Relationship of the Relative Risks of the Metabolic Syndrome and Dietary Habits of Middle-Aged in Seoul
- Mee Sook Lee
- Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(6):695-705. Published online December 31, 2004
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Abstract
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- The risks of the metabolic syndrome (MS) is known to be related to the dietary behavior. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between the relative risks of MS and the dietary habit and to provide the ideal dietary habits for prevention of chronic disease of the middle-aged. Healthy subjects aged 40 - 64 years (male n = 122, female n = 173) were recruited throughout Seoul area. MS was defined according to NCEP-ATP III criteria except central obesity, and Asia-Pacific Area criteria for central obesity (2000) was adapted. Subjects were stratified into 3 groups according to the number of total risk factors: 'MS group' was defined as the subjects who have three or more risk factors, 'Risk group' was defined as ones to have one or two risk factors, and 'Healthy group' defined as ones with no risk factor. In this study, 'Healthy group' comprised of 40.7%, the percentage of 'Risk group' was 49.0%, and the 'MS group' was 9.5% of the total subjects. The MS incidence was associated with low education (p < 0.001), low economic status (p < 0.05), and low self-assessed health recognition (p < 0.05). The risk of MS increased with adverse life styles such as cigarette smoking (p < 0.05), irregular meal time (p < 0.05), skipping lunch (p < 0.05), low interests in balanced diet (p < 0.05), and higher salt intake (p < 0.01). Healthy group self-evaluated nutritional knowledge more highly (p < 0.05) and scored higher nutritional knowledge (p < 0.001). However, there was no difference in overall nutritional behavior among the three groups, which implies that nutritional education method should be developed for the subjects to practice their learning efficiently.
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