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Research Article
[Korean]
Association between eating habits, sweet taste assessment, and high-sugar food consumption among elementary school students in Daegu: a descriptive study
Min-Jung Kim, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(2):104-113.   Published online April 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.2.104
AbstractAbstract PDF
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to analyze high-sugar food consumption habits frequency among elementary school students, and their correlations with eating habits and sweet taste assessment.
Methods
The participants of the study were 164 elementary school students in Daegu, in the fifth or sixth grade, along with their parents. A questionnaire investigated eating habits, high-sugar food consumption habits and frequency, and sweet taste assessment.
Results
The average eating habits score for elementary school students was determined to be 71.7 out of 100. Students with higher eating habits scores had lower high-sugar food consumption habits and frequency compared to those with lower eating habits scores. Sweet taste assessment revealed that students who preferred less sweetness chose a 5% sugar concentration, those with a preference for normal sweetness chose a 10% sugar concentration, and those who preferred sweeter tastes chose a 20% sugar concentration. Sweet taste assessment showed that students who tended to prefer less sweetness had the highest eating habits scores and the lowest scores for high-sugar food consumption habits and frequency. In addition, eating habits scores were found to be negatively correlated with high-sugar food consumption habits, high-sugar food consumption frequency, and sweet taste assessment. The sweet taste assessment was positively correlated with high-sugar food consumption habits and frequency.
Conclusions
Our results indicate that students with good eating habits had more desirable overall sugar intake habits, and when the preference for sweetness was high, the frequency of high-sugar food consumption was also high. Our study highlights the importance of educating elementary school students and their parents about the harmful effects of excessive sugar consumption, as well as the benefits of adopting healthy eating habits and creating supportive environments.
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Original Articles
[English]
Analysis of Factors Affecting Breakfast Eating Behavior of Children in Indonesia: An Application of the Health Belief Model
Ran Yi Kang, Soo Jin Lee, Ho Kyung Ryu
Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):1-12.   Published online February 29, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study investigates the current state of consuming breakfast among elementary school students residing in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, and to identify factors that influence breakfast behavior.
METHODS
The research model was set up as per the health belief model, and slightly modified by adding the subjective normative factors of the theory of planned behavior. The survey was conducted from July 17 to August 15, 2017 using a questionnaire, after receiving the permission PNU IRB (2017_60_HR).
RESULTS
The subjects were 77 boys (49.4%) and 79 girls (50.6%) suffering from malnutrition with anemia (21.2%) and stunting ratio of Height for Age Z Score (HAZ) (11.5%). Furthermore, moderate weakness (14.8%) and overweight and obesity (12.3%) by Body Mass Index for Age Z Score (BMIZ) were coexistent. According to the results obtained for breakfast, 21.8% did not eat breakfast before school, with 18.8% of the reasons for skipping breakfast being attributed to lack of food. Even for subjects partaking breakfast, only about 10% had a good balanced diet. The average score of behavioral intention on eating breakfast was 2.60 ± 0.58. The perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and self-efficacy of the health belief model correlated with breakfast behavior. Of these, self-efficacy (β=0.447, R²=0.200) and perceived sensitivity (β=0.373, R²=0.139) had the greatest effect on breakfast behavior. Mother was the largest impact person among children.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to increase the level of breakfast behavior intention among children surveyed in Indonesia, we determined the effectiveness by focus on education which helps the children recognize to be more likely to get sick when they don't have breakfast, and increase their confidence in ability to have breakfast on their own. We believe there is a necessity to seek ways to provide indirect intervention through mothers, as well as impart direct nutrition education to children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The School Food Environment in Ghana is Associated With Dietary Diversity and Anemia: Findings From the 2022 National Nutrition and Health Survey of In-School Adolescents
    Mica Jenkins, Esi Foriwa Amoaful, Mutala Abdulai, Veronica Quartey, Porbilla Ofosu-Apea, Jevaise Aballo, Maku E. Demuyakor, Maria Elena D. Jefferds, Nancy J. Aburto, Usha Ramakrishnan, Reynaldo Martorell, O. Yaw Addo
    Food and Nutrition Bulletin.2025; 46(2-3): 78.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
    Sung-Mi Cha, Soo-Youn Kim
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 541.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of dietary behavior and investigation of the affecting factors among preschoolers in Busan and Gyeongnam area using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
    Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 596.     CrossRef
  • Psychoactive substance use among Chinese non-engaged youth: The application of the Health Belief Model
    Phoenix Kit-han Mo, Joseph Tak Fai Lau
    Children and Youth Services Review.2020; 113: 105008.     CrossRef
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  • 4 Crossref
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[English]
Study on Middle and High School Students' Use of Convenience Foods at Convenience Stores in Incheon
Seul Ki Lee, Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):137-151.   Published online April 30, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.137
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The rapidly changing dietary environment requires a study that addresses the status of middle and high school students regarding their consumption of convenience food sold at convenience stores.
METHODS
This study examined adolescents' lifestyle patterns, dietary habits, and status of consuming convenience food at convenience stores. A total of 659 students (329 middle school students and 330 high school students) in Incheon participated in this questionnaire survey.
RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 13.7 years for the middle school students, and 16.6 years for the high school students. The gender and grade distributions in the middle and high school students were similar. The middle school students reported that they spent more time using electronic devices (p<0.001) or watching TV (p<0.001) than high school students. More than 60% of middle and high school students consumed convenience food at convenience stores without statistical difference between the two groups. The main reason for consuming convenience food from convenience stores was its convenience followed by taste in both groups. Despite the high frequency of consuming convenience food, the students rarely checked the nutrition labels at the time of purchase. On the other hand, they were still most concerned about the nutritional value of the convenience foods when they consumed convenience foods. The most frequently consumed convenience food was ramyon in both groups. Significant positive correlations were observed between the frequency of consuming convenience food at convenience stores and lifestyle factors for the middle school students, including monthly allowance, time for using electronic devices, and number of private lessons. For the high school students, however, the only monthly allowance had a significant positive correlation with the consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents are increasingly exposed to convenience foods and relevant nutritional issues are a concern. Therefore, a dietary environment that is adequately formed for the healthy development of youth as well as systematic nutrient education that is appropriately designed for both middle and high school students is required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Gen Z consumers’ expectations for smart convenience stores in the USA, South Korea, and Japan
    Summer Dahyang Jung, Sahej Claire, Sohyeong Kim
    Young Consumers.2024; 25(3): 400.     CrossRef
  • Study on the Eating Out Behavior and the Status of Meal Delivery and Take-Out Consumption according to the Food-related Lifestyles of Adolescents : Using the Consumption Behavior Survey for Food in 2020
    Eun Jung Lee, Hyeon Min Yang, Yeong Ju Lee, Sun A Choi, Jeong Ok Rho
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(4): 284.     CrossRef
  • The frequency of convenience food consumption and attitude of sodium and sugar reduction among middle and high school students in Seoul: a descriptive study
    Seoyeon Park, Yeonhee Shin, Seoyeon Lee, Heejung Park
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 269.     CrossRef
  • Determination of the migration of plastic additives and non-intentionally added substances into food simulants and the assessment of health risks from convenience food packaging
    Eun Chul Pack, Kyung Youn Lee, Jin Seop Jung, Dae Yong Jang, Hyung Soo Kim, Ye Ji Koo, Ho Geon Lee, Young Soon Kim, Kyung Min Lim, Seung Ha Lee, Dal Woong Choi
    Food Packaging and Shelf Life.2021; 30: 100736.     CrossRef
  • Association between breakfast and lifestyle, interest in beauty care, and attitude toward breakfast in high school girls in Incheon
    Seolmi Lee, Mi-Hyun Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(3): 288.     CrossRef
  • Convenience Store Use and the Health of Urban Adolescents in Seoul, South Korea
    Nan-He Yoon, Changwoo Shon
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(18): 6486.     CrossRef
  • Association between frequency of convenience foods use at convenience stores and dietary quality among high school students in Incheon
    Eun-Mi Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi, Mi-Hyun Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(4): 383.     CrossRef
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  • 7 Crossref
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[English]
A Study on Personality Characteristics, Eating Habits and Food Neophobia of High School Students
Sun Young Lee, Jin A Kim, Sim Yeol Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(1):38-46.   Published online February 28, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.1.38
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship among personality characteristics, eating habits and food neophobia of high school students.
METHODS
A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 512 students who were in the first and second grade in four different high schools in Gyeong-gi-province. The questionnaire was designed to examine the personality characteristics, eating habits, and food neophobia.
RESULTS
The personality characteristics of both boys and girls had intimacy, openness/intelligence, extroversion, sincerity, and emotional stability from highest to lowest. The girls (2.00) had better eating habits than the boys (1.90)(p < 0.05). To examine the level of food neophobia using the FNS (Food Neophobia Scale), girls tended to score higher in the FNS than boys (36.36 vs. 34.06). The relationship between the personal characteristics and eating habits showed a positive correlation (p < 0.01). The relationship between the personal characteristics and food neophoia revealed a negative correlation with all personal characteristics (p < 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of the study confirmed the relationship among personal characteristics, eating habits, and food neophobia. This study is expected to provide ways to teach teenagers how to support their proper eating habits and personality characteristics.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Influence of Food Neophobia Levels on Recognition, Experience, Liking and Willingness‐to‐Try Foods of Varying Familiarity
    Cho‐Long Lee, Ji‐sun Hwang, Han Sub Kwak
    Journal of Sensory Studies.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 1 Crossref
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[English]
Perception of Use of Environment-friendly Agricultural Products during School Foodservice of Mothers of Elementary School Students in Gyeonggi
Young Un An, Myung Hee Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi, Mi Hyun Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(3):234-242.   Published online June 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.234
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was to investigate the perception of mothers of elementary school students regarding environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice.
METHODS
A total of 282 mothers whose children were receiving environment-friendly agricultural products during elementary school foodservice in Gyeonggi participated in this questionnaire survey. The survey was conducted to investigate respondents perception and satisfaction with environment-friendly agricultural products in their children's school meals from May 29 to June 9, 2017.
RESULTS
About 79% of the subjects were satisfied with school foodservice. The most important aspects of school foodservice were nutrition (35.8%) and sanitation (34.8%). Over 80% of the subjects were aware of environment-friendly agricultural products and about 54% of the subjects checked for a certification mark when purchasing environment-friendly agricultural products. Additionally, 72.3% of the subjects knew that environment-friendly agricultural products were used at school. The advantages of using environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice were safety (75.5%) and high food quality (16.3%). About 66% of the mothers knew the school was receiving support from the city or education office for using environment-friendly agricultural products. Additionally, 74.5% of the mothers responded that they are willing to pay for use of environment-friendly agricultural products when subsidies were not supported.
CONCLUSIONS
The positive perception and high support for use of environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice among elementary students' mothers can be used as basic data for expansion of the use of environment-friendly agricultural products in school foodservice.

Citations

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  • Shifting social perceptions of dietitians in Korea after the legislation of nutrition teachers: a keyword network analysis of unstructured data
    Yunkyoung Oh, Eunsil Her
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(3): 214.     CrossRef
  • Recognition of Environmentally-friendly Agricultural Products for School Foodservice of Nutrition Teachers and Parents in 2018 at Seongnam in Gyeonggi province
    Jisoo Kwon, Wookyoun Cho
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 290.     CrossRef
  • When Agricultural Waste Transforms into an Environmentally Friendly Material: The Case of Green Concrete as Alternative to Natural Resources Depletion
    Cătălina Mihaela Grădinaru, Adrian Alexandru Şerbănoiu, Danut Traian Babor, Gabriel Constantin Sârbu, Ioan Valentin Petrescu-Mag, Andrei Cristian Grădinaru
    Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics.2019; 32(1): 77.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Satisfaction of School Food Service Using Environment-friendly Agricultural Products
    Byeol Han, Ho Kim, Sung-Bum Yang
    Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue.2018; 26(4): 559.     CrossRef
  • Willingness-to-Pay on Increase of Usage for Environmental-friendly Agricultural Product in School Food Service
    Sung-Bum Yang
    Korean Journal of Organic Agricultue.2018; 26(4): 609.     CrossRef
  • 1,455 View
  • 2 Download
  • 5 Crossref
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[English]
Relationship between Snack Intake and Oral Health Behavior of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area
Hyunsook Kang, Kyunghee Song
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):336-346.   Published online August 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.336
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The study was performed to investigate the relationship between snack intake and oral health behavior in middle school students in Gyeonggi-do area.
METHODS
The survey questionnaire was recorded by middle school students from July 6 to August 24, 2011. The questionnaire included items on general characteristics, snack intake status, and oral health behavior. Among collected survey questionnaire, a total of 620 questionnaires (320 males and 300 females) were analyzed using SPSS 15.0 program.
RESULTS
Frequencies of snack and beverage intakes were significantly higher in males than in females (p < 0.001). Oral health behavior was significantly higher in students with lower snack intake compared to those with higher or average snack intake (p < 0.05). Oral health behavior for tooth brushing and toothbrush care were significantly higher in females than in males (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Oral health behavior score that reflected better oral health of the subjects were higher as the snack intake was lower. Oral health behavior score was higher in females than in males. We conclude that the contents for oral health and nutrition education focused on snack intake need to be developed to induce changes in oral health behavior in middle school students.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Effects of night eating on oral health characteristics and symptoms of poor oral health in adolescents: a cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
    Seung–Hee Hong
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 150.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of frequency of consumption of cariogenic snacks by freshmen versus the senior dental students in Tehran and the related factors: a cross-sectional study
    Mahdia Gholami, Simin Z Mohebbi, Milad Mafakheri, Houra Shahhosseini
    BMJ Open.2024; 14(9): e086041.     CrossRef
  • 1,439 View
  • 8 Download
  • 2 Crossref
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[English]
Relationship among Life Stress, Dietary Behaviors and High-fat Snack Intake in High School Students in Gyeonggi Area
Seorin Doo, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Kyunghee Song
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(4):289-297.   Published online August 31, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.4.289
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
Stress during adolescence is related to undesirable nutritional intake and negatively affects the growth and development. This study was performed to investigate the relationship among life stress, dietary behaviors and the intake of high-fat containing snacks in male and female high school students in Gyeonggi-do area.
METHODS
The subjects were 700 high school students (350 males, 350 females) in Gyeonggi-do from July to September 2014 and the survey was performed by using questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary behaviors, high-fat containing snacks intake, and daily life stress.
RESULTS
There was a gender difference in health-related life style and dietary behaviors, and the life stress was significantly higher in female students than in male students. For health-related life style, exercise frequency, hours of sleep and conversation time with parents had significantly negative correlations with life stress, while smoking and perceived stress had significantly positive correlations with life stress. For dietary behaviors, the frequency of eating-out had a significantly negative correlation with life stress, while the changes in amount of meal intake under stress had a significantly positive correlation with life stress. The fat intake of ‘high-stress group’ was significantly higher and high-fat containing snacks consumed by this group consisted of cookies, honey bread and fried foods.
CONCLUSIONS
It is necessary to develop appropriate programs for the emotional stability and stress relief of adolescents that provide continuous nutrition education focused on proper snack intake, desirable dietary behaviors and nutritional aspects.

Citations

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  • Effects of watching Mukbang and Cookbang videos on adolescents’ dietary habits and mental health: cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
    Seung-Hee Hong
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 156.     CrossRef
  • Study on the relationship between dietary habits and the quality of life of some high school students in Seoul based on the nutrition quotient for adolescents (NQ-A)
    Ho-Jung Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Yookyung Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(3): 320.     CrossRef
  • Life stress, dietary attitudes, and frequency of snack intake for college students in Seoul and Gyeonggi area: the difference between male and female students
    Hyun Seung Oh, Yu bin Kim, Soyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(1): 91.     CrossRef
  • Actual Status of Mukbang Viewing and Food Habits of University Students in Wonju Area
    Seung-Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(4): 631.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Sugar and Sodium Contents and Their Intakes in Snack Food Groups : A Focus on Cookies, Nuts, Fruits, Dairy Products, and Beverages
    Yun-Jung Bae, Kyoung-A Choi, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(4): 263.     CrossRef
  • A Comparative Study of the Dietary Behavior of Adults Aged 20 and Over according to theMukbangViewing Time
    Ha-Yan Nam, Bok-Mi Jung
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(2): 93.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Dietary Habits, Life Stress and Nutrition Knowledge of High School Students in Gyeonggi Area
    Kyung Ae Park, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 126.     CrossRef
  • Association between Stress and Nutritional status of High School Students in Chungbuk using Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents
    In Young Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 361.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Dietary Behaviors and Life Stress of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area
    Kyung Ae Park, Myoung Sook Lee, Kyung Hee Song
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(5): 384.     CrossRef
  • Body Image Perception and Eating Behaviors among Male Middle and High School Students according to Weight Status in Seoul
    Bo-Mi Kim, Kyung-Hee Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2018; 28(2): 123.     CrossRef
  • 1,170 View
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  • 10 Crossref
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[English]
Survey on Foodservice Satisfaction and Dietary Education needs for Improvement of School Foodservice in Middle School Students in Seoul
Kyung Hee Shin, Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):127-135.   Published online April 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.127
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the satisfaction of school cafeterias among the surveyed group at two middle schools located in Seoul.
METHODS
574 out of 600 middle school students in Seoul (95.7%) completed the study.
RESULTS
Satisfaction rate of school meals was significantly higher among girls (73.2%) compared to boys (45.1%). The reasons for satisfaction factors of school meals were with the taste of school meals (55.1%), menu (19.3%), nutrition (14.2%), and food hygiene safety (7.0%). Students who had a double-income family, well-educated mother and higher happiness in their life reported a higher satisfaction with school meals. Both boys and girls who consumed milk frequently showed significantly higher satisfaction with school meals. Factors that were related to satisfaction of school meals were food temperature, the amount of food (especially among boys). Variety in the menu and food distribution speed were less related to the satisfaction of meals. In the case of girls, waiting time, food distribution speed were more important to them while the kindness of school staff was a less important factor. Improvements that were needed to increase the satisfaction for the school lunch meals, from the most important to least important were as follows: variety of meals (36.6%), food distribution speed·waiting time (24.6%), taste of food (15.7%), amount of food (7.7%), hygienic management (5.1%), food quality (4.7%), kindness (3.0%), temperature of the food (2.8%). Students preferred to broadcast on campus and cooking practice for the dietary education.
CONCLUSIONS
To improve school meal satisfaction, it is necessary for food distribution facilities to make improvements with regard to variety of meals and reduced waiting time.

Citations

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  • Development and evaluation of an intervention to improve food and nutrition literacy among Iranian Kurdish primary school children: An application of intervention mapping approach
    Mohammad Ahmadpour, Nasrin Omidvar, Elham Shakibazadeh, Azam Doustmohammadian, Abbas Rahimiforoushani
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Feasibility Study on Application of Revised Nutritional Standards for School Lunches: Consumer Satisfaction Survey
    Meeyoung Kim, Youngmin Nam
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2019; 29(5): 367.     CrossRef
  • Improving Perception and Satisfaction on Middle and High School Foodservice: The Role of Student Participation Program in Serving School Meals
    Jeong-Eun Park, Kyung-Suk Choi
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 243.     CrossRef
  • 1,677 View
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  • 3 Crossref
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[English]
The Development of ‘Good Dietary Life Guide’ Textbooks for Elementary School Students
Eun Young Sang, Jeong Weon Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):74-83.   Published online February 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.74
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to develop dietary education textbooks for elementary school students by focusing on the three core values of environment, health and gratitude from the National Food Education Plan.
METHODS
The contents of textbooks and teacher's guidebooks were developed with brainstorming of the authors as well as consultation with experts and by considering not only the three core values of environment, health, and gratitude, but also the performance indicators of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competencies and creative convergence approach of the 2015 revised national curriculum.
RESULTS
A total of 12 different dietary education textbooks named ‘Good Dietary Life Guide’ and the teachers' guidebooks from the first to the sixth grade of elementary school were developed. The textbooks were fundamentally developed connecting the three core values, the outcome indices of the 2nd National Food Education Plan and the key competences of the 2015 revised national curriculum. Various educational activities such as thinking, debate, writing, cooperative learning, experience, practice were included to promote students' participation. These books could be utilized in every field of dietary education targeting elementary students such as creative experiential activity, convergent classes (integrated subjects, Practical arts, Social studies, Science, Moral education and Korean), after school classes, rural experience, general agricultural education, after-school child care services and community child care centers.
CONCLUSIONS
The continuous and repetitive use of the textbooks from the first to the sixth grade would contribute to the improvement of food habits and the personalities of elementary school students, and consequently make the students grow up as healthy citizens.

Citations

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  • Development of Educational Board Game for Dietary Education; ‘Food-Bicycle’
    Jung Hoon Kim
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2018; 27(5): 411.     CrossRef
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  • 1 Crossref
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[English]
Lifestyle, Dietary Behavior and Snack Preference of Upper-grade Elementary School Students in Cheongju according to the Usage Time of Smartphones
Hayeon Kim, Munkyong Pae
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):40-52.   Published online February 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.40
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the length of exposure to smartphone and its association with dietary behavior toward snacks, lifestyle, and nutrition knowledge in elementary school students.
METHODS
Subjects were 372 5th and 6th grade schoolchildren in Cheongju, Korea, and data was collected by a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups by the time spent using smartphone: moderate (< 2 hours/day) and overexposure (≥ 2 hours/day). Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, χ²-test, and independent t-test as well as analysis of covariance when necessary.
RESULTS
Approximately half of subjects (41.4%) reported spending ≥ 2 hours/day using smartphone. That habit was more frequent among students in the 6th grade, those who received more monthly allowance, and who has a working mother. 63.4% of the subjects reported that they consumed snacks while watching television, using a computer and/or a smartphone and 48.1% said that they consumed snacks while they use a smartphone. Both situations were most prevalent among those with overexposure to smartphone (≥ 2 hours/day). We also observed that a higher percentage of subjects from the overexposure group spent more money on snack foods with the preference for ice cream, fast food, and carbonated drinks. Further, those in the overexposure group consumed more ice cream, cookies, and carbonated drinks. In addition, they had less desirable dietary behavior and health-related lifestyle (sleep duration and frequency of regular exercise) compared to those with moderate smartphone usage (< 2 hours/day). However, there was no statistical difference in nutrition knowledge among children with different degrees of smartphone usage.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that longer smartphone use was associated with less desirable snack preference/consumption and other dietary behavior in elementary school students. Thus interest and positive attitudes towards healthy snacks and diet should be reinforced in nutrition education programs, especially for those who are prone to use smartphones.

Citations

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  • Evaluation of the association between nomophobia, mindful eating, and nutritional status
    Aliye Kuyumcu, Müberra Yıldız, Kadriye Toprak
    Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory.2025; 16(2): 349.     CrossRef
  • The impact of maladaptive perfectionism on college students' bedtime procrastination: The chain mediating effects of nomophobia and physical exercise
    Yong Jiang, Chuanyang Jiang
    Acta Psychologica.2025; 260: 105504.     CrossRef
  • The relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior for elementary school students in Gangneung, South Korea: cross-sectional study
    Minji Kim, Meera Jang
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 278.     CrossRef
  • Screen time, mealtime media use, and dietary behaviors in Korean preschoolers: a cross-sectional study
    Young-Hee Han, Saerom Shin, Eun Yeol Woo, Hye-Kyung Park, Taisun Hyun
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 206.     CrossRef
  • Comparing the Mediating Effect of Adolescent Lifestyle Profiles on the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Health-related Quality of Life Among Male and Female Senior High School Students in the Philippines
    Danilo B. Buctot, Nami Kim, Sun Hee Kim
    International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2023; 21(1): 511.     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Smartphone and Internet Gaming Addiction on Eating Attitudes Among University Students
    Bahar Yeşil Örnek, İbrahim Gündoğmuş
    Psychiatry Investigation.2022; 19(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • The role of nomophobia and smartphone addiction in the lifestyle profiles of junior and senior high school students in the Philippines
    Danilo B. Buctot, Nami Kim, Sun Hee Kim
    Social Sciences & Humanities Open.2020; 2(1): 100035.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between the Intake of Children's Favorite Foods and Policy based on Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life
    Taejung Woo, Jihye Yoo, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(2): 106.     CrossRef
  • Health Behavior Factors Associated with Sugar-sweetened Beverage Intake among Adolescents
    Hyae Min Gu, Jong Park, So Yeon Ryu
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(3): 193.     CrossRef
  • A Study on Weight Control Behaviour, Eating Habits and Health-related Life Habits According to Obesity Degree of University Students in Jeonbuk
    Hye-Soon Chang
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(1): 73.     CrossRef
  • Weight loss effects of Bariatric Surgery after nutrition education in extremely obese patients*
    Eun-Ha Jeong, Hong-Chan Lee, Jung-Eun Yim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(1): 30.     CrossRef
  • A Study of Nutrient Intakes, Blood Lipids and Bone Mineral Density according to Obesity Degree by Percentage of Body Fat and Age between Male and Female Teacher in Jeonbuk Province, Korea
    Hye-Soon Chang
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(1): 49.     CrossRef
  • A Study of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Food Sources according to Body Mass Index in Female College Students
    Jee-Young Yeon, Eun-Young Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(4): 429.     CrossRef
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[English]
High School Students' Sugar Intake Behaviors and Consumption of Sugary Processed Food Based on the Level of Sugar-related Nutrition Knowledge in Seoul Area
Nami Joo, Shin Kyum Kim, Ji young Yoon
Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):1-12.   Published online February 28, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
The present study aimed to investigate high school students' sugar intake behaviors, the status of consuming sugary processed foods, the awareness of sugar, and the experience and interest in sugar-related education based on the level of sugar-related nutrition knowledge.
METHODS
In this study, five high schools were selected in Seoul, Korea, and a survey was conducted in 400 students on the level of sugar-related nutrition knowledge and sugar intake status. A total of 349 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, χ2 test, and Friedman test were used for comparative analysis.
RESULTS
The study results showed a positive association between the knowledge level of sugar and the appropriate sugar intake behavior and sugary food choices. The group with more nutrition knowledge on sugar was found to have good eating habits and to eat less sugary food. The main sources of sugar were beverages, confectionary, and bakery goods in the corresponding order, irrespective of the level of nutrition knowledge related to sugar. A significant difference was found in the groups' awareness of the sugar content of the drinks with 89.4% for the higher-knowledge group, and only 81.5% for the lower-knowledge group (p < 0.05). Results also showed that 43.9% of the higher-knowledge group and 36.4% of the lower knowledge group were interested in participating in education on sugar.
CONCLUSIONS
This study result indicated the need to help adolescents to avoid excessive sugar intake from only certain favorite foods. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a systematic foundation for participatory education in order for them to maintain a low sugar intake in daily life and lead healthy eating habits by increasing their level of sugar-related information and knowledge.

Citations

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  • Socioecological factors influencing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents in South Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Jin Suk Ra, Sun Hwa Kim
    Child Health Nursing Research.2025; 31(1): 28.     CrossRef
  • Factors affecting sugar intake in adults based on the social cognitive theory
    Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 120.     CrossRef
  • Sex-Based Differences in Factors Associated With Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among Korean High School Students
    Jin Suk Ra, Moonkyoung Park
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mobile application-based dietary sugar intake reduction intervention study according to the stages of behavior change in female college students
    Yunjung Choi, Hyun-Sook Kim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 488.     CrossRef
  • Study on Sugar Consumption of Adult Workers According to Smoking Status
    Jung-Yeon Yun, Boram Kim, Hee Sun Jeong, Nami Joo
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 228.     CrossRef
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[English]
The Influence of Self-resilience on Dietary Management in Middle School Students
Yunhwa Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(6):399-410.   Published online December 31, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.399
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to identify self-resilience factors that drive right dietary and food safety practices in middle school students.
METHODS
Data was collected from 438 middle school students in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire in December, 2013. The questionnaire consisted of 81 items with the following categories: general information, self-resilience, right dietary and food safety practices. Statistical analyses to determine frequency, average, ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability analysis, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 21.
RESULTS
The results of factor analysis indicated that self-resilience was classified into challenge, adaptability, patience and achievement needs, and right dietary practices were sub-grouped into family meals, experience of dietary life, eco-friendly, balanced food, economy and bad food control, and food safety practices consisted of management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, safety food and food purchasing. The score of right dietary and food safety practices showed significant differences by sex, grade, and school achievement (p < 0.05). The economy factor of right dietary practices was significantly affected by the management of bacteria (p < 0.001), hand washing and eating off a plate (p < 0.001), safety food (p < 0.01), food purchasing of food safety practices (p < 0.05). The challenge factor of self-resilience significantly affected family meals, experience of dietary life, balanced food, economy, bad food control, management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, and safety food (p < 0.05). The adaptability factor of self-resilience was associated with factors such as eco-friendly, balanced food, economy, bad food control, management of bacteria, hand washing and eating off a plate, and food purchasing (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that dietary education programs for middle school students could incorporate food safety practices, and self-resilience such as challenge, adaptability, patience and achievement needs to be effective.

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  • Exploring the connection between ego-resiliency and health behaviors: a cross-sectional study of Polish health sciences students
    Małgorzata Dębska-Janus, Paweł Dębski, Agnieszka Nawrocka, Jacek Polechoński, Wojciech Madejczyk, Karina Badura-Brzoza
    BMC Psychiatry.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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[English]
A Comparison of Dietary Habits, Weight Control Behaviors, Eating Disorder Risk, and Depression of Middle School Girls according to Various Stages of Dieting
Aekyung Jung, Hyunsuk Ryu, Kyunghee Song, Hongmie Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):178-187.   Published online June 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.178
AbstractAbstract PDF
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to compare dietary habits, weight control behaviors, eating disorder risk and depression among middle school girls who were at various stages of dieting.
METHODS
Subjects were 391 girls attending a middle school in Kyeonggido, Korea. All the information was gathered by self-administered questionnaires. Eating disorder risk and depression were assessed using EAT-26 and PHQ-9, respectively. Data were compared among 4 groups; no interest in a diet (N=112), had experienced dieting (N=86), on diet currently (N=71), and plan to diet (N=122).
RESULTS
A higher number of students currently on diet tended to be unsatisfied with their own weight (p < 0.01), overestimated their weight (p < 0.05), and weighed own body frequently (p < 0.001), compared to those with only experienced dieting in the past or those who plan to diet, despite similar weights and body mass index. The students who experienced dieting in the past or those who plan to diet appeared to have several undesirable as well as desirable dietary habits and their risk of eating disorder was significantly more prevalent compared to those without an interest in dieting (p < 0.01), although significantly less prevalent compared to those currently on a diet.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that unnecessary dieting is common among middle school girls and providing proper education with regard to healthy weights is needed to enhance their physical as well as psychological wellbeing.

Citations

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  • Relationship between consumer behavior, perception of nutritional information, and menu factors on fast food using eye-tracking: A study on university students in Jeonju
    Kyungjong Min, Kunjong Lee, Heajung Chung
    Food Science and Preservation.2024; 31(3): 408.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between convergence awareness for healthy weight management and eating behavior, creativity and convergence competency of adolescents
    Yunhwa Kim, Youngmi Lee, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(3): 376.     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing disordered eating behavior based on the theory of triadic influence
    Jee Hee Han, Sun Ah Kim, Sue Kim, Jin Young Park
    Perspectives in Psychiatric Care.2019; 55(3): 366.     CrossRef
  • Tendency and Network Analysis of Diet Using Big Data
    Eun-Jin Jung, Un-Jae Chang
    Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(4): 310.     CrossRef
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[English]
Interrelations Among Snack Preference, Purchasing Behaviors and Intake in Upper Grade Elementary School Students: Compared by the Gender and TV Watching Time
Eun Sil Her
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(5):429-441.   Published online October 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.5.429
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to examine the interrelations among snack preference, purchasing behavior and intake of fifth and sixth grade students in elementary schools in Gyeongnam province. Frequency of snack intake was the highest in those who reported 'once a day' (45.6%) snack habit. Longer-time television viewers also showed higher frequency of snack intake than shorter-time viewers. Thirty-three percent of students purchased snacks by themselves and the frequency of snack purchasing had a significant positive relationship with TV watching time (p < 0.01). The main reason, place and time of eating snacks were 'hunger' (79.2%), their home environment (50.9%) and 'after school hours' (89.7%). The favorite snack was 'ice cream' and, this snack habit was significantly different by gender of the child (p < 0.01) and TV watching time (p < 0.01). 'Milk and dairy products' scored highest (3.47) in snack intake frequency among longer-time TV viewers (> 2hr) compared to shorter-time TV viewers and this difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The snack preference score was correlated positively (r = 0.454) with the intake frequency for snack and its explanation power (R2) was 20.5%. With regard to snack purchase behaviors, the scores of 'checking the expiration date' and 'comparing the price with similar products' were high (in what group?). Female students (p < 0.001) and shorter-time TV viewers (< 2hr) (p < 0.01) had a more reasonable purchasing behavior. The total score of preference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shorter-timeTV viewers (< 2hr). In the correlation between snack purchasing behaviors and intake frequency, attractiveness (r = 0.208, p < 0.001) and preference (r = 0.330, p < 0.001) showed significant positive correlations. The result of regression analysis, preference only was selected (R2= 0.108).

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  • The relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior for elementary school students in Gangneung, South Korea: cross-sectional study
    Minji Kim, Meera Jang
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 278.     CrossRef
  • Association between eating habits, sweet taste assessment, and high-sugar food consumption among elementary school students in Daegu: a descriptive study
    Min-Jung Kim, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(2): 104.     CrossRef
  • A Comparative Study of the Dietary Behavior of Adults Aged 20 and Over according to theMukbangViewing Time
    Ha-Yan Nam, Bok-Mi Jung
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(2): 93.     CrossRef
  • A Study on the Development of the Goals and Contents System of Healthy Dietary Education Program for After-School Care in Lower Grade in Elementary School
    Jung-Hyun Kim, Myoung Hee Lee, Okjin Park, Kyung Sook Choi
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 24.     CrossRef
  • Eating patterns of children's favorite foods and its related factors among elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea
    YuJin Lee, Seungmin Lee, KyoungAe Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee, Inkyung Baik
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2017; 11(6): 517.     CrossRef
  • Lifestyle, Dietary Behavior and Snack Preference of Upper-grade Elementary School Students in Cheongju according to the Usage Time of Smartphones
    Hayeon Kim, Munkyong Pae
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(1): 40.     CrossRef
  • Association of Interpersonal Relationships with Preference and Intake Frequency of Snack with a Focus on Obesity Index and Snack Preparations in Upper Grade Elementary School Students
    Eun Sil Her
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(2): 178.     CrossRef
  • Perceptions and Use of Premium Snacks and Associated Factors in School Aged Children and Their Mothers in Kyung-Ki Area
    Hye-Young Yang, Hyo-Suk Lee, Jayong Chung
    Korean Journal of Health Promotion.2014; 14(3): 121.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development of Dietary Life Education Textbook and Teaching Manual for Creative Activities in Elementary School
Eun Sil Her
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(3):203-212.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.3.203
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to develop a dietary life education textbook and teaching manual for creative activities of elementary school students in middle grade. First, we extracted dietary life related contents from textbooks for third and fourth grade and created systematization of contents involving educational objectives, goals, contents and activities. The development of textbook and teaching manual were based on systematization of contents. The textbook was composed of five major chapters, which were 'nutrition', 'cooking', 'environment and hygiene', 'food' and 'dietary culture'. Each major chapter having six to seven smaller chapters, adding up to a total of 34 smaller chapters. The textbook was in activity format so that can be readily and directly used in actual classes. The textbook had fun characters and various activities (particularly a lot of cooking activities) to deliver the main theme of each chapter. The teaching manual was composed of background, goal, teaching plan and teaching point. The smaller chapters had learning goal, teaching-learning resources, important points, teaching-learning process and reference material. In evaluation after operating the model school, the developed textbooks were suited for students' needs and cognitive level. This textbook can be utilized at creative activities consisting of ten to fifteen students.

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  • The Development of a Nutrition Education Program for Low-income Family Children by applying the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model
    Saes-byoul Lee, Yu-Ri Jeong, Hyo-Jin Ahn, Min-Ji Ahn, Su-A Ryu, Nam-E Kang, Se-Young Oh
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 165.     CrossRef
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[English]
Eating Behavior, Nutrition knowledge, and Educational Needs of the Food and Nutrition of Elementary School Students in the Gyeungnam Province
Eun Sil Her
Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(1):11-24.   Published online February 28, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.1.11
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to provide basic data for development of a dietary education textbook and guidebook by investigating and analyzing eating behavior, nutrition knowledge and educational needs in elementary school students. Most of the subjects were eating three meals a day (71.5%) and breakfast (75.3%). The percentage of students who consumed proper amount of meals (49.2%) was low. The percentage of students consuming salty food and fatty foods was 28.6% and 42.1%, respectively. The consumption of meat, fish, egg, bean and tofu was high, while the consumption of vegetables, fruits and seaweed was low. The percentage of students consuming processed food was high, but the percentage reading nutrition labels (34.9%) and hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) mark (26.9%) when buying processed foods was very low. Total scores of eating behavior and nutrition knowledge were significantly higher in female students than in male students (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (60.5%). The most preferred educational method was 'experiment and cooking practice' (40.1%). The students wanted dietary information as 'cooking' (39.0%). As a result of this study, many problems were found in the eating behavior of students and nutritional knowledge was observed to be low as well. On the other hand, the demand for dietary education was very high. The findings of this study suggested the need for developing dietary education programs in order to encourage proper eating habits of students.

Citations

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  • Status and Needs Assessment on Nutrition Management and Meal Service for Elementary · Middle · High School Athletes among Athlete's Parents
    Jung Hyun Hwang, Ji Yeon Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(1): 47.     CrossRef
  • Eating disorders in musicians: a survey investigating self-reported eating disorders of musicians
    Marianna Evangelia Kapsetaki, Charlie Easmon
    Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity.2019; 24(3): 541.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Dietary Life Application according to Preferred Dietary Life Education Type on Quality of Life : Focus on Participants of Dietary Life Education Programs in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
    Suk-Hyun Park, Hee Sun Jeong
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(3): 268.     CrossRef
  • Study on Sugar Consumption of Adult Workers According to Smoking Status
    Jung-Yeon Yun, Boram Kim, Hee Sun Jeong, Nami Joo
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 228.     CrossRef
  • Status and Training Demand on Dietary Education of Kindergarten Teachers in Jeonbuk Province
    Eun-Sook Park
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2015; 24(1): 137.     CrossRef
  • Factors Predicting Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors Due to Cardiovascular Disease in Tehran University Students: Application of Health Belief Model
    Fatemeh Rahmati Najarkolaei, Sedigheh Sadat Tavafian, Mohammad Gholami Fesharaki, Mohammad Reza Jafari
    Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effects of Dietary Education on Elementary Children in After-school Program in Seoul
    Kyung-Hee Kim
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 222.     CrossRef
  • Operation and Training Demand on Dietary Life Education of Nutrition Teachers in Jeonbuk Province
    Eunsook Park
    Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2014; 23(1): 149.     CrossRef
  • Development of Dietary Life Education Textbook and Teaching Manual for Creative Activities in Elementary School
    Eun Sil Her
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 203.     CrossRef
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  • 9 Crossref
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[English]
A Study on the Correlation between Middle School Students' Eating Disorder Behavior and Scholastic Adjustment
Joo Yeon Yoo, Yang Ho Jin, Se Jeong Bae
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):707-713.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.707
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to verify the difference of middle school students' eating disorder behavior and scholastic adjustment according to the gender and weight group and evaluate correlations between their eating disorder behavior and scholastic adjustment. A survey was conducted in middle school second graders attending five schools located in Seoul. Results from 355 questionnaire sheets were utilized for statistical analysis, and the results were gained as below: With regard to eating disorder behavior by gender, female students showed more eating disorder behavior than male students (p < 0.01); however, scholastic adjustment did not indicate significant differences by gender. According to the result of analyzing scholastic adjustment according to the weight group, the obese group showed lower scholastic adjustment (p < 0.05) and adjustment to studying (p < 0.01) than other groups; however, the eating disorder behavior, attachment to school, and adjustment to school did not indicate significant differences. According to the results of analyzing scholastic adjustment by eating disorder group, the normal group showed higher adjustment to studying than the risky group (p < 0.01). And scholastic adjustment, attachment to school, and adjustment to school did not indicate significant differences. The eating disorder behavior showed negative relationship with adjustment to studying. They showed more eating disorder behavior, their adjustment to studying became lower. Therefore, it is necessary to provide nutritional education at home and at school for them to have appropriate dietary habits as well as health education for them to maintain normal weight.

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  • The big five personality traits and eating habits among female students at Zayed University
    Sharifa AlBlooshi, Kawther AlSabbah, Shatha Thani, Rafiq Hijazi, Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri, Falak Zeb, Leila Cheikh Ismail
    Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors related to adolescent obesity and changes: a cross-sectional study based on the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
    Bora Lee, Ho Kyung Ryu
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(5): 363.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Factors Influencing the Obesity of Adolescents in South Korea
    Myung-Hee Jung, Jee-Seon Yi, Hye-Sun Jung
    Journal of the Korean Society of School Health.2016; 29(1): 11.     CrossRef
  • Gender differences in factors influencing the school adjustment by BMI
    Ji Yeong Seo
    Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society.2015; 26(2): 429.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students: Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units
Eun Su Lim, Young Sook Cho, Se Na Kim, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(6):689-706.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.6.689
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education,carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.

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  • Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
    Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province
    Kang-Mo Ko, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 25.     CrossRef
  • The Development of a Nutrition Education Program for Low-income Family Children by applying the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model
    Saes-byoul Lee, Yu-Ri Jeong, Hyo-Jin Ahn, Min-Ji Ahn, Su-A Ryu, Nam-E Kang, Se-Young Oh
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 165.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of Media Use in the Nutrition Education on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of the Breakfast Habits on Elementary School Students
    Nurlaely Fitriana, Siti Madanijah, Ikeu Ekayanti
    Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.2015; 14(6): 335.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea - Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units -
    Jia-Li Guo, Soon-Kyung Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 565.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development of a Risk Communication Material on Artificial Food Color Additives for Elementary School Students
Mun Hee Ko, Jeong Weon Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):365-375.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.365
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to develop a risk communication material on artificial food color additives for elementary school students. The development was based on a previous study on the perception and information needs of elementary school students on artificial food colors including that the students usually were interested in artificial food colors, but didn't know about those well, and they wanted to get information on the safety of their intake, function and necessity of food color additives. Based on the above results, a comic book on artificial food colors was developed as a risk communication material for the elementary school students by brainstorming and consultation with experts. The book was titled as 'Variegated artificial food colors! Understanding and Eating'. It contained basic information on food additives focused on artificial food colors including definition, function, calculation of ADI, usage of artificial food colors, quizzes and useful web sites, etc. The results of field evaluation for the developed material by 101 elementary school students were very positive in getting the correct information, understanding artificial food colors and having proper attitude for healthy dietary life. Therefore, the developed material could be used to help elementary school students have proper perception on artificial food colors and facilitate the risk communication on food additives.
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[English]
Effects of Occasional Mid-Morning Snacks on Dietary Behaviors and School Life in Elementary School Students
Eun Ji Park, Yuri Kim, Yunsook Lim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):661-671.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.661
AbstractAbstract PDF
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of occasional mid-morning snacks (MMS) on dietary behaviors and school life among elementary students. The students, mothers, and teachers from two elementary schools in Seoul were selected. The schools have been provided a steamed sweet-potato or potato, or a piece of ricecake or cake with a pack of milk as MMS 3-4 times a month for more than 3 years. Most students were satisfied with the MMS. Mothers and teachers reported that their children or students were happier, more active, and more energetic in school with MMS. Furthermore, the students answered that they could drink milk better on the day when the school provided MMS. Many students felt that it was relevant to serve a simple menu at lunch time if they were served MMS. Also, students became more interested in school meals or foods with MMS. In addition, mothers who had jobs wanted more frequent MMS. The degree of satisfaction about MMS of the teachers was higher than that of students or mothers. Many teachers thought that their students drank milk better with MMS and further, that it made students to drink more milk on other days. In conclusion, MMS had positive effects on the dietary behavior and school life of elementary students. Therefore, it can be a good option for eliminating skipping breakfast because it provides more nutrition, makes students drink more milk, and allows students to enjoy school activities more.
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[English]
Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Lower Grades Elementary Students -Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units-
Min Jung Son, Young Sook Cho, Se Na Kim, Hye Ji Seo, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):647-660.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.647
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of nutrition education program and pamphlet for the lower grades elementary students focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System. Program consisted of four lessons (40 min/lesson), "5 major nutrients & function", "6 food group and sources", "daily needed food exchange units for normal body weight", and "smart snack choice and exercise". Pamphlet as activity book was developed for the program. The subjects were 3rd grade elementary students (educated group, 31 vs. non-educated group, 31). Educated group were lessoned as group and/or individual. We examined the differences in nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, dietary intakes and satisfaction of the program and pamphlet. In educated group, there were positive improvements on nutrition knowledge score "function and foods of 5 nutrients" and on dietary attitudes "type of breakfast and snacks". In the evaluation of dietary intakes according to KDRI, there were positive improvements on intakes level of riboflavin, vit. C, folate, Ca, P, Fe and Zn in educated group. In satisfaction with the program and pamphlet, contents, font size, visual, figure, difficulty and program curriculum were over 2.90/3.0. It showed that the developed nutrition education program and pamphlet focused on individual daily needed food exchange units using Food Exchange System improved nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes and nutrients intake level in the lower grades elementary students.

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  • Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
    Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education Providing School Lunch by Personalized Daily Needed Food Exchange Units for Adolescent Athletes in Jeonbuk Province
    Kang-Mo Ko, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(1): 25.     CrossRef
  • Effects of Nutrition Education for Chinese College Students in Korea - Focused on Personalized Daily Energy Requirement and Food Exchange Units -
    Jia-Li Guo, Soon-Kyung Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 565.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Higherr Grades Elementary Students -Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units-
    Eun-Su Lim, Young-Sook Cho, Se-Na Kim, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 689.     CrossRef
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[English]
Comparison of the Nutrient Intakes by the Score of Dietary Action Guides for Korean Children among the Elementary School Students in Gwangju City
Bok Hee Kim, Mi young Sung, Yoonna Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):411-425.   Published online August 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.411
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to examine differences in nutrient intakes by the compliance with the Dietary Action Guide for Korean Children. The subjects included 343 elementary school students in Gwangju city. Compliance with the Dietary Action Guide for Children showed that 62.4% of subjects had breakfast everyday; 44.3% of subjects ate vegetables/fruits/milk and dairy products daily; 26.8% of subjects ate a variety of lean meats/fish/eggs/bean products daily; 32.9% of subjects enjoyed outdoor activity everyday and ate according to their energy needs; 40.2% of subjects chose healthy and nutritious foods for snack; and 15.5% of subjects avoided food waste. Intakes of most of nutrients including energy were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in those who complied with the Dietary Action Guide well. Also nutrient intakes had the positive correlation with the scores of Dietary Action Guide (p < 0.05). From these results, nutrient intakes of children were significantly influenced by dietary factors suggested in the Dietary Action Guide for Children. In addition, the results also confirmed that good food behaviors were indispensible to maintaining a proper nutritional status. Based on these results, good food behaviors and practice were critical to secure good health and proper nutritional status for children, and that nutrition education should be strengthened in school as well as at home.

Citations

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  • Dietary guidelines adherence and changes in eating habits among college students in the post-COVID-19 period: a cross-sectional study
    Eunyoung Yoon
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(3): 220.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Dietary Behavior among Elementary School Students in Seoul Area Using Nutrition Quotient for Children
    Ji Ye Lim, Jung Hyun Kim, Sung Hee Min, Myung Hee Lee, Min June Lee
    Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2016; 32(1): 84.     CrossRef
  • Gender Differences in Adolescents' Dietary Perceptions and Practices
    Taejung Woo, Hye-Jin Lee, Kyoung Ae Lee, Seung Min Lee, Kyung-Hea Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 165.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Obesity and Nutritional Status by Age among Low-income Women aged over 20  -Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-
    Hee-Kyung Jang
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2015; 25(2): 246.     CrossRef
  • Relationships between children's Nutrition Quotient and the practice of the Dietary Guidelines of elementary school students and their mothers
    Jae Ran Kim, Hyeon-Sook Lim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(1): 58.     CrossRef
  • Relationships between children's Nutrition Quotient and the practice of the Dietary Guidelines of elementary school students and their mothers
    Jae Ran Kim, Hyeon-Sook Lim
    Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(1): 58.     CrossRef
  • Relationships of Dietary Behavioral Factors and Stress Perception Levels in College Students in Gwang-ju City
    Bok Hee Kim, Bang Geul Shim, Eun Jeong
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 771.     CrossRef
  • A Survey of Satisfaction with Quality attributes of Meal Services for Low-income Children in Wonju
    Hae Sook Oh
    The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2014; 25(2): 233.     CrossRef
  • An Evaluation of Dietary Habit and Nutritional Status by Household Income in Female Adults over the Age of 20 - Using Data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey -
    Hee-Kyung Jang
    The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(4): 660.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between adhering to dietary guidelines and the risk of obesity in Korean children
    Soo Hyun Yu, YoonJu Song, Mijung Park, Shin Hye Kim, Sangah Shin, Hyojee Joung
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(6): 705.     CrossRef
  • Association between the Number of Unfamiliar Vegetables and Dietary Factors of Elementary School Children
    Kyunghee Song, Hongmie Lee
    Preventive Nutrition and Food Science.2013; 18(4): 280.     CrossRef
  • The prevalence of obesity and the level of adherence to the Korean Dietary Action Guides in Korean preschool children
    Yuni Choi, Yeji You, Kyeong Ah Go, Zuunnast Tserendejid, Hyun Joo You, Jung Eun Lee, Seungmin Lee, Hae-Ryun Park
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2013; 7(3): 207.     CrossRef
  • Awareness and Practice of Dietary Action Guide for Adolescence among Middle and High School Students in Korea
    So-Hyun Park, Hae-Ryun Park, Soo-Bin Jeon, So-Yeon Jeong, Zuunnast Tserendejid, Jung-Sook Seo, Kyung-Hae Lee, Yeon-Kyung Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(2): 133.     CrossRef
  • Correlation between Intake of Dietary Fiber and Adherence to the Korean National Dietary Guidelines in Adolescents from Jeonju
    Sunmi Park, Woori Na, Misung Kim, Eunsoo Kim, Cheongmin Sohn
    Preventive Nutrition and Food Science.2012; 17(4): 254.     CrossRef
  • Association between dental caries experience and performance of the dietary action guides among the special school for students of disability
    Hee-Jung Moon, Seol-Ak Kim, Hee-Jung Park
    Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene.2012; 12(6): 1193.     CrossRef
  • Development and Effects' Analysis of Nutrition Education Pamphlet for the Lower Grades Elementary Students -Focused on Individual Daily Needed Food Exchange Units-
    Min-Jung Son, Young-Sook Cho, Se-Na Kim, Hye-Ji Seo, Sook-Bae Kim
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(6): 647.     CrossRef
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Effect of School Lunch Menu Intervention through Calcium Enriched Menus on Nutrient Intakes of High School Girls
Eon Kyoung Lee, Young Sun Choi, Bok Seon Bae
Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):265-277.   Published online April 30, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.265
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to improve the nutritional status of high school girls via lunch menu intervention. Surveys were carried out twice to evaluate basal status and status after lunch menu intervention. In the first survey nutrient intakes of 24-hour and school lunch were each estimated by 24-hour recall dietary survey and self-recording, respectively. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients, and stir-frying was the most preferred cooking method. Five dishes of school lunch menus which were included in the first survey were replaced with recipes containing foods with higher calcium level; anchovy stir-fried with red pepper paste, anchovy stir-fried with almond, pork stir-fried with shredded kelp, crab meat soup, and tteokbokki with cheese. In the second survey calcium intake from school lunch was significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 45.5% to 50.2% of one thirds of recommended intake (RI) after calcium enriched lunch menu intervention. Intakes of vitamin A and E were also significantly increased, whereas those of energy, thiamin, and vitamin C were decreased. Index of nutritional quality values of nutrients of 24-hour intakes (except thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C) is increased by intervention; however, those of calcium, folic acid, iron are still very low. Even though this study shows a possibility of improving nutrient intakes of students through school lunch menu intervention, lunch intervention by itself is not enough action to improve nutritional status of micronutrient for adolescents.

Citations

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  • Study on Necessity of Updating Nutritional Standards for School Lunch Programs in Korea
    Meeyoung Kim, So-young Kim, Jihyun Yoon
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(2): 137.     CrossRef
  • Study on Improvement of Elementary School Food Service by Applying Preferred Recipes to Disliked Seafood Menus
    Ji-Hye Seong, Mi Jeong Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2017; 27(4): 387.     CrossRef
  • Calcium and Milk Intake of Elementary School Students from School Foodservices - Focus on the Gyeongsangbukdo Province -
    Sun-Hee Park, Kyeung-Soon Lee, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
    Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(1): 12.     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of School Menus from the Daegu and Gyeongbuk Area
    Seon Woo Ahn, Mi-Kyung Choi
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(6): 983.     CrossRef
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[English]
Development and Evaluation of an Elementary School Nutrition Education Program to Prevent Breakfast Skipping
Hyeong Gyeong Son, Yeon Kyung Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(6):740-749.   Published online December 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a nutrition education program to prevent breakfast skipping for elementary school children. Subjects were 102 5th grade students (51 boys, 51 girls) as the "education group" and 200 5th grade students (102 boys, 98 girls) as the "non-education group." The nutrition education program consisted of 4 lessons over an 8-week period. Teaching materials, including flash animation, panel, PowerPoint, and a bingo game, were developed for this education program. After education, there was significant increase in the percentage of students who had eaten breakfast every day, understood that breakfast has a great effect on health, and will eat breakfast every day in the education group compared to non-education group. Parents' positive behavior toward daily breakfast preparation and the percentage of parents who had their children eat breakfast every day increased significantly. The students of the education group responded positively to the questions of the benefit and importance of nutrition education. The flash animation received high marks, especially in terms of understanding of contents, content clarity, emphasis of the core content, delivery of necessary knowledge, and applicability of breakfast. This study shows the effectiveness of a 4-lesson nutrition education taught during an 8-week time period to induce changes in recognizing the importance of breakfast and in behavior toward breakfast consumption.
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[English]
Relationships between Nutrient Intake Status and Sugar-containing Food Intake of Elementary School Students in Daegu-Kyungbook Area
Hyeon Jung Kim, Hyun Mee Oh, Young Ji Cho, Jin Sook Yoon
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):573-581.   Published online October 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted to investigate the association of nutrients intake with sugar-containing food consumption of elementary school students in Daegu-Kyungpook area. We analyzed the dietary information from 164 elementary school students (82 boys, 82 girls) participated in "Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents" conducted by Korea Food & Drug Administration and Korea Health Industry Development Institute. Information on habitual dietary intake of sugar-containing foods was collected by food frequency questionnaires. Daily nutrients intake of each subject was calculated from 24-hour recall data for two non-consecutive days. As a result of average daily intake of major foods of elementary school students was analyzed from 1 to 50 ranking that show up higher ranking of white milk and white rice but include many kind of sugar-containing food. Dietary intake of energy, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe and riboflavin were significantly lower for girls with higher sugar-containing food frequency scores. Significantly negative associations between Index of Nutrition Quality (INQ) and sugar-containing food frequency scores were observed for calcium (r = -0.34) and iron (r = -0.32) among girls. Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) was significantly lower for girls with higher sugar-containing food frequency scores (r = -0.26). Our results indicated that nutrition education for elementary school students should focus on the importance of reducing the sugar-containing food consumption with more attention for girls.
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Development of Practical Dietary Education Textbook and Teaching Manual in Elementary School Students
Eun Sil Her
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):636-647.   Published online October 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was conducted for researching demand on dietary education of low-level elementary school students and to develop an activity based textbook and a teaching manual on the subject. For necessity of dietary education, 88.8% of subjects answered dietary education is needed. The desirable frequency of the education was once a week (65.7%). The most appropriate time for the education was "school lunch" (37.5%), "special activity" (29.9%), "regular class" (12.4%) and "after school activity" (12.1%). The most preferred educational method was "experiment and practice" (40.1%). The desirable educational materials were "computer materials" (20.7%), "actual objects" (20.1%), "videotapes" (16.5%), "photographs-pictures" (12.2%) and "fairy tales-cartoons" (12.2%). The students wanted dietary information as "cooking" (26.1%), "growth and nutrition" (23.7%) and "right food information" (20.1%). The textbook was composed of five major chapters, which were "Traditional Dietary Culture", "Food", "Dietary Habit", "Hygiene and Environment" and "Cooking". Each major chapter had five to six smaller chapters, adding up to total of 32 chapters. The textbook had fun characters, illustrations, photographs and cartoons to deliver the main theme of each chapter. The textbook was in activity format so that it coul be readily and directly used in actual classes. The teaching manual was composed of background, goals, teaching plans and teaching points. The smaller chapters had learning goals, teaching-learning resources, important points, teaching-learning processes and reference materials. Videos were produced to help cook five snacks in the cooking chapter. Also, "Healthy Song" was created to be used in classrooms. This textbook will be helpful in children's right dietary habits and growth.
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[English]
Factors Related to Eating Breakfast of Middle and High School Students in Seoul
Yangsuk Kim, Jihyun Yoon, Haengran Kim, Sungok Kwon
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(5):582-592.   Published online October 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to eating breakfast for middle and high school students in Seoul using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Out of 2,280 questionnaires distributed to 22 schools, 2,060 were returned (90.4% response rate) and 1,899 were analyzed (83.3% analysis rate). Gender, self-perceived household income level and mother's working status were examined as demographic factors. "Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast" were extracted as psychosocial factors as the results of factor analysis and reliability test using 17 items. In case of middle school students, boys were more likely to skip breakfast than girls. The students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" were more likely to skip breakfast than those who perceived their household income level "high or middle high". The students whose mother had a job tended to skip breakfast than those whose mother had no job. In case of high school students, the students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" tended to skip breakfast than those perceiving their household income level "high or middle high". The results of analysis of variance, all the psychosocial factors examined in this study-"Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast"- were related to the frequencies of eating breakfast during weekdays in both the middle and high school students.
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A Study on Vegetable Intakes and Dietary Habits of Middle School Students in Chungnam
Hyun Sun Cho, Myung Hee Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):525-535.   Published online August 31, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for nutritional education for juveniles' desirable vegetable intake by analyzing their vegetable intake, dietary habit and nutrient intakes according to gender of middle school students in Chungnam. The average age of the subjects was 15.0, height was 162.5 cm, weight was 53.5 kg and their average BMI was 20.1 kg/m2. The frequency of eating supper in girls was lower than that in boys. Many respondents answered that a meal-time was 10~20 minutes. Without gender difference, more than 90% respondents thought that vegetables were good for health. As for the preference of vegetable, subjects responded, "I am in the middle", "I like them", "I dislike them", "I like them very much", and "I dislike them very much" in order, without gender difference. The frequent eaten leaf vegetable was Chinese cabbage, the frequent eaten fruit vegetable was cucumber, and the frequent eaten root vegetable was radish. The favorite leaf vegetable was lettuce, the favorite fruit vegetable was corn, and the favorite root vegetable was sweet potato. The preference degrees of taro and ginger were very low. The reasons why they liked a vegetable were that it was delicious and they ate it at home often. In addition, the reason why they disliked vegetables was that they are untasty in flavor or texture and it showed that many students had a prejudice that vegetables were untasty. The intakes of plant protein, dietary fiber, ash and INQs of dietary fiber, calcium, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E in the group with high preference of vegetables were significantly higher than those of low preference group. The study results indicate that intake frequency and preference of root vegetables in juveniles are low and the major reasons of these results are taste and eating experience of vegetables. In addition, the intake amounts of dietary fiber and folate are poor in the subjects with low preference of vegetables. Therefore, families and schools should make efforts that juveniles can recognize the importance of vegetable intake and select various vegetables properly through the development of cooking methods and systematic nutrition education.
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[English]
Food Diversity and Nutrient Intake of Elementary School Students in Daegu-Kyungbook Area
Hyeon Jung Kim, Jin Sook Yoon
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):297-307.   Published online June 30, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study was intended to investigate the relation between nutrient status and food diversity of elementary school students in Daegu-Kyungpook area. The subjects were 164 elementary school students (82 boys, 82 girls) who participated in "Dietary Intake Survey of Infants, Children and Adolescents" conducted by Korea Food & Drug Administration and Korea Health Industry Development Institute. We analyzed the nutritional status for two non-consecutive days by 24 hour recall method. Adequacy of dietary intake was evaluated by the proportion of subjects consuming nutrients less than Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). Food diversity was compared by using Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS). Nutrients intake was significantly higher in boys than girls. Subjects who consumed all food groups showed higher intake of energy and other nutrients. Boys maintained better diet quality than girls, measured by Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) as well as Dietary Variety Score (DVS). Based on these results, nutrition education for elementary school students should focus on the importance of consuming all food groups with more attention for girls.
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[English]
Comparative Study on Nutrients Intake, Physical Activities and Bone Mineral Density of Specialized Game High School Students according to Obesity Level
Yun Kyoung Oh, Cheongmin Sohn
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):393-402.   Published online June 30, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and to compare the dietary behaviors, nutrient intake and physical activities of specialized game high school students. Total of 163 subjects participated and their weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and bone status by a quantitative ultrasound method were measured. The subjects were surveyed by a self-administered questionnaire about general characteristics, dietary behaviors and physical activities. Nutrient intakes of the subjects were assessed by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The subjects were divided into four groups on their obesity level by BMI. The prevalence of underweight, normal, overweight and obese group was 6%, 58%, 16%, and 20% respectively. BMI was negatively correlated with bone mineral density (p < 0.01) and positively correlated with WHR (p < 0.01). The dietary guideline compliance score for "Enjoy Korean rice food style" was 2.63, followed by "Prepare food sanitarily" 2.48, "Do not skip breakfast" 2.29, "Eat a variety of vegetables, fruits, dairy products daily" 2.25, "Drink water instead of beverage" 2.10, "Choose less fried foods" 2.09 and "Maintain healthy weight" 1.91. The exercise frequency of walking was not significantly different between groups; however, heavy exercise frequency was significantly lower in underweight group than the other groups (p < 0.05). The energy intake was 2153 kcal, which was 81.2% of the Estimate Energy Requirement, and the intake of calcium and vitamin B2 was 66.7% and 77.8% of KDRIs. Particularly, the intake of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C was about 59.4%, 52.2% and 55.4% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.71, 0.63 and 0.65 respectively, and intake of folic acid fell behind 39.1% of KDRIs and INQ was 0.46. Our study suggests that the systematic and continuous nutrition education will have to be provided at schools to improve dietary and health behaviors and prevent chronic metabolic disease for students of specialized game high school.
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[English]
The Effect of Nutrition Education Using Animations on the Nutrition Knowledge, Eating Habits and Food Preferences of Elementary School Students
Kyung A Kim, Yeon Kyung Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(1):50-60.   Published online February 28, 2010
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to conduct nutrition education using animations for the establishment of proper eating habits among elementary school students and to evaluate its effectiveness. The subjects of this study were two classes of fourth grade students in an elementary school located in Daegu-city. There were 29 students in each class. One class, the "nutrition-education" group, received nutrition education; the other class, the "no-education" group, did not receive the education. After completing the eight nutrition lessons, the effectiveness of the education was analyzed by measuring changes in the nutrition knowledge, eating habits and food preferences of the nutrition-education group vs. the no-education group. Before nutrition education, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of nutrition knowledge. However, after the nutrition education, the nutrition-education group's nutrition knowledge was significantly improved, compared to that of the no-education group (p < 0.001). Following education, the nutrition-education group's responses to the "eating habit" item, "I eat fruits every day," were significantly more positive, compared to the responses of the no-education group (p < 0.01). However, for the ten food groups listed as food preferences, except for fish and shellfish (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference in the responses of the two groups. Following the education, the nutrition-education group showed significantly increased preferences for 12 food items (red beans, mackerels, yellow corvinas, dried laver, kelps, radish, lettuce, pears, kiwi fruits, plums, grapes and sweet drinks made from fermented rice) out of 112 items, compared to the selected preferences of the no-education group. After education, 75.9% of the students in the nutrition-education group indicated changes in their eating habits, and 89.6% of them answered that the nutrition education helped them change their eating habits. The most helpful medium for changing their eating habits was animations (31.0%), followed by songs (20.7%) and lectures (17.2%). As a result of this study, after completing the nutrition education, students in the nutrition-education group showed significant changes in food preferences, and their level of nutrition knowledge was significantly increased. However, their eating habits did not actively change. Therefore, in order to establish proper eating habits, a longer period of consistent education is required, using various educational media and learning methods such as extracurricular activities and discretionary activity programs.
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A Study on Middle School Students of Gwangju, Chonnam in Terms of Dietary Life, Dietary Related Self-efficacy According to Body Mass Index
Hyun Hwa Kim, Hee Kyong Ro
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):483-494.   Published online October 31, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
In order to give basic data to teenager's healthcare, we investigated the food habits according to BMI (Body Mass Index), life style, dietary related self-efficacy and food intake through conducting a research surveying 732 middle school students of the Kwang-ju and Chonnam areas. The results of this study were compared groups in under weight (UW), normal weight (NW), and overweight (OW) groups according to BMI levels. In the male students, height was significantly differently in the UW group as 158.2 +/- 0.7 cm compared to other NW and OW groups respectively as 163.7 +/- 0.6 cm and 162.6 +/- 0.7 cm but in the female students there was no significantly difference within groups. Weight was significantly different between the groups in the male students, whereas there were minor differences in the female students. The average of BMI was 20.7 +/- 0.1 on the male students and 20.6 +/- 0.1 on the female students which were all within the average, and their obesity was increased as the school grade was higher. Under less than 30,000 won of pocket money was dominating, and most of the students were in a nuclear family. In all male and female students, the inactive hours like watching TV and using computers had no differences between groups. The difference between groups was minor on breakfast time and most of the students thought their problems on unbalanced diet. There was significant difference in the OW group in female students as they thought their problems on unbalanced diets. The frequency of snack was significantly low in the OW group of male students but there were no differences in snack and eating-out food. All students chose fruits as snack food and Korean-style food as eating out food. The OW group in male students were significantly low in the dietary related self-efficacy when they were with their families and feeling depressed but there were no differences in female students between groups. When all students were getting higher BMI, they evaluated themselves badly in their self-dietary habits. Also the more male students had non-physical activity time, the less they had the dietary related self-efficacy and the more female students had physical activity time, the higher they had the dietary related self-efficacy. In conclusion, the OW group had good habits in physical activities for weekends, meal times, frequency of snack consumption but it showed undesirable when they were low in dietary related self-efficacy. Therefore we will provide the systematic nutrition education to them through this study.
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How Mothers Recognize Intake Status on Street Food of Elementary School Students in the Jeon Buk Region
Song Hee Kim, Hyeon Hee Yu
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):406-419.   Published online August 31, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
This research has been surveyed on street food and snack intake status of elementary school students in the Jeon Buk region and the recognition of mothers has been observed for the objective of providing base materials for appropriate eating habits and nutritional education. As for status on intake of street food, most students (97.3%) have shown to have eaten from the street vendors while mothers assume low frequency in their child's intake of street food. Favorite street food choices had an agreement between mother and student as ddukbokki and dakkochi. Students were more tolerant in sanitation and necessity of street food than the mothers. This research shows that there is a difference in the recognition of street food between the students and their mothers. There a need required for improvement in the system as to provide quality food and to prevent poor quality food being exposed to the students. Furthermore, practical and appropriate education must be conducted at home and at school for better choices of food and a better lifestyle.
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The Differences of Biochemical Status and Dietary Habits according to the Obesity Degree among Obese Elementary School Students in the Gyungbuk Area
Myeong Jae Chae, Soo Kyong Choi, Jung Sook Seo
Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):441-450.   Published online August 31, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
The prevalence of obesity in children has steadily risen during recent years in developed countries. Child obesity has become a major concern to health providers since it has grown to epidemic proportions over the past few decades. This study was conducted to investigate the biochemical status, dietary habits and life styles according to the obesity degree among obese children residing in the Gyungbuk area. The subjects were 148 elementary school students (boy 103, girl 45) and classified as mildly obese (n = 56), moderately obese (n = 61) and severely obese (n = 31) by the obesity index. The average body weight and height increased significantly according to the obesity degree (P <0.05, P <0.001). Serum cholesterol concentration came under the normal level in all groups. Serum AST activity increased according to the obesity degree but it was not significant. Serum ALT activity increased according to the obesity degree (P <0.05). Dietary habit score was lower significantly according to the obesity degree (P <0.01). Life style of the subjects was significantly different for the level of 'healthy state (P <0.05)', 'body perception (P <0.01)', 'watching TV and video (P <0.05)', 'normal sleeping hour (P <0.05)' and 'degree of stress (P <0.05)' according to the obesity degree. A positive relationship between obesity index and blood pressure, ALT has been shown in the subjects. Obesity index and dietary habit scores were negatively associated. Therefore, these results suggest that a practical nutrition-exercise education program for the prevention of child obesity should be provided to elementary school children.
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Factors Associated with Skipping Breakfast in Korean Children: Analysis of Data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey
Yoon Jae Yeoh, Ji hyun Yoon, Jae Eun Shim, Sang Jin Chung
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):62-68.   Published online February 29, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors associated with skipping breakfast of Korean children by analyzing the 24-hour recall intake data from the 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The sample of this study consisted of 1,600 children aged 7 to 18 years. About 17% of the children skipped breakfast, consuming no food or beverage at all. About 30% of children reporting breakfast skipping in a self-administered survey were shown to have eaten some foods as a result of analysis of the 24-hour recall data. Students having eaten breakfast consumed 21% of Estimated Energy Requirement at breakfast. The multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age was associated with skipping breakfast both in elementary and middle/high school students; older students were more likely to skip breakfast. Elementary school students from low-income families were more likely to skip breakfast than those from upper-high income families. Intervention programs are needed to prevent children from skipping breakfast by targeting older students. For elementary school students, such programs should be first developed for those from lowincome families.
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Weight-related Perceptions, Practices and Eating Behaviors of Middle School Students: Associations with BMI
Ji Eun Kim, Hye Sun Min
Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):13-23.   Published online February 29, 2008
AbstractAbstract PDF
This study investigated the association between the weight status of middle school students and the various weightrelated characteristics including desired weight, weight perception, weight-related practice, physical activity, and overeating behavior. Questionnaires were administered to 473 middle school students (178 boys and 295 girls) in Daejeon. Boys and girls were divided into three groups respectively; (1) underweight (BMI < 5th percentile) (2)normal weight (5th percentile < or = BMI < 85th percentile) (3) overweight (BMI > or = 85th percentile). Using BMI calculated from measured height and weight, 14.0% of boys and 6.8% of girls were underweight, and 16.3% of boys and 14.2% of girls were overweight. However, among this sample of students, 38.4% of boys and 13.6% of girls perceived themselves as underweight and 29.4% of boys and 44.9% of girls perceived themselves as overweight. We found that overweight students reported their body weights lower and their heights higher compared to nonoverweight students, resulting in an underestimation of BMI. Based on desired BMI, 79.9% of the girls desired to be underweight and 73.0% of the boys desired to be normal weight. Overweight or normal weight students were less satisfied with their body weights than underweight students. Girls had more weight control experience and concern compared to boys. Overweight girls spent longer times in watching TV compared to non-overweight girls (p < 0.001) and had more overeating behaviors (p < 0.05). Overweight students reported that they ate snacks less frequently than non-overweight students, which may be due to their tendency to report less eating. In conclusion, significant gender differences and weight status differences existed in weight perception, weight satisfaction, and weight control experience and concern. Because perception of overweight is likely to lead to unhealthy eating behaviors and weight control, efforts for adolescents to improve accuracy of weight perceptions and to understand the benefits of being healthier are needed.
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Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitudes, Dietary Habits and Awareness of Food-Nutrition Labelling by Girl's High School Students
Su Hee Cho, Hyeon Hee Yu
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):519-533.   Published online October 31, 2007
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This study was carried out to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary habits of girl's high school students in Kunsan, and to investigate their recognition of food-nutrition labeling. The results are summarized as follows. General nutrition knowledge is relatively low, with an average of 0.57. It was shown that high school female students skipped breakfast rather than lunch or dinner, with a skipping rate of 28.9% for breakfast, 0.7% for lunch, and 8.6% for dinner. Regarding snacks, 35.5% of all the surveyed students had 1 snack per day, with 31.9% having them between lunch and dinner. The most popular snacks include biscuits (22.3%), noodles (18.3%) and bakery (13.3%). The most popular response was that students 'sometimes checked' the food label of processed domestic and imported processed food. The level of satisfaction with food labels is moderate, with an average of 2.96, out of 5. The most satisfactory title about food labels was 'helpful for food selection' with 3.19. On the other hand, the least satisfactory title was 'understands the label' with 2.78. Regarding the identification of the nutrition labeling, the highest response was 'sometimes watched, sometimes not,' with 40.5%. Products which were most often checked were milk/milk products (3.44), snacks/bread (3.33), and soft drinks (3.07). Among nutrition labeling items, total calories was the most important, followed by fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol and calcium. The question regarding the knowledge of nutrition labeling rated an average of 0.58 (out of 1). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of the nutrition label verification and the dietary attitude score, along with the nutrition labeling knowledge and the nutrition knowledge score of the subjects. On the other hand, the degree of the nutrition label verification and the knowledge on nutrition labeling had a significant negative correlation. Hence, it is of the opinion that education on properly reading nutrient information is necessary to enable adolescents to apply that in real life. Furthermore, labeling nutritional information on processed food through a more comprehensive method is deemed necessary as a supporting measure.
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[English]
Relationships among Personality Preferences, Psychosocial Factors and Dietary Habits of Middle School Students
Hye Sung Kim, Hye Young P Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(5):511-518.   Published online October 31, 2007
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The purpose of this study was to obtain an understanding of the association of personality preferences and food behavior factors in middle school students. The subjects were 319 boys and girls in a middle school located in Kyunggi province. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess demographic factors, dietary habits and psychosocial factors including self-efficacy, perceived benefits and barriers. The MMTIC (Murphy-Meisgeier Type Inventory for Children) test was used to assess the personality preferences of the students. Sixty-seven percent of the subjects were extrovert, 53.9% were the sensing type, 76.8% were the feeling type and 81.8% were the perceiving type in personality preferences. The extrovert had higher self-efficacy than the introvert. The feeling type perceived more benefits and fewer barriers than the thinking type. The education levels of the parents, especially mothers, were positively related with self-efficacy and dietary habit scores of the students. The self-efficacy and perceived benefits and barriers were significantly associated with dietary habits of the students (explained variance: 17.9%). Results of this study presented the relationship of character types and parents' education levels on psychosocial food behavior factors and a need for the development of tailored nutrition education program considering these factors.
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[English]
Factors Affecting Intention to Participate in School Breakfast Programs of Middle and High School Students in Seoul
Yangsuk Kim, Jihyun Yoon, Haengran Kim, Sungok Kwon
Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(4):489-500.   Published online August 31, 2007
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The purpose of this study was to determine factors affecting intention to participate in school breakfast programs of middle and high school students in Seoul using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Out of 2,280 questionnaires distributed to the middle and high school students, 2,060 were returned (90.4% response rate) and 1,799 were analyzed (78.9% analysis rate). To determine factors affecting intention to participate in school breakfast programs, logistic regression analyses were conducted for middle and high school students, respectively. For logistic regression, data of 1,217 out of 1,799 students (637 middle and 580 high school students) were used after excluding 582 students which had an answer 'Not sure' to the question about intention to participate in school breakfast programs. In case of middle school students, male than female students (OR = 1.504), the students who skipped all breakfast (OR = 1.851), who ate breakfast 1~2 times (OR = 3.474) or 3~4 times (OR = 1.950) than those who ate breakfast everyday during weekdays of the previous week were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. In case of high school students, male than female (OR = 1.967), the students who skipped all breakfast (OR = 4.187), the students who ate breakfast 1~2 times (OR = 3.024) or 3~4 times (OR = 2.095) than those who ate breakfast everyday during weekdays of the previous week were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. In addition, both possibility of middle and high school students' participation in school breakfast programs increased as the satisfaction with school lunch service (OR = 1.704, 1.653) increased. Middle school students who perceived their household income level 'low or middle low' (OR = 1.999) than those who perceived their household income level 'middle' and the students who had more positive 'attitude' (OR = 1.311) toward eating breakfast were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. However, high school students who had higher 'perceived difficulty in access to breakfast' (OR = 1.370) were more likely to participate in school breakfast programs. The results of this study could be useful data to plan and develop school breakfast programs in Korea.
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The Study on Dietary Behaviors of Elementary School Student in Chungnam Area According to the School Food Service Type, Gender and Grade
Hye Soon Chang, Myung Ja Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(5):608-617.   Published online October 31, 2006
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This study compared the food habits and attitudes towards dietary life culture in types of feeding management, gender and grade. The subjects were 352 elementary school students who lived in Seocheon, Chungnam. The independently managed school students were better than jointly managed school students in food habits (p < 0.05). In skipping school meals, upper grade students were skipped more than lower grade students (p < 0.05). In rate of eating school meals, boys were faster than girls (p < 0.001). The independently managed school students and the jointly managed school students were different on distasteful food. Boys disliked vegetables and girls disliked cereals and beans (p < 0.05). Upper grade students ate more well-balanced meals than lower grade students (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided through school meals", they responded. the highest percent of students, "I will try once or twice". And the response "I have them for health" was higher independently in managed school students than the jointly managed school students (p < 0.05), girls than boy (p < 0.05), and the lower grades than the upper grades (p < 0.05). As for the question "what you will do if the distasteful foods are provided, after the guide for school meals was performed", the response, "I will make an effort to have it" accounted for the highest percents, and there were differences in lower grade students who were high percents than upper grade students (p < 0.01). As for the recognition for unbalanced diets, most of the students recognized that it is a "bad habit"; the girl students accounted for more percentage than boys (p < 0.05). The criterion of food choice were different in gender and grade (p < 0.01). As for the factor of influences for the food habits formation, lower grade students were "school education" and upper grade students were "parents" (p < 0.05). Thus, the systematic guide for proper intakes of nutrition should be performed. Also, the time when students can be educated by an expert of nutritional education, which is connected with school meals and students can grow healthily.
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[English]
Effect of Nutrition-Related Education on the Acceptance of TV Food Advertisement in Middle School Students
Hae Ran Ko, Myoung Soon Park, Mi Young Song, Joung Won Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):108-115.   Published online February 28, 2006
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This study was to investigate the effect of the education about general nutrition knowledge on the acceptance of TV food advertisements in adolescents. Twenty hours of nutrition related education in home economics classes were done during 3 months, to conveniently selected 784 first grade middle school students living in large and small cities and rural areas of Chungnam Province. The education effects were evaluated through questionnaire surveys before and after the education and their comparative analysis. Average TV watching time was 2.92 +/- 1.66 hours per day, which was about one hour longer on weekends. Nearly half of the subjects watched TV mainly after 9 PM. After nutrition education, nutrition knowledge scores of total subjects were significantly increased from 7.73 +/- 2.16 to 10.25 +/- 2.51 with a full score of 16. Food attitude and food habit scores also significantly increased from 32.45 +/- 4.65 (full score 50) to 33.93 +/- 4.68 and from 36.20 +/- 5.70 to 37.29 +/- 5.87, respectively. The general acceptance of TV food advertisements scored 25.25 +/- 4.44 (full score 40) before education and 26.90 +/- 4.55 after education, which was significantly raised by the education. Acceptance scores of TV food advertisements showed significant positive relationships with the scores of nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits. In addition, TV watching time had negative relationships with nutrition knowledge, food attitudes, and food habits scores, but not with acceptance score of TV food advertisements. The above results suggested that school-based nutrition education improved slightly but significantly the attitude of accepting TV food advertisements maybe through increasing nutrition knowledge and making food attitudes and habits better. Nutrition education focused on the evaluation and acceptance of food advertisements are further needed to improve the TV food advertisement acceptance of adolescents.
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[English]
An Exploratory Study for Identifying Factors Related to Breakfast in Elementary, Middle and High School Students
Bo Sook Yi, Il Sun Yang
Korean J Community Nutr 2006;11(1):25-38.   Published online February 28, 2006
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This study was carried out to identify factors related to breakfasts in elementary, middle and high school students. This study was surveyed by questionnaires and data was analyzed by SPSS program. Exploratory analysis was conducted according to three school student groups (elementary children, middle school students, and high school students). The subjects were 1,886 school students (female 893, male 959) of 51 schools in the nationwide region. The distribution of subjects was elementary school children 544, middle school students 661 and high school students 681. The results are summarized as follows. Only sixty percent of the subjects had breakfast regularly. About one fourth of the subjects had the habit of skipping breakfast or eating it 2~3 times per week. Frequency of having breakfast and reasions of skipping breakfast were significantly different according to school student groups (p < 0.001 respectively). The rate of skipping breakfast was 14.4% in elementary school, 16.1% in middle school, and 25.0% in high school. The main reason for skipping breakfast was "not delicious or poor appetite" in elementary school (42.5%), but "busy" in middle (50.2%) and high school (61.1%). There was no significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to living areas (rural and urban). There were not significant differences between frequency of having breakfast and BMI and degree of satisfaction on body weight. But there were significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to economical status (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in degree of school performance according to frequency of having breakfast (p < 0.001). There was significant relationship between the time of attending school and the frequency of having breakfast. But there were significant relationships between frequency of having breakfast and time of rising. These findings suggested that the time of rising was controlled by having enough time that students eat breakfast. And mother (or person who prepares meals) must have more concerns about preparing breakfast for children and students.
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A Study on Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Food Habit of Middle School Students in Chonbuk Area
Hyo Soon Eom, Mi Jin Jeong, Sook Bae Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(5):574-581.   Published online October 31, 2005
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The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and a food habits of middle school students. The study was carried out through questionnaire. The subjects were 431 middle school students (boys 298, girls 133) in Chonbuk area. In nutrition knowledge, there were no significant differences in total scores between boys and girls. However, the girls showed higher score in knowledge of weight control than boys did (p < 0.05). In dietary attitude, there were significant differences in attitude of "balanced meal (p < 0.05)", "sufficient protein intake (p < 0.01)", "food diversity (p < 0.001)" and "overeating (p < 0.01)" between boys and girls. The boys showed better dietary attitudes than the girls did. In food habits, there were significant differences in the rate of skipping breakfast (p < 0.05), the rates of skipping dinner (p < 0.01), the frequency of snacks (p < 0.05), the type of snacks (p < 0.05) between boys and girls. The girls showed higher rates of skipping a meal and frequency of snacks than the boys did. It suggests that gender should be considered for an effective and practical nutrition education for middle school students to improve dietary attitudes and food habits.
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Nutrient Density of Fast-Food Consumed by the Middle School Students in Cheongju City
Kinam Kim, Enjoo Park
Korean J Community Nutr 2005;10(3):271-280.   Published online June 30, 2005
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The purpose of this study was to investigate fast-food consumption and it's nutrient density, and the correlation between subject's characteristics and consumption frequency of fast-foods among middle school students. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 male and 190 female students in Cheongju city. The data were analyzed using SAS and statistics used were percent of frequency, chi-test, t-test, and pearson's correlation coefficient. The main reasons for using fast-food restaurants were 'good taste' and 'convenience'. The major concerns when the subjects choose fast-foods were 'taste (65.9%), price (20.3%) and 'nutrition' (6.0%). The consumption pattern of fast-foods go as follows: twice a month (42.3%), once a week (31.5%), and less than once a week. The number of fast food items that the subjects ate for one meal was two (46.0%) or three (33.2%). The most frequently chosen combination of foods for number of two choices was beefburger and cola . The mean average energy intake from fast foods for one meal was 620.7 kcal for male, 504.5 kcal for female. The energy ratio of carbohydrate :protein :fat from fast foods was 49 :14 :43, which means fat intake is much higher than recommended level (20%). Fiber was appeared to be the lowest on the nutrient density which was 17.7% of the recommended level for Koreans, vitamin C was next (22.8% for male, 20.7% for female). In mineral, iron was the lowest (71.8% for male, 67.1% for female), and protein was over 100% for both males and females. Frequency of fast food intake was positively correlated with eating frequency of the salty, the sweets, ham, caffeine containing foods, instant noodles, and cookies. In conclusion, frequent consumption of fast foods can lead unbalanced nutrient intakes for middle school students, and those who consumed fast foods frequently showed undesirable food habits in their daily meal. Therefore, nutrition education for middle school students should be needed to encourage them to choose more nutritious food and have healthier dietary pattern.
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A Study on Nutrient Intake, Anthropometric Data and Serum Profiles among High School Students Residing in Seoul
Hyun Sook Lee, Bo Eun Kim, Mi Sook Cho, Wha Young Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(5):589-596.   Published online October 31, 2004
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This study was performed to investigate the anthropometric data, serum profiles, and nutrient intakes of high school students who are living in Seoul. Anthropometric data showed that mean height and weight were 174.1 cm and 66.6 kg in 99 male and 161.4 cm and 54.0 kg in 116 female students. Mean BMI for male and female students were 21.9 and 22.3 kg/m2, and subjects with BMI > 25 kg/m2 were 14 and 7%, respectively. Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol of subjects were 149.6 +/- 3.1, 46.4 +/- 1.3, 86.4 +/- 2.3 mg/dl for males and 169.2 +/- 3.1, 50.7 +/- 1.0, 100.9 +/- 2.7 mg/dl for females, respectively. Hemoglobin (Hb) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were 12.8 +/- 0.1 g/dl, 437.3 +/- 7.2 microgram/dl in male and 11.9 +/- 0.1 g/dl, 439.4 +/- 5.7 microgram/dl in female, respectively. Based on Hb classification, 45.6% of male and 45.0% of female students fell into anemic condition. Intakes of energy, Ca, Fe, Zn, riboflavin, and folate were below the Korean RDA. In particular Ca (male and female, respectively, 64.6 and 643% RDA) and Fe (male and female, respectively, 78.6 and 64.3%RDA) intakes were extremely low. Serum triglyceride was positively significantly correlated with weight (r = 0.22), BMI (r = 0.279), waist circumference (WC, r = 0.235), triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF, r = 0.197) and obesity index (OI, r = 0.279). Hb concentration was positively correlated with height (r + 0.387), weight (r = 0.349), BMI (r = 0.191) and waist/hip ratio (WHR, r = 0.380). As for the correlation between serum profiles and nutrient intakes, the Hb concentration was positively correlated with energy (r = 0.163), protein (r = 0.149), Na (r = 0.153), vitamin A (r = 0.165), thiamin (r = 0.201) and niacin (r = 0.192, p < 0.01). These result suggest that the prevalence of Ca and Fe deficiency of student is high and dietary guideline for prevent anemia in this age needs to contain the adequate intake of energy and its related vitamins.
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Studies on Fatty Acid Intake Patterns, Serum Lipids and Serum Fatty Acid Compositions of High School Students in Seoul
Eun Jung Chung, Hong Seok Ahn, Young Sook Um, Yang Cha Lee-Kim
Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(3):263-273.   Published online June 30, 2004
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of individual fatty acid intake and to compare serum lipid levels and total serum fatty acid composition of high school students in Seoul (total:234;male:91;female:143). In serum lipid levels, total cholesterol (Chol.), HDL -Chol. and LDL-Chol. levels of female students were significantly higher than those of male students and there was no significant difference between High Fish & Low Meat intake (HFLM) and Low Fish & High Meat intake (LFHM) groups. The average fat intake was 22 - 25 energy % of total subjects and especially, that of LFHM group was 29%, which were over the recommendation level. Although the average P/M/S ratio of dietary fat was 1.1/1.2/1.0, the average range of omega 6/omega 3 fatty acid ratio of dietary fat was found to be 17.9 - 20.7, which was far beyond the suggested range, 4 - 10. The average intake of cholesterol of total subjects was 360mg. LFHM group had more meats and beverages such as carbonated drinks and tended to have less beans, vegetables and mushrooms. In addition, LFHM group had more energy and fat intake than those of HFLM group, the P/S ratio of dietary fat (0.73) was lower than the recommended ratio. Serum C16:0 composition of LFHM group was significantly higher than that of HFLM group, and EPA and DHA composition of HFLM was significantly lower than that of LFHM. Therefore, in HFLM group, the P/S ratio of serum fatty acids was significantly higher and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio was lower. Dietary C18: 0 was negatively correlated with serum EPA and DHA composition. Individual PUFA intake was negatively correlated with serum C16:0 and sum of SFA, and positively correlated with serum C18:2omega 6 (LA), sum of omega 6 and sum of PUFA. Serum C18:1, C18:3omega 3 and C20:4omega 6 (AA) compositions were not correlated with dietary fatty acid. Only serum triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with serum fatty acid compositions. Sum of SFA, C14:0, C16:0, sum of MUFA and C18:1 compositions were positively correlated with serum TG levels, but LA, AA, sum of PUFA and P/S ratio were negatively correlated with it.
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Juvenile Drinking and Dietary Habit in High School Students
Eun Hee Jung
Korean J Community Nutr 2004;9(1):29-37.   Published online February 29, 2004
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This study was conducted to investigate the drinking status, drinking habit and dietary habit of high school students using anonymous questionnaires. DVS and skipped meal status were obtained by 24 hour recall method. Two hundreds ninety seven of 380 students (78.2%) have experienced the drinking even though 73.7% of them was not addictive. One hundred sixty one students (54.2%) initiated drinking in the middle school, mostly because of 'peer pressure' and 'curiosity'. The most plausible reasons for drinking were 'for mingling' and 'for stress reduction', and they used to have desire for drinking mostly when felt 'anger or frustration' and 'feel good'. Drinking behavior was significantly different in age of first smoking, drinking history, amount, reason for drinking and desire for drinking between male and female student. There was no significant difference in dietary habits between drinking students and non-drinking students. DVS, skipped meal status, snack preferences and food intake frequency also did not show the significant differences. However, considering that the drinking experience of high school students increased, and drinking experience of female students approached to that of male student, more attention needs to be given to juvenile drinking and its' prevention.
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A Study of the Operation of Contract Food Service Management and Menu Preferences of Middle School Students in Seoul
Kyung Soo Han, Sook Hyun Hong
Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(4):559-570.   Published online August 31, 2002
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This research was to investigate the operation of contracted food service management and menu preferences of middle school students in Seoul. Questionnaires were distributed between Dec. 1 and 20, 2000 in 10 middle schools. Statistical data analyses were completed using the SAS package, including the mean, standard deviation and frequency analysis. The results can be summarized as follows: The average number of meals per middle school was 1,000 and only lunch was served in each school. In terms of facilities and equipment, low rates of the possession of cooking equipment and food carts were the major hindrance to work and production efficiency. The students' main demands were taste, sanitation, variety of food, the introduction of brand foods, the price of foods, and the speed of reaction to their dissatisfaction. Most of the schools provided rice for lunch, while the students preferred noodles, mandu and bread. beef-rib soup was preferred to broth. For side dishes, fish, roasted meat and fried foods were highly favored, along with processed foods, with low preferences for vegetables. The middle school students favored fruits. Lastly, they requested that the quality of school meals be improved through the development and supply of various desserts.
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Smoking Status and Dietary Habits of Middle School Students
Eun Hee Jung
Korean J Community Nutr 2002;7(1):14-22.   Published online February 28, 2002
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Adolescent smoking has been a great concern with respect to it's causing more serious health problems than adult smoking. The smoking status and habits of middle school students were studied using anonymous questionnaires, and their dietary habits were compared. Ninety-two of 4l4 students (22.2%) had experienced smoking, and 62.0% of them began in primary school, mostly out of curiosity. The most plausible reasons for smoking were 'boredom' and/or 'stress reduction'. Dietary habits were generally inadequate in the smoking group. Compared with the non-smoking group, the smoking group paid less attention to a balanced diet, more skipped breakfasts, more had irregular meal times and fewer snacked. There was no significant difference between the smoking and non-smoking groups in food intake frequency, except of sweet foods and caffeinated foods, which were more frequent consumed by the smoking group. These results suggest that more attention needs to be paid to nutrition and health education programs in elementary schools and also that proper support programs for smoking by themselves.
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The Nutrient Intakes of Rural High-Schoolers with Depressire Tendencies
Seung Gyo Rhie, Gun Soon Lee
Korean J Community Nutr 1999;4(3):356-365.   Published online September 30, 1999
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This study was carried out to evaluate high-school students' nutrient intakes according to the status of depressive trends, and to analyse the in physical and mental health status. The volunteers were 560 high school students selected from 8 provinces, but 511 students were analyzed. A was used for evaluation, The questions were composed in consideration of socio-demographic characteristics, physical health condition by CMI, mental condition assessed by a modified Zung's self-rating depression scale (SDS), and the evaluation of food consumption by a 24 hours recall method. The family situations of the subjects were mostly nuclear family(73%), agricultural work(53%), and having religion(53%). Only 3% of the students suffered depression where as 19% showed depression trendencies. The individual factors that affected their mental condition were family farming and consciousness of academic accomplishment. The health status counted with CMI was 6.2/20 scores. The non-depressed trend group of students had a lower score of CMI than others. The overall nutrient intakes of students were low compared with the Korean RDA for adolescents. The Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR) of nutrient intakes was only 0.45 +/- 0.23. Iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intakes were significantly low and correlated with depressive trend score. The result from the regression analysis showed that CMI, study accomplishment, and vitamin A were the most significant factors influencing mental condition. We concluded that Korean rural high-school students were healthy in mental condition and showed lower rates of depression academic. For there more we could say that the intakes of iron and vitamin A also influenced mental health. Findings confirmed the need of becoming hopeful job of farming and better nutritional status. These situations would be necessary for students to ameliorate the quality of rural living.
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Korean J Community Nutr : Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
© The Korean Society of Community Nutrition.
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