Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Article

[Korean]
Maternal home meal replacement use and attitudes, and young children’s preferences by usage frequency in meals for young children: a cross-sectional study: Bo-Yeon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jee-Young Yeon; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(2):163-172. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00066

Abstract PDF: Objectives
With the increase in women’s workforce participation and changing family eating habits, home meal replacements (HMRs) have become more prevalent. However, research on how mothers incorporate HMR into meals of young children remains limited. This study examined mothers’ attitudes toward and use of HMR, as well as their association with young children’s HMR preferences.
Methods
A survey was conducted between June 1 and July 3, 2020, involving 337 mothers of 5-year-old children in Sejong, South Korea. The questionnaire assessed mothers’ perceptions of HMR, consumption patterns, and their children’s preferences for HMR.
Results
The average age of participating mothers was 38.3 years, with 93.2% living in nuclear families. Full-time homemakers constituted 40.1% of the respondents and showed lower HMR usage among them. HMR was primarily consumed as late-night snacks, side dishes, and dinners, with large discount stores (81.6%) being the primary purchase location. The high HMR consumption group exhibited more positive attitudes toward HMR (P < 0.001). HMR types varied in consumption frequency. Among ready-to-eat foods, kimbap (38.3%) was the most common, followed by meat side dishes (11.3%) and salads (11.0%). Among the heat-and-eat items, dumplings were the most frequently consumed. Simple cooking kits for Korean street food were used by 56.5% of mothers in the high-frequency HMR group, compared to 38.6% and 29.2% in the lower consumption groups (P < 0.01). Children’s preference for HMR was significantly associated with maternal HMR consumption frequency (P < 0.001). The most preferred items among children were rice porridge (P < 0.05) and meat side dishes (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
Higher maternal HMR consumption was associated with increased acceptance by children. Mothers who frequently used HMR exhibited more positive attitudes toward its palatability, convenience, nutritional value, and variety. While HMR offers diverse and tasty meal options, overreliance on processed foods warrants caution. Importantly, high HMR consumption during early childhood may influence long-term dietary behaviors, including a continued preference for HMRs.

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Educational Materials

[Korean]
Systematization of food and nutrition education content based on national kindergarten curriculum: a qualitative formative study: Jung-Hyun Kim, Eugene Shim, Eunyoung Baik; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(6):509-522. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.6.509

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study is intended to develop a curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education aimed at preschool children, reflecting government policy and meeting the demands of preschool settings.
Methods
Existing educational materials were analyzed, and key elements of the 2019 Revised Nuri Curriculum (“Nuri Curriculum”) and Guidelines for Nutrition and Food Education in Kindergartens, Elementary, Middle, and High Schools (“Guidelines”) were examined as foundational information for developing the curriculum for food and nutrition education.
Results
Basing ourselves on the five domains of the Nuri Curriculum, “Physical Activity and Health,” “Communication,” “Social Relationships,” “Art Experience,” and “Natural Science Inquiry,” we integrated three areas from the Guidelines, namely “Dietary Habits and Health,” “Dietary Habits and Safety,” and “Dietary Habits and Culture,” to structure the curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education. Three specific domains, “Nutrition and Health,” “Food and Culture,” and “Safe Dietary Practices,” were tailored for preschool children, each comprising core concepts, content elements, and educational materials. In the “Nutrition and Health” domain, core concepts such as “nutrition” were addressed through content elements such as “balanced eating” and “vegetables and fruit,” while “health” included elements such as “eating regularly” and “nutrients for disease prevention,” each with two educational content components. The “Food and Culture” domain focused on “food” with content on “local foods (vegetable-garden experience)” and “food culture” with content on “our dining table (rice and side dishes),” “our agricultural products,” “global cuisine (multiculture),” and “considerate dietary practices,” each with four educational content components. The “Safe Dietary Practices” domain included core concepts such as “hygiene” with content on “hand-washing habits” and “food poisoning management,” and “safety” with content on “food labeling.”
Conclusions
The systematized curriculum for kindergarten food and nutrition education aligns with the Nuri Curriculum and is interconnected with the Guidelines. This curriculum can be used as foundational material for developing educational resources tailored to the characteristics of preschoolers, contributing to effective implementation in early childhood education.

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Research Articles

[Korean]
Food and dish group diversity on menus of daycare centers provided by Center for Children’s Foodservice Management in Korea: a descriptive study: Youn-Rok Kang, Kyeong-Sook Lim, Hyung-Sook Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(6):449-465. Published online December 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.6.449

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to analyze menu patterns and food group diversity in daycare centers managed by the Center for Children's Foodservice Management in South Korea.
Methods
Data from 18 Center for Children's Foodservice Management centers across various provinces (excluding Jeju Island) were analyzed. We examined 8,796 meals served in February, May, August, and December 2021, focusing on seasonal lunch and snack menus for children aged 3-5. Foods were categorized into 19 groups for lunch and 21 for snacks. The frequency of food groups and dietary patterns were assessed using the Dietary Diversity Score. Analyses were conducted using Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS Statistics version 28.
Results
Most lunch menus (89%) included five menu items, with a ratio of grain, meat, and vegetables at 88%. Snack menus typically had one item (57%), with significantly more items in the afternoon compared to the morning (P < 0.001). Regarding snack patterns, 75.2% of morning snacks and 61.1% of afternoon snacks contained only one solid food and drink (P < 0.001). Fruit and milk (22.4%) was the most prevalent pattern in morning snacks, while grain and milk (31%) dominated afternoon snacks (P < 0.001). Only 48% of daycare center menus (all snacks and lunch) included all five food groups (grain, meat, vegetables, fruit, and milk). Notably, only 83% included milk and 57% included fruit.
Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to improve food variety and diversity in the Center for Children’s Foodservice Management-managed daycare center menus. Developing more detailed guidelines for menu structure and food composition is crucial to ensure children receive balanced and diverse nutrition.

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Nutrient intake and food consumption of Korean preschool children: a comparison between a daycare meal group and non-daycare meal group using the data from the 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(2): 225. CrossRef

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[English]
Screen time, mealtime media use, and dietary behaviors in Korean preschoolers : a cross-sectional study: Young-Hee Han, Saerom Shin, Eun Yeol Woo, Hye-Kyung Park, Taisun Hyun; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(3):206-219. Published online June 30, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.3.206

Abstract PDF: Objectives
Screen time refers to the time spent using screen media, such as televisions, smartphones, computers, or tablets. Excessive exposure to screen media has been reported to negatively impact young children’s health and development, including overweight, short sleep duration, and language delays. This study examined the association of screen time and mealtime media use with dietary behaviors among preschool children.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted on parents of children aged three to five years using the online questionnaires of the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P) and the Dietary Screening Test (DST). Data from 261 children’s parents were analyzed.
Results
Of the 261 children, 96.9% used screen media, 55.6% used screen media for two hours or more daily, and 30.7% were exposed to screen media during meals. The NQ-P scores were significantly lower in the children with longer screen time and mealtime media use. Children who used screen media for two hours or more and those exposed to screen media during meals consumed kimchi less frequently and confectionery and sugar-sweetened beverages more frequently than children who used less than two hours and were not exposed to screen media during meals. In addition, they were more likely to be picky about food, refuse to eat, and less likely to feed themselves than children with shorter screen time and no mealtime media use.
Conclusions
This study reported an association between unhealthy dietary behaviors, feeding difficulties, and screen time and mealtime media use among preschool children. Further research should explore effective strategies for reducing children’s screen time.

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[English]
Nutritional status and dietary behavior of North Korean adolescent refugees based on Nutrition Quotient for Korean adolescents: a preliminary study: Young Goh, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(1):1-10. Published online February 28, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.1.1

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the nutritional status and dietary behavior of adolescents from North Korean refugee (NKR) families residing in South Korea (SK), who are known to be at a higher risk of malnutrition due to their lower socioeconomic status and facing other psychological challenges.
Methods
A total of 178 adolescents (91 males and 87 females) from NKR families were included in the analysis, and their demographic details such as age, birthplace, parental nationality, and duration of their settlement in SK were collected through questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements were also taken to determine their growth and nutritional status according to the 2017 Korean National Growth Charts for children and adolescents. The study used the Nutrition Quotient for Korean Adolescents (NQ-A) questionnaire to assess the dietary behavior of the participants.
Results
Approximately 11.8% and 10.1% of participants were identified with malnutrition and obesity, respectively. The total mean score for the NQ-A was 50.1. The mean scores for the individual factors of balance, diversity, moderation, environment, and practice were 49.2, 44.7, 43.8, 51.2, and 61.5, respectively. Approximately 47.2% of participants had a low NQ-A grade. However, there was no significant difference in the NQ-A scores according to their nutritional status or duration of time in SK.
Conclusions
Adolescents from NKR families exhibited both malnutrition and obesity. However, their dietary behavior, as assessed using the NQ-A, did not vary with their nutritional status. The unique challenges and related dietary behavior of North Korean adolescent refugees should be taken into consideration, when developing targeted strategies for nutritional education and health management programs.

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[Korean]
Management of Food Allergy in the Facilities Registered at Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Gangdong-gu: Soon Mi Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(5):396-407. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.5.396

Abstract PDF

Objectives
We examined the common allergenic foods, symptoms and management of food allergies in children attending the facilities registered at Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Gangdong-gu, Korea. Methods: The survey was conducted among the directors or head teachers of 186 children’s food service facilities with 7,591 children in 2019. The questionnaire consisted of three parts, including general information about food service facilities, information related to food allergies and allergenic foods and symptoms in individual children. Results: The number of children with food allergy was 271 (3.6%), and the proportion decreased with the increase of age. There were 91 children (33.6%) with a medical certificate, and these children had a significantly higher number of allergenic foods and symptoms than those without a medical certificate. Allergenic food groups included meat, fish, eggs and legumes (59.1%), fruits (12.4%), milk and dairy products (8.9%), cereals (7.8%), vegetables (6.2%), processed foods (3.8%) and oils and sugars (1.9%). Eggs accounted for 22.1%, followed by peanut and tree nuts (18.6%), fruits (12.4%), milk and dairy products (8.9%), shellfish (8.6%), vegetables (6.2%), fish (5.7%), cereals (4.3%) and meat (1.1%). The common allergenic foods were eggs, peanuts, walnuts, kiwi, shrimp, milk, tomatoes, mackerel, blue-green fish, peaches, shellfish (clams and abalone), buckwheat, wheat and soybeans. The most common allergic symptoms were skin and mucous membrane symptoms, such as hives, rash, itching and oral angioedema. Meal management for children with food allergies showed different trends depending on the causative food. Conclusions: The objective diagnosis by an allergist should be done for food allergy management in children's catering facilities. A system for systematic meal management of causative foods should be prepared.

Citations

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Knowledge and management of food allergy by parents of preschool children who experience food allergies
Seung Hui Kim, Seung-Min Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(2): 184. CrossRef
Knowledge of atopic dermatitis and food allergies, as well as health information literacy, among North Korean refugee mothers: a descriptive survey study
In-Sook Lee, Jeong-Hee Jeon
Child Health Nursing Research.2023; 29(4): 300. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of a Zinc Database to Estimate the Zinc Intake Levels in the Korean Toddlers and Preschool Children: Su-In Yoon, Jae Eun Shim; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(2):103-110. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.2.103

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The objective of this study was to develop a zinc database (DB) to estimate the intake levels of zinc in Korean toddlers and preschool children using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: A total of 3,361 food items for the DB representing the usual diet of Korean toddlers and preschool children were selected based on KNHANES (2009~2013) and the food composition table of Rural Development Administration (RDA). The existing values of zinc in foods were collected from the latest food composition tables of RDA (9th revision) and the US Department of Agriculture (legacy release). The zinc contents were filled preferentially with these collected values. The missing values were replaced with the calculated values or imputed values using the existing values of similar food items from the data source. The zinc intake levels of Korean toddlers and preschool children were estimated using KNHANES and zinc DB Results: A total of 1,188 existing values, 412 calculated values, and 1,727 imputed values were included in the zinc DB. The mean intake levels of zinc for 1-2-year-old children and 3-5-year-olds were 5.17 ± 2.94 mg/day and 6.30 ± 2.84 mg/day, respectively.There was no significant difference in the zinc intake levels between boys and girls in each group. Conclusions: This newly developed zinc DB would be helpful to assess the zinc nutritional status and investigate the association between the zinc intakes and related health concerns in Korean toddlers and preschool children.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Food sources of zinc and nutritional status with usual dietary zinc intake in Korean toddlers and preschool children
SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1211. CrossRef

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[English]
Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults: InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(1):12-22. Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.12

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study examined the association between the dietary behavior and weight status of preschool children and their mothers in Daejeon, Korea. Methods: A total of 301 mother–preschool children (aged 3~6 years) dyads were included in this study. The dietary behavior of children and their mothers was assessed using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) questionnaire for preschoolers and adults, respectively. The NQ questionnaires were completed by the mothers. The overweight/ obesity status of children and their mothers was determined using data on height and body weight reported by the mothers. Multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between the dietary behavior and weight status of children and their mothers. Results: The mean NQ score was 58.9 ± 9.7 in children and 55.6 ± 9.2 in mothers. The NQ score was higher in boys than girls but did not vary by age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 27.5% in children and 46.5% in mothers. The physical activity level of mothers and their NQ scores were positively associated with the NQ scores of the children. After adjustment for covariates, the mothers in the highest tertile of NQ scores showed a lower odds ratio (OR) for the unhealthy dietary behavior of children (OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.11~0.53, P< 0.001) compared to those in the lowest tertile. The obese mothers showed a higher OR for children’s overweight/obesity (OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.68~6.80, P = 0.001) compared to normal weight mothers. Conclusions: The dietary behavior and weight status of young children and their mothers were closely linked. Nutrition education programs targeting mothers are necessary for improving maternal and child nutrition. Specifically, these programs need to be tailored to the socioeconomic characteristics or weight status of mothers.

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Development and Application of Customized Nutrition Education Content Using Personas for Married Immigrant Women: Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Social Cognitive Theory
Sil-Ah Kim, Min-Ah Kim, Seung-Ah Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2025; 54(7): 614. CrossRef
Validation of the Korean Version of the Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP ® ): Using the Rasch Model
So Hyun Park, Youn-Jung Son, Hanjong Park
Journal of the American Nutrition Association.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
Sung-Mi Cha, Soo-Youn Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 541. CrossRef
Early childhood eating behaviors associated with risk of overweight and its socio-ecological determinants in Korean preschool children
Yeri Kim, Jiye Kim, Bomi Lee, Seungyoun Jung, Seo-Jin Chung, Hyekyeong Kim, Nana Shin, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(4): 717. CrossRef
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dietary Practices for Mothers in Japan
Lin Wu, Miao Wu, Akira Ishida
Women.2022; 2(3): 264. CrossRef
Use of mothers' home meal replacement and diet quality of their young children
Bo-Yeon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(3): 292. CrossRef

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[English]
Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children: Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(1):1-11. Published online February 28, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.1.1

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to assess the eating behavior, growth, and dietary practices of children aged 3~5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 237 mothers of preschool children between April and June 2018. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated to determine the children’s growth status. Dietary practices were evaluated using the nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P). Results: In our study, 29.5% of children were in the eating-small-amounts group, 46.8% of children were in the neophobic behavior group, and 61.2% of children were in the refusal-of-specific food group. Specific foods found to have a high frequency of rejection are listed in descending order as follows: shellfish, soy, mushroom, shrimp, vegetables, milk, eggs, yogurt, seaweed, meat, fruits, and fish. The eating-smallamounts group had lower Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age than the non-picky eaters’ group. Compared to the non-picky eaters' group, the eatingsmall-amounts group of picky eaters had lower scores on the moderation and environment items of the NQ-P, the neophobic behavior group had lower scores on the balance and environment items of the NQ-P, and the refusal-of-specific food group had lower scores on the balance, moderation, and environment items of the NQ-P. Conclusions: Children classified with picky eating behavior had lower growth and development, lower diet diversity, less balanced food intake, and had greater difficulty in abstaining from eating unhealthy foods than non-picky eaters. Therefore, a lot of patience and intensive efforts are needed to encourage children to encounter, experience, and accept unfamiliar food. It is more effective to provide eating behavior guidance by gently encouraging children, than by being strict and forceful. Besides, since the eating behavior of children is influenced maximally by the dietary lifestyle at their homes, it is important to ensure that a healthy dietary lifestyle is maintained at home.

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Designing Interactive Edutech Content to Improve Young Children’s Eating Habits: Focusing on AR Glasses and IoT Chopsticks
Juhyeon Jeon, Dhahye Shin, Yujin Joung, Yoon Ju Cho
Journal of Digital Contents Society.2025; 26(10): 2905. CrossRef
Use of food to soothe preschoolers and feeding behaviors of mothers: a qualitative study
Perihan Solmaz, Hatice Başkale
Current Psychology.2024; 43(10): 9355. CrossRef
Assessment of Dietary Characteristics and Eating Behavior in Children Using a Dietary Screening Test
Sun-Im Won
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(6): 557. CrossRef

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[English]
Development and Evaluation of Booklets and Video Clips to Prevent Children from Developing Picky Eating: Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):451-463. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.451

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate booklets and video clips to prevent children from picky eating.
Methods
Based on a survey conducted on food preferences of preschool children aged 2 to 5 years, 14 kinds of less preferred vegetables were selected. Accordingly, educational videos, activity books, and teaching-learning guides were produced for preschool children using the 'food bridge' theory, and the educational materials were named “Friendly vegetables”. Educational materials were distributed to childcare institutions, and their effectiveness was investigated for preschool children who were instructed on these materials once every 30 days from March to November, 2019. The children were examined for changes in their knowledge of names, colors, taste/texture, methods of cultivation, and preferences for vegetables before and after the instructional course.
Results
The awareness of vegetables increased significantly in younger children and the picky eating group. When the assessment was carried out in terms of vegetable knowledge, it was observed that the younger the age or the pickier the in eating food, the more effective the education is compared to the counter part. The preference for vegetables also increased after the instruction compared to the pre-instruction period, but significant changes were seen only in the 2~3 year age group for boys and girls. Also, only the picky group of girls showed changes in preference. The children's average interest in the education materials was 3.85 points out of 5 points.
Conclusions
Through this study, we have developed educational materials for standalone use in childcare facilities and confirmed that they have a significant effect on improving awareness and preferences related to vegetables. In summary, the younger the age or the pickier the child in eating food, the more effective the education. It is believed that additional education on mealtime guidance is needed which can alter the eating behavior of preschool children and improve their diet. It is proposed to widen the scope of use of the materials by collecting diverse opinions from child care teachers.

Citations

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Pilot evaluation of a cooking-based nutrition education program to promote vegetable intake among children in Seoul, South Korea: a single-group pre–post study
Sil-Ah Kim, Su-Jin Lee, Min-Ah Kim, Ji-Eun Oh, Sohyun Park, Hyun-Joo Ryou, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(4): 249. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Nutritional Status among Primary School Children in Uganda: Comparison of Urban and Rural Areas: Ji-Yeon Lee, Hye-Jung Park, Min Yu, Ha-Yeong Hwang, Jung-Rim Sung, Hee-Seon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):91-101. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.91

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate dietary intakes and nutritional status among Uganda primary school children from two selected schools in urban and rural areas.
Methods
Data were collected from 350 pupils (6-14 years) in Mpigi district, Uganda. All participants were offered a school lunch meal (usually maize porridge and boiled beans). Dietary survey was conducted in October 2016. Data for dietary intake levels were collected by the 24-hour recall method with trained school staffs. The data were converted into nutrient intakes using the CAN-Pro 5.0 Program and compared with KDRIs to evaluate the nutritional status of the subjects. Diet quality indexes such as nutrient density, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), mean adequacy ratio (MAR), and index of nutritional quality (INQ) and a diet diversity index such as diet diversity score (DDS) were calculated to evaluate nutritional status among subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical programs.
Results
Results show that the intakes of most nutrients were significantly different by schools. The nutritional status of micro-nutrients was very low in both schools according to analysis of nutritional indexes such as NARs and INQs. Students from both schools should improve intakes of micro-nutrients related to child growth such as calcium, Vitamin B6, zinc and folate. According to the analysis of dietary diversity, there was difference in dietary patterns by schools presumably due to their locations.
Conclusions
This suggests that current meals could not provide adequate nutrients for the subjects and urgent nutrition interventions for school food services are needed to improve their nutritional well-being. New foods supplements based on local cuisine are also needed to ensure dietary diversity and sustainable development plans.

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Original Articles

[English]
Comparison of Salinity and Sodium Content by the Salinity Measurement Frequency of Soups of Childcare Centers Enrolled in the Center for Children's Food Service Management in Daegu: Na Yeong Lee, Yeon Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):13-20. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.13

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the salinity of soups provided at childcare centers by measuring the salinity for three years and providing basic data for sodium reduction.
METHODS
The soup salinity was measured using a Bluetooth salinity meter from January 2015 to December 2017 at 80 childcare foodservice establishments enrolled in the Suseong Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Daegu.
RESULTS
An analysis of the soup salinity each year showed that the salinity decreased significantly from 0.48% in 2015 to 0.41% in 2017, particularly in clear soups and soybean soups compared to other soups (P < 0.05). The salinity and sodium content in seafood soups (0.45% and 179.1 mg/100 g, respectively) were highest, followed by soybean soups (0.44%, 175.2 mg/100 g), with perilla seed soups containing the lowest (0.42%, 167.2 mg/100 g) (P < 0.05). The salinity was significantly higher in institutional foodservice establishments than small foodservice establishments (P < 0.001). The salinity and sodium content were the highest in foodservice establishments with a small number of measurements, and the salinity was the lowest in foodservice establishments with salinity measurements performed an average of 151 times each year (three times a week) or more (P < 0.05). The soup salinity was low in the order of winter, spring, summer, and autumn, and the salinity decreased significantly year by year in all seasons. (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The soup salinity was significantly lower in foodservice establishments where the salinity was measured more than three times a week, indicating that continuous salinity management is effective.

Citations

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Importance-performance analysis of hygiene and nutrition management in social welfare meal service facilities in selected regions of Jeollanam-do
Do Hee Kim, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(4): 421. CrossRef
Sodium Reduction Practice and Importance-Performance Analysis of Sodium Reduction Methods in School Foodservice in Daegu
Su-Hyeon Kim, Eun-Kyung Shin, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(5): 386. CrossRef

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[English]
Food Allergy-related Awareness and Performance of Dietitians at Children's Hospitals in Korea: Comparison of Certificate Possession among Clinical Dietitians: Hye Ran Shin, Sook Bae Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(6):512-524. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.6.512

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to examine the food allergy-related knowledge, awareness, and performance of dietitians at children's hospitals, depending on whether or not they have a clinical dietitian certificate.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was administered to 41 dieticians at children's hospitals registered as a part of the Korean Hospital Association. The survey consisted of questionnaires examining general characteristics, nutritional counseling-related characteristics, and food allergy-related characteristics (food allergy-related knowledge, awareness, and performance). We examined differences according to the status of clinical dietitian certification.
RESULTS
The proportion of subjects who were holders of clinical dietitian certificates was 48.8%. There were differences between holders of clinical dietitian certificates and non-holders as follows. Regarding nutritional awareness and performance, â€˜needs to provide nutrition counseling in children's hospitalsâ€™, â€˜providing nutrition counseling services in working hospitalsâ€™, and â€˜whether there is a nutrition counseling roomâ€™ scored higher among holders of clinical dietitian certificates than non-holders. Holders of clinical dietitian certificates showed higher scores for knowledge of food allergy symptoms and food allergy management than non-holders. For food allergy awareness and performance, â€˜self-assessment of food allergy knowledge understanding levelâ€™, â€˜awareness of open oral food challenge (OFC)â€™, â€˜recognition of the need for education and counseling on food allergy for patients/guardiansâ€™, and â€˜food allergy related educational experienceâ€™ scored higher among holders of clinical dietitians certificates than in non-holders.
CONCLUSIONS
Children's hospital dietitians with a clinical dietitian certificate showed high knowledge, awareness, and performance related to food allergies. It is thus necessary to employ a clinical dietitian for food allergy management in children's hospitals. In addition, training and conservative education are necessary for the management of food allergies for children's hospital dietitians.

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[English]
Children's Food Intake and Nutrition Levels, and Obesity by Maternal Employment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015: Geunyeong Kang, Yoonna Lee, Mihyang UM, Seunghee Kye; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(4):331-342. Published online August 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.4.331

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examines the intake of food and nutrients of children according to the employment and working hours of their mothers.
METHODS
The married women in the source data from the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey were classified into full-time working mothers, part-time working mothers and housewives according to the working type and the data on their children from 3 to 18 years old were analyzed using SAS 9.4.
RESULTS
The group from 3 to 5 years old was the smallest group with 682 children (20.2%), followed by the group from 6 to 11 years with 1,345 children (39.8%) and the group from 12 to 18 years old with 1,355 children (40.1%). The lowest rates for having no breakfast and dinner were observed in the group with housewives (p<0.05). The calcium and phosphorous intakes were the highest in the group with housewives at 61.9% and 126.8%, respectively, and the lowest in the group with full-time working mothers at 54.7% and 115.3%, respectively (p<0.05). The group with full-time working mothers had the highest rate in the calcium and iron intake less than the dietary reference intake at 74.9% and 30.0%, respectively. It indicated that the group with full-time working mothers did not have sufficient nutrients as compared to the other two groups. Moreover, the group with the part-time working mothers showed the high vitamin A intake ratio of 41.4% (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study found evidence of a negative association between mother's employment status and children's diet quality. The employment and economic activity of married women will continuously increase in the future. Therefore, a national nutrition policy is required to provide quality nutrition care for children in the households.

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Biochemical Characteristics and Dietary Intake according to Household Income Levels of Korean Adolescents: Using Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yu-Kyeong Kwon, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(6): 467. CrossRef

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[English]
Relationship between the Intake of Children's Favorite Foods and Policy based on Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life: Taejung Woo, Jihye Yoo, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(2):106-116. Published online April 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.2.106

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the status of children's favorite foods intake and the relationship with the policy environment based on the Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life for suggesting a supportive policy strategy.
METHODS
The subjects were 4th grade students (n=1,638) in elementary school from 45 schools collected from seven areas (Seoul, Daegu, Daejeon, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Gyeongnam). The children participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey in class under the supervision of the teacher. The questionnaire consisted of items, such as social demographic characteristics, frequency of intake of the children's favorite foods, and policy cognition. A t-test and ANOVA were applied to explore the relationship between the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy cognition. The survey was implemented from August 2016 to September 2016.
RESULTS
For the boys, the frequency of â€˜high-calorie low nutrient foods intakeâ€™ (HCLN) was significantly higher than that of the girls (p<0.01). For the children who received information on their favorite foods from the internet, the frequency of HCLN was higher than the other sources (p<0.01). The time of TV viewing and computer usage, and smartphone usage was associated with a higher frequency of HCLN, and a lower healthy favorite food intake (all p<0.001). The intake frequency of healthy favorite foods indicated a positive correlation with the policy cognition, including policy perception, usefulness, necessity and buying intention, and educational experience.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed a correlation with the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy. In particular, the frequency of children's healthy favorite foods intake indicated a meaningful relationship with the policy than the frequency of HCLN. This study also found that the consumption of children's healthy favorite foods was positively correlated with the educational experience. To develop a supportive policy for a good dietary environment for children, there is a need to focus on how to collaborate with multiple levels of influences, such as the national level, school level, and family.

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Correlation between adolescents’ dietary safety management competency and value recognition, efficacy, and competency of convergence using dietary area: a descriptive study
Yunhwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 317. CrossRef

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[English]
The Effect of Personality Type and Job Performance on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction - Staff of the Center for Children's foodservice management -: Kyung Min Lee, Min Sun Jeon; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):496-505. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.496

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship between the personality traits and job performance of Centers for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM) staff on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. In addition, the characteristics of the center organization were examined to provide practical guidelines for the operation of the center. The aim was to determine management implications with an important meaning in human resource management to enhance the efficiency of the operation of Centers for Children's Foodservice Management (CCFSM).
METHODS
Out of 207 centers, there were 1,057 employees at 173 centers who agreed to participate in the study, the questionnaire was mailed on February 17, 2017 and collected by mail on March 31, 2017. Finally, 81 centers (46.82%) participated in the survey and 493 questionnaires were used.
RESULTS
Neuroticism among the five personality factors had a positive (+) influence on â€˜cynicismâ€™ and â€˜exhaustionâ€™ among the three subordinate factors of emotional exhaustion, negative (âˆ’) effects on the â€˜jobâ€™ among the six subscales of job satisfaction. In addition, openness showed a negative (âˆ’) effect on â€˜loss of professional confidenceâ€™ of emotional exhaustion and positive (+) relationship with the â€˜jobâ€™ of job satisfaction. Agreeableness appeared to have a negative (âˆ’) effect on all factors of emotional exhaustion and a positive (+) influence on all factors of job satisfaction. As a result of analyzing the effects of job performance on emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction, the planning and operations management team showed a positive (+) influence on all factors of emotional exhaustion and negative (âˆ’) influence on all factors of job satisfaction. On the other hand, the nutrition management team showed a negative (âˆ’) influence on all emotional exhaustion factors and a positive (+) influence on the factors of job satisfaction. The hygiene management team showed a positive (+) relationship with â€˜Emotional exhaustionâ€™ among the subordinate factors of emotional exhaustion and a negative (âˆ’) influence on the â€˜Educational opportunityâ€™ of job satisfaction.
CONCLUSIONS
The personality type and job performance of Centers for Children's foodservice management (ccfsm) staff significantly affected the emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction.

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Study on the relationship between employee perception of overqualification, job burnout, and impulsive buying behavior
Li Chaoyang, Fang Yuanhan, Yu Zengyuan, Li Huitao
Current Psychology.2025; 44(6): 5238. CrossRef

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[English]
Relationships between Obesity and Dietary Habits of Preschool Children and Their Parents in Dongducheon Based on the Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Ji Myung Kim, Hye Jeong Song, Young Ji Ahn; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(3):216-225. Published online June 30, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.3.216

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the associations between obesity and the children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ) and to further examine the relationships between NQ and mini dietary assessment (MDA) of their parents.
METHODS
The subjects were 355 children aged 3 to 5 years and their parents in Dongducheon. We collected parental-reported NQ questionnaires for children and MDA of parents. Anthropometric measurements, height, weight and BMI by BIA were measured in children. Overweight and obesity were determined according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentile from the 2007 Korean national growth chart. Statistical analyses consisted of the chi-squared test, ANOVA, partial correlations and logistic regression analysis adjustments for parents BMI.
RESULTS
Approximately 20.8% of preschool children were classified as overweight or obese. Underweight children showed a significantly higher score for balance than overweight children. The NQ of the children was 61.9 Â± 11.6, and NQ scores and their parents' MDA did not exhibit any significant differences according to degree of obesity. After adjusting for parent's BMI, children's BMI was significantly correlated with balance and moderation among NQ factors. Parent's MDA showed significant correlation with their children's NQ, balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, practice and NQ grade, except for diversity of father. Additionally, NQ grade had a significantly increased (150.1%) odds ratio (OR) of being overweight (95% CI 1.008â€“2.234).
CONCLUSIONS
These results show that NQ for children is influenced by their parents' MDA and BMI. Furthermore, our findings support the association between overweight prevention and improvement of NQ grade among preschool children.

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Exploring the Causes of Obesity Among Adults in the Kurdish Regions of Iran: A Qualitative Study
Seyed Fahim Irandoost, Bahman Bayangani, Tahereh Dehdari, Javad Yousefi Lebni, Nafe Babasfari, Nafiul Mehedi, Mohammad Hosein Taghdisi
Community Health Equity Research & Policy.2023; 43(2): 183. CrossRef
Nutritional status and dietary behavior of North Korean adolescent refugees based on Nutrition Quotient for Korean adolescents: a preliminary study
Young Goh, Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 1. CrossRef
Dietary Behavior and Related Factors of Preschool Children in Seocheon-gun, Korea
Seung-Lim Lee, Sun-Im Won
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(1): 34. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behaviors of preschool children in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do associated with the level of parents' health consciousness: using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(2): 248. CrossRef
Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children
Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Relationship between the Dietary Behavior of Young Children and Their Mothers in Daejeon, Korea Using the Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers and Adults
InYoung Jeong, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 12. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behavior and investigation of the affecting factors among preschoolers in Busan and Gyeongnam area using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 596. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194. CrossRef
Analysis of the types of eating behavior affecting the nutrition of preschool children: using the Dietary Behavior Test (DBT) and the Nutrition Quotient (NQ)
Hyeon Mi Sim, Youngshin Han, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 604. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary: Hae Sun An, Su Ji Choi, Mo Ran Lee, Jung Sook Lee, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(6):529-542. Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.529

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level (PAL), the physical activity pattern and the energy expenditure in male and female elementary school soccer players using the accelerometer and the physical activity diary.
METHODS
Twenty-five (male 11, female 14) elementary school soccer players (9â€“12 years) participated in this study. During their daily activities, they wore an accelerometer for seven days (five weekdays and two weekend days) and completed the physical activity diary for three days (two weekdays and one weekend day). PAL was calculated by using the physical activity diary and three equations (Pate Preschool, Freedson Children, and Freedson) were used to calculate the intensity of physical activity and energy expenditure from the counts of accelerometer.
RESULTS
The average of physical activity by day of the week, CPM (Counts Per Minute) and METs (Metabolic Equivalents) were significantly higher in males (723.3 Â± 149.2 CPM, 2.07 Â± 0.18 METs) compared to females (505.6 Â± 119.9 CPM, 1.79 Â± 0.20 METs), but there was no significant difference in PAEE (Physical Activity Energy Expenditure) between the two groups (males: 15.5 Â± 9.1 kcal/day, females: 11.5 Â± 6.0 kcal/day). During weekdays, physical activity intensity was significantly higher in males compared to females at lunch time and training time than at other times. In both genders, the PAL was higher during weekdays (males 1.98, females 1.89) compared to weekend (males 1.62, females 1.61) (p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study observations suggest the necessity to develop an accelerometer equation for accurately evaluating the physical activity of elementary school athletes.

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Validation of a physical activity classification table in Korean adults and elderly using a doubly labeled water method
Hye-Ji Han, Ha-Yeon Jun, Jonghoon Park, Kazuko Ishikawa-Takata, Eun-Kyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 391. CrossRef
Establishment and future tasks of estimated energy requirement in 2020 dietary reference intakes for Koreans
Eun-Kyung Kim, Oh Yoen Kim, Jonghoon Park, EunMi Kim, Juhyeon Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(6): 573. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Daily Stress on Dietary Pattern among Elementary School Children in Seongnam City: Sunra Kim, Seunghee Kye; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(6):475-484. Published online December 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.6.475

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between several stress measures in everyday life, emotional eating behavior, and dietary pattern (snacks, fatty foods, sweet beverages, fruits and vegetables) in school-aged children.
METHODS
One hundred and ninety-four students of an elementary school located in Seongnam City participated in the study. The students responded to the survey questionnaire by self-report, which consisted of items regarding general characteristics, height, weight, dietary habits, frequency of consuming healthy (fruits and vegetables) and unhealthy foods (snacks, fatty foods, and sweet beverages), emotional eating behavior, and daily stress. Correlational analysis was performed to examine the relationship between stress, emotional eating behavior, and dietary pattern, and Poisson and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the effects of stress on dietary pattern.
RESULTS
Positive correlations were found between all stress factors and emotional eating behavior and between the friend and personal factor (one of the stress factors) and the consumption of sweet beverages. The frequency of consuming sweet beverages was 2.6 times higher in the high stress group than in the low stress group (95% CI).
CONCLUSIONS
Children's daily stress was associated with emotional eating behavior and undesirable dietary pattern such as consumption of sweet beverages.

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ACADEMIC STRESS IS ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONAL EATING BEHAVIOR AMONG ADOLESCENT
Nadia Ramadhani, Trias Mahmudiono
Media Gizi Indonesia.2021; 16(1): 38. CrossRef
Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and influencing factors in Korean adolescents: based on the 2017 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
Ayoung Kim, Jinhee Kim, Seunghee Kye
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2018; 51(5): 465. CrossRef

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[English]
Accuracy of Accelerometer for the Prediction of Energy Expenditure and Activity Intensity in Athletic Elementary School Children During Selected Activities: Su Ji Choi, Hae Sun An, Mo Ran Lee, Jung Sook Lee, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):413-425. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.413

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children.
METHODS
The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making msix equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve.
RESULTS
For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.

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Developing a Multimodal Monitoring System for Geriatric Depression
Youngshin Cho, Kyuhee Lim, Sunghee Lee, Yuntae Kim, Mijung Kim, Chang Oh Kim, Youkyung Kim, Heejung Kim
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing.2023; 41(1): 46. CrossRef
Comparison of Physical Activity Level, Physical Activity Pattern and Energy Expenditure in Male and Female Elementary School Soccer Players using Accelerometer and Physical Activity Diary
Hae-Sun An, Su-Ji Choi, Mo-Ran Lee, Jung-Sook Lee, Eun-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(6): 529. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Nutritional Status and Eating Behavior of Korean and Chinese Children using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Hua Ling, Hokyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):22-39. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.22

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional status and dietary behavior of Korean and Chinese elementary school children using Nutritional Quotient (NQ).
METHODS
The survey was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the parents of the child, after selecting four elementary schools located in Pusan city of Korea and three elementary schools located in Luoyang city, Henan Province of China, from Grade 1 to Grade 6 in each school.
RESULTS
The NQ scores of Korean children and Chinese children were 64.99 and 66.57, respectively, which did not show a statistically significant difference. Korean children significantly showed higher diversity score (p<0.001) than Chinese, but Chinese children significantly showed higher moderation (p < 0.001), regularity (p < 0.001) and practice score (p < 0.01) than Korean. NQ grades showed a statistically significant difference. According to food security of the household, NQ scores of the Chinese children of secure household were significantly higher than those of food insecurity household (p < 0.01). In particular, it showed a significant difference in the practice (p < 0.001), moderation (p < 0.05) and regularity score (p < 0.05). Korean children's NQ score showed a significant correlation with the score of following the Dietary Guidelines of parents, but Chinese did not show such a correlation.
CONCLUSIONS
There were differences in children's dietary behaviors and parents' impact to children's dietary attitude between Korean and Chinese. NQ developed for Korean could be successfully applied to Chinese.

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Assessment of the dietary quality among Chinese adults living in Shanghai and the Anhui Province using the Nutrition Quotient for adults
Ani Liu, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2025; 58(1): 117. CrossRef
Diet-Related Disparities and Childcare Food Environments for Vulnerable Children in South Korea: A Mixed-Methods Study
Jiyoung Park, Seolhyang Baek, Gahui Hwang, Chongwon Park, Sein Hwang
Nutrients.2023; 15(8): 1940. CrossRef

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[English]
Mother's Parenting Style at Meal Time and Their Preschooler's Dietary Behavior: Soyeon Park, Youngmee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(1):13-21. Published online February 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.1.13

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by mother's parenting style which may influence the NQ in preschool children.
METHODS
Subjects were 310 mothers and their 4-6 year old children. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, mother's parenting style at meal time and eating behavior as measured by NQ questions. The NQ questions consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Mother's parenting style was classified by using words for nutrition education at meal time. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student's t-test, Ï‡Â²-test, One-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
We observed that in children whose mothers use the parenting style at meal time of â€˜explanationâ€™ and â€˜compliment & cheer upâ€™ had high dietary regularity, diversity, practice. The children of mothers who use the parenting style at meal time of â€˜persuasionâ€™ and â€˜rewardâ€™ were found to have a lower degree of balance, diversity, and practice. Especially, children of â€˜rewardâ€™ style mothers had lower moderation of dietary life. On the other hand, among the parenting style at meal time of â€˜comparison & demandâ€™, â€˜treatingâ€™ and â€˜faireâ€™, there was no significant difference in the NQ factor by each group. NQ grade was higher among those who used more explanation (p < 0.001) and persuasion (p < 0.01) and with use of less persuasion (p < 0.01) and reward (p < 0.01). The positive association observed between the frequency of dietary education of mothers and higher NQ grade indicated the degree of dietary practices of those children. On the other hand, the children of mothers who rarely practice the dietary education at home had lower NQ grade (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
In order to promote children's proper dietary behaviors, it is important to provide nutrition education to children as well as provide guidance on parenting style at meal time.

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Designing Interactive Edutech Content to Improve Young Children’s Eating Habits: Focusing on AR Glasses and IoT Chopsticks
Juhyeon Jeon, Dhahye Shin, Yujin Joung, Yoon Ju Cho
Journal of Digital Contents Society.2025; 26(10): 2905. CrossRef
Association between Picky Eating Behavior, Growth, and Dietary Practices in Preschool Children
Jisun Kim, Sukyoung Kang, Seunghee Kye
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(1): 1. CrossRef
Study on Recognition and Consumption Behavior of Quality-Certified Children's Preferred Foods of Nursery Directors and Parents in Jecheon Area
Sung Hee Min
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(3): 353. CrossRef

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[English]
Food Allergy Awareness and Nutritional Management by the Parents of Preschool Children: Soo Bin Kim, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(5):426-439. Published online October 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.5.426

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to measure the food allergy (FA) awareness and management by the parents of preschool children.
METHODS
A questionnaire survey was conducted with the parents of preschool children. The questionnaire was designed to identify the prevalence of food allergies, requirements of food allergy support and differences in food management according to the presence or absence allergic diseases, using a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. After excluding incomplete responses, the data of 158 parents of preschool children (90.3%) was used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
The rate of the preschool children who had experienced food allergy (FA, ever) was 38.6% while diagnosed for food allergy by doctor (Diagnosis of FA, ever) was 17.7%. Forty nine preschool children (80.3%) had food restriction, and twenty three of them (37.7%) had self-restriction without diagnosis. The consumption frequencies of allergenic foods in FA group, such as ramyeon, noodles, bread, eggs, yogurt and ice cream were significantly (p<0.001) lower than those of the other two groups. The major allergenic foods were eggs, milk, wheat and processed foods in FA group. The overall food allergy-related knowledge level of parents was insufficient. Only 26 parents (16.5%) had received training about food allergies. All parents wanted to receive food allergy-related supports. In addition, most of parents wanted information on substitute menu for children with food allergy.
CONCLUSIONS
This study identified a lack of food allergy training for the parents of preschool children and the necessity for food allergy education. Food allergy-related supports, such as menus without allergenic ingredients, guidelines for managing food allergy & anaphylaxis emergency care plan etc, should be provided to the parents in order to avoid events related to food allergies.

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The status of food allergy and parental burden of preschoolers in Jeju area
Jeong Eun Oh, Eunyoung Kim, Yunkyoung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(6): 664. CrossRef
Study on the snack meal management for infants and toddlers and the demand for snack products according to the sustainable dietary style of mothers in Jeonbuk area
Ji-Eun Lee, Jeong-Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(1): 39. CrossRef
Study on the status of food allergy management and importance-performance analysis about precautions of food allergy in school foodservice according to the school types in Jeonbuk area
Ji Yeon Kim, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(3): 329. CrossRef
Study on the snack menu pattern, food diversity and satisfaction of parent provided by Center for Children's Foodservice Management in Jeonbuk area
Eun-Byul Sym, Jeong-Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 501. CrossRef
Food Allergy-related Awareness and Performance of Dietitians at Children's Hospitals in Korea: Comparison of Certificate Possession among Clinical Dietitians
Hye-Ran Shin, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(6): 512. CrossRef
Food Allergy Awareness and Nutritional Management by Preschooler's Faculty Members of Child Care Facilities
Soo Bin Kim, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(4): 298. CrossRef

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[English]
Status and Need Assessment on Nutrition & Dietary Life Education among Nutrition Teachers in Elementary, Middle and High Schools: Na Gyeong Oh, Su Jin Gwon, Kyung Won Kim, Cheong Min Sohn, Hae Ryun Park, Jung Sook Seo; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(2):152-164. Published online April 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.2.152

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the status and need for nutrition and dietary life education among nutrition teachers at schools. These characteristics were analyzed if they were different between elementary schools and middle-high schools.
METHODS
Subjects were 151 nutrition teachers from 70 elementary schools, 41 middle schools and 40 high schools in 17 cities nationwide selected by two-stage stratified cluster sampling process. Survey questionnaires included the items on general characteristics, status and need assessment for nutrition and dietary life education. Chi-square test or t-test was used for data analysis by school groups.
RESULTS
Nutrition education was implemented at 65.7% of elementary schools and 51.9% of middle-high schools. Nutrition education was mainly performed in 'discretionary activitiesÂ·extracurricular activities' at elementary school and through 'newsletters, school homepage, foodservice bulletin board' at middle-high school (p<0.001). The most needed topic for nutrition education in nutrition teachers was 'healthy dietary habits and table manners' and this was not significantly different by school groups. Responses on adequate frequency (p<0.01), methods used for nutrition education (p<001), materials for nutrition education (p<0.001), information sources for nutrition education (p<0.001) were significantly different by school groups. Major tasks for activating nutrition education included 'securing the time for implementing nutrition education by reducing work loads' and 'developing standardized nutrition education materials' in schools.
CONCLUSIONS
Nutrition education at schools might be activated by improving working conditions of nutrition teachers and developing the practical programs that reflect the needs of nutrition teachers.

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Danbi Gwon, Ji-Yun Hwang, Jieun Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(1): 16. CrossRef
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Seung Jae Lee, Ji Eun Oh, Kyung Won Lee
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Gyoungok Gang, Chaewon Park, Haejin Kang, Wan Soo Hong, Yoo Kyoung Park, Sook Hee Choi, Seung Hye Kim, Jieun Choi, Jihyun Park, Hyeja Chang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 97. CrossRef
Nutrition teacher’s perception and current status of nutrition education for free learning semester program: a preliminary study
Mi Joo Park, Jeong-Hwa Choi, Young-Ran Heo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 24. CrossRef
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은평 양, 경윤 김, 승희 최, 금비 류, 옥경 김, 정미 윤
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(2): 100. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Need for Obesity Prevention Education Programs through Analysis of Factors Affecting Student Obesity Factors in Seoul during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Seoung Hi Kim, Seonyeong Baek, Min Jeong Choi, Sunny Ham
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(3): 214. CrossRef
Awareness and Practice of Sugar Reduction in School Foodservice and the Practice of Nutrition Education in Daegu
Suhyang Jang, Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 167. CrossRef
Analysis of the consumer perception and related education effect on the reduction of sugar for elementary school students in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do
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[English]
Evaluation of Nutrition Quotient and Related Factors in Preschool Children: Yeon Hyang Jung, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(1):1-11. Published online February 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.1.1

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrition quotient (NQ) by gender and understand which factors influence NQ in preschool children.
METHODS
Subjects were 245 children (110 boys, 135 girls) aged 4-6 years and their parents. The questionnaire composed of demographic characteristics, eating behavior factors and the NQ questions. The NQ consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items and all items were grouped into 5 factors: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Inbody J05, a measurement device that measures individual's body composition was used to measure children's anthropometric data. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 20) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by Student t-test, chi2-test, One-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.
RESULTS
The total NQ score of the subjects was 65.3. The NQ score of girls (67.0) was significantly higher than that of the boys (63.2) (p<0.01). The girls' average scores of NQ factors including diversity (p<0.01) and practice (p<0.05) were higher than those of the boys. The analysis of related-factors influencing NQ scores showed that there was a significant difference among the groups according to feeding methods during infancy (p<0.05), breast feeding group being the highest. Furthermore, the NQ score showed a significant difference depending on how to correct children's unbalanced diet as well as parents' nutrition knowledge. The NQ score of obesity group tended to be lower than that of underweight group although there was no significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall results indicated that the girls had better quality of diet and eating habits than the boys. Children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct children's eating habits and to improve diet quality in kindergartens and in children care centers.

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Risk assessment of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in South Korean sesame oil products
Da Eun Hong, Da-Hyun Jeong, Sungmok Kim, Hee-Seok Lee
Food Science and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the factors that influence preschool children eating behavior by applying the health belief model: Seoul and Gyeonggi Province
Sung-Mi Cha, Soo-Youn Kim
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Dietary Behavior and Related Factors of Preschool Children in Seocheon-gun, Korea
Seung-Lim Lee, Sun-Im Won
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(1): 34. CrossRef
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Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Nutrition Research and Practice.2021; 15(2): 248. CrossRef
Development of nutrition quotient for elementary school children to evaluate dietary quality and eating behaviors
Jung-Sug Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sehyug Kwon, Hae-Rang Chung, Tong-Kyung Kwak, Myung-Hee Kang, Young-Sun Choi, Hye-Young Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 629. CrossRef
Evaluation of dietary behavior and investigation of the affecting factors among preschoolers in Busan and Gyeongnam area using nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P)
Soo-Youn Kim, Sung-Mi Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 596. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary behaviors among preschoolers in Daejeon: using Nutrition Quotient for Preschoolers (NQ-P)
Hye-Jin Lee, Jin Hee Kim, SuJin Song
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(2): 194. CrossRef
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Hyeon Mi Sim, Youngshin Han, Kyung A Lee
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Sung Hee Min
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Eun-mi Kim
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Nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities: Using data from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
Mi Yeon Park, Pil Sook Park
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Ki-Won Byun, Joon-Gyu Kang
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[English]
The Current State of Food Allergy of Preschool Childcare Facilities in Hanam: Wookyoun Cho, Jinah Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(4):251-258. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.4.251

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate how to manage food allergy of pre-school children, focusing on the current status of the food allergy in childcare facilities in Hanam which have less than 100 children.
METHODS
Targeting 159 preschool childcare facilities, survey was carried out for a month in March, 2015. Recovery rate was 66.7%. 106 surveys out of 159 were available for analysis using SPSS statistical program version 19.0.
RESULTS
Among 106 facilities, 58 (54.7%) reported that none of their children had a food allergy and 48 (45.3%) reported one more children had a food allergy. Total number of children having a food allergy was 71. Among them, the occurrences of food allergy in males were significantly more than that of the females (p < 0.001). Further, children under 2 years of age had significantly more food allergy than the other ages (p < 0.001). The allergic inducing foods were nuts (23.3%), egg (17.8%), milk and dairy products (16.4%), fish and shellfish (13.7%), instant foods (12.3%), fruits (8.2%), soybean (4.1%), meat (2.7%), and cereals (1.4%) in order, and 6 children out of 71 were allergic to more than 2 food items. The clinical symptoms of the food allergy were a skin reaction (87.9%) and an oropharyngeal & respiratory reaction (12.1%). Majority of childcare facilities (80.3%) didn't serve alternative foods for children with food allergy. Necessity for food allergy education was significantly higher in facilities with food allergy issues than without such issues.
CONCLUSIONS
The Center for Children's Foodservice Management need to educate workers of childcare facilities and parents about managing food allergy and enforce a plan to provide alternative menu to children with food allergies.

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Knowledge and management of food allergy by parents of preschool children who experience food allergies
Seung Hui Kim, Seung-Min Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(2): 184. CrossRef
Cleaning Methods to Effectively Remove Peanut Allergens from Food Facilities or Utensil Surfaces
Sol-A Kim, Jeong-Eun Lee, Jaemin Shin, Won-Bo Shim
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Risk factors for food allergy among children in Seoul: focusing on dietary habits and environmental factors
Mijung Jang, KyooSang Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 559. CrossRef
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An Deok Seo, Jun Yeol Lee, Song I Yang, Hye Ran Lee, So-Yeon Lee
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[English]
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City: Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung Hea Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):197-207. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.197

Abstract PDF: OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the sources of vitamin D (duration of exposure to sunlight, intake of major food sources for vitamin D or vitamin D supplements) on the serum 25-(OH) D3 levels, and the physical growth of a child.
METHODS
Subjects were 296 children aged 1 to 5 years who visited S hospital located in Changwon City. Survey data collection was carried out by direct interview method, and the biochemical data were collected using hospital records.
RESULTS
The study subjects were divided into three groups according to their levels of serum 25-(OH) D3 (deficient, relatively insufficient, sufficient) and their percentage were 48.3%, 44.3% and 7.4% respectively. The average concentration of serum 25-(OH) D3 was 20.41 +/- 6.55 ng/mL, which was relatively insufficient. The average duration of exposure to sunlight was 58.86 +/- 49.18 minutes/day. A total score of vitamin D major food sources was 46.71 points (full marks 153), and the most frequently consumed food items were milk, eggs, and cheese. Thirty-four percent of the subjects took vitamin D supplements and their dose were 11.96 microg/day. Three vitamin D sources in sufficient group were higher than deficient or relatively insufficient group significantly. Intake of vitamin D supplements showed positive relation (+) and high explanation power (R2= 0.288) on serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration, but intake of vitamin D major food sources (+) and the duration of exposure to sunlight (+) had a low explanation power (R2= 0.068). The relations between serum 25-(OH) D3 concentration and physical growth (height and weight) were shown as negative (??, and their explanation powers were low as 7.3% and 5.9% respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study results can be useful when discussing the intake standard of vitamin D and the effective intake method for children. In addition, it will be helpful to build the children's nutrition policy and to plan the nutrition education program to improve the vitamin D status in children.

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[English]
The Development of a Nutrition Education Program for Low-income Family Children by applying the Social Cognitive Theory and Health Belief Model: Saes Byoul Lee, Yu Ri Jeong, Hyo Jin Ahn, Min Ji Ahn, Su A Ryu, Nam E Kang, Se Young Oh; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(3):165-177. Published online June 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.3.165

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

OBJECTIVES
Based on individual and environmental characteristics of low-income children, we developed a nutrition education program for school-aged children from low-income families according to effective use in social welfare centers.
METHODS
We conducted in-depth group interviews to assess program needs in 28 participants, 10 low-income school-aged children and 9 of their care givers, 9 social workers and 9 care-givers. Theoretical backgrounds of our program were heath belief model and social cognitive theory considering motivation, action and environment characteristics.
RESULTS
Based on the findings of this qualitative study, we developed major program themes and contents. Five selected key themes were 'balanced diet', 'processed food', 'food hygiene and safety', 'Korean healthy traditional diet', and 'family cooking' to induce changes in dietary behaviors. Main findings of in-depth group interviews included 'child's active participation', 'simple and easy to understand messages', and 'environmental constraints' such as a lack of child care at home, limited budget of social welfare centers, and less qualified educators for nutrition and health. Each lesson was constructed as a 1-hour program particularly emphasizing activity-based programs, including cooking and teamwork exercises. Program contents in each session consisted of activities that could induce outcome and value expectations, self-efficacy, perceived benefits, and barriers and cues to actions regarding diet behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
We developed a nutrition education programthat is rarely available for low-income children in Korea, considering theoretical bases. Further studies are needed to validate our program.

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Status of Dietary Life Related Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, Food Preference and Dietary Behavior of Preschoolers in Kyunggi Area
A Reum Lee, Ye Lee Yu, Hye Jin Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(3): 274. CrossRef
Perception on Optimal Diet, Diet Problems and Factors Related to Optimal Diet Among Young Adult Women Using Focus Group Interviews: Based on Social Cognitive Theory
Hye Jin Kim, A Reum Lee, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(4): 332. CrossRef

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[English]
The Development and Validation of Eating Behavior Test Form for Infants and Young Children: Youngshin Han, Su An Kim, Yoonna Lee, Jeongmee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(1):1-10. Published online February 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.1

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to develop and validate Eating Behaviors Test form (EBT) for infants and young children, including eating behaviors of their parents and parental feeding practices.
METHODS
Draft version of EBT form was developed after a pretest on 83 mothers. It was consisted of 42 questions including 3 components; eating behavior of children, eating behavior of parents, and parental feeding practices. Using these questionnaires, the first survey was conducted on 320 infants and children, 1 to 6 year old, for exploratory factor analysis, and the second survey was collected on 731 infants and children for confirmatory factor analysis.
RESULTS
Exploratory factor analysis on 42 questions of EBT form resulted in 3 factor model for children's eating behavior, 3 factor model for parents' eating behavior, and 1 factor model for parental feeding practices. Three factors for children's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1, pickiness (reliability alpha=0.89; explanation of variance=27.79), factor 2, over activity (alpha=0.80, explanation of variance=16.51), and factor 3, irregularity (alpha=0.59, explanation of variance=10.01). Three factors for mother's eating behavior could be explained as follows; factor 1,irregularities (alpha=0.73, explanation of variance=21.73), factor 2, pickiness (alpha=0.65, explanation of variance= 20.16), and factor 3, permissiveness (alpha=0.60, explanation of variance=19.13). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed an acceptance fit for these models. Internal consistencies for these factors were above 0.6.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicated that EBT form is a valid tool to measure comprehensive eating and feeding behaviors for infants and young children.

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[English]
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Metabolic Abnormalities in Korea Children and Adolescents and Nutrient intakes: Using 2008 the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Hang Me Nam, Mi Ja Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):133-141. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.133

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), metabolic abnormalities, and nutrient intakes in Korea children and adolescents using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008.
METHODS
A sample of 838 children and adolescent males (n = 442) and females (n = 396) aged 10-18 was used from the 2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome subjects was adapted from modified National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III by Ford. To compare nutrient intakes, we used a judgment sampling. The first group was composed of all children and adolescents (n = 46) with MS. The second one along with the first group had children and adolescents with the same age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) but without MS (n = 46). The control group like the first two had children and adolescents with same sex and same age but with normal BMI and without MS (n = 46).
RESULTS
In this randomized controlled controlled trial, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 5.8%. The risk factors was associated with the MS were abdominal obesity 9.4%, hypertriglyceridemia 25.0%, low HDL-cholesterol 10.3%, hypertension 23.4%, and hyperglycemia 7.1%. Among metabolic abnormalities, blood pressure was significantly affected by sex, age and obesity. On the other hand, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and waist circumference were directly linked to obesity. There were no significant differences in nutrient intakes among the three groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of MS was higher in children (10-11 years old) than in adolescents (12-18 years old). There was a difference in hypertension among risk factors by gender, and there were no significant differences in nutrient intakes.

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[English]
Evaluation of Food Behavior and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Nowon-gu of Seoul by Using Nutrition Quotient (NQ): Jung Hee Kim, Yeon Hyang Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(1):1-11. Published online February 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.1.1

Abstract PDF

The objectives of this study were to assess food behavior and nutritional status of preschool children by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children and children's growth index. The subjects for this study were 424, 5-year old children, who enrolled in child-care centers (n = 219) and kindergartens (n = 205) in Nowon-gu, Seoul. The NQ was examined by NQ questionnaire which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. Their items were grouped into 5 categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Children's anthropometric measurements were performed by using InBody J05. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS 9.3 and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and X2-test. The rates of overweight and obesity for subjects were 11.1% and 3.3%, respectively. Total NQ score of the subjects was 65.1, which was within medium grade. The NQ score of kindergartens (66.1) was higher than that of child-care center (64.2), showing significant difference by institution type. In addition, the NQ score of obesity was significantly lower than that of normal weight subjects. The scores of balance (p < 0.05) and regularity factor (p < 0.001) were higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Particularly, the frequency of consumption of white milk and Ramyeon was higher (p < 0.001) and lower (p < 0.05) respectively in kindergarten compared to child-care center. Frequencies of meal regularity (P < 0.01) and breakfast eating (p < 0.001) were also higher in kindergarten compared to child-care center. These results indicate that kindergarten's children had better eating habits than those of child-care center. Overall analysis of items for food behavior checklists implies that children in Nowon-gu are short of vegetables consumption. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and to improve their nutritional status.

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Hee-Sook Lim, Soon-Kyung Kim, Yoon-Hyung Park, Young-Lim Shin
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2016; 25(4): 225. CrossRef
Development of nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P): Item selection and validation of factor structure
Jung-Sug Lee, Myung-Hee Kang, Tong-Kyung Kwak, Hae Rang Chung, Sehyug Kwon, Hye-Young Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang, Young-Sun Choi
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Yun-Jung Bae
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Ji Ho Chang, Hye Seung Lee, Eun Hee Kang
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The Effects of Low-sodium Diet Education Program on Dietary Habits, Diet Quality and Obesity Index in Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women
Soo Bin Jeong, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Jin Nam Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 513. CrossRef
Comparison of food and nutrient intake between weekday and weekend for elementary and middle school students by gender in Busan and some parts of Kyungsangnamdo
Mi Jeong Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2013; 46(4): 332. CrossRef
Nutritional Status, Quality of Diet and Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women with Mild Climacteric Symptoms Based on Food Group Intake Patterns
Okhwa Lee, Jinkyung Kim, Hansongyi Lee, Ryowon Choue
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(1): 69. CrossRef
Evaluation of Nutrient Intake and Anthropometric Parameters related to Obesity in Korean Female Adolescents according to Dietary Diversity Score: From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007-2009
Yun-Jung Bae
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(4): 419. CrossRef

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Randomized Controlled Trial

[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education Promoting Vegetable, Fruit, and Fish Intake on the Severity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: Results from a One-year Follow Up Study: Heejin Lee, Kangmo Ahn, Youngshin Han, Sang Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(5):515-524. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.5.515

Abstract PDF

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is believed to be associated with the intake of antioxidant nutrients and fatty acids due to its immunological dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of nutrition education promoting vegetable, fruit, and fish intake on the severity of AD in children. Children with AD aged 6 months to 5 years were randomly assigned into education and control groups, and followed for 1 year. Seventy-six children completed the study (38 for control, 38 for education). The education group received education promoting the intakes of antioxidant-rich foods (vegetables, fruits) and n-3 fatty acid foods (fish). A 24-hour food recall was collected for the diet information. After education, all vegetables (p < 0.001), fruits (p < 0.01), and fish (p < 0.05) intakes per 1000 kcal increased significantly in the education group, whereas only vegetable intake increased in the control group (p < 0.001). The SCORAD index, the severity of atopic dermatitis, decreased significantly in the education group (p < 0.05). Increased consumption of dietary vitamin E was significantly associated with reduction in the SCORAD index, after adjusting for age and gender (p < 0.05). A nutritional education program to increase vegetable, fruit, and fish intake may be effective in reducing the severity of AD, and vitamin E intake may be associated with the decreased severity of AD. More controlled studies on the relationship between these intakes and severity of AD, with intensive diet and/or supplement intervention programs, are needed to obtain conclusive results.

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Nutritional Intervention for a Korean Adolescent with Atopic Dermatitis: a Case Report
Sunghee Kim, Sung-Im Lee, Shin-Sook Kang
Clinical Nutrition Research.2021; 10(4): 364. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among atopic dermatitis children under 12 years of age: based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013–2015)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 141. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Factors Related to Calceneal Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation, Anthropometric Indexes and Nutrient Intakes among Elementary School Children in Chungnam: Ye Jung Kim, Yoon Jeong Choi, Hee Seon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):312-323. Published online August 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.312

Abstract PDF

Variables affecting bone heath of growing children were analyzed among forty nine 10-12 year old elementary students in three rural regions of north west Chungnam area. Information on age of the parents, duration of breast feeding and birth weight were collected from the guardians of the participants and nutrient intake and diet quality were assessed by average of three-day food records of participants with the help of dietitians. Bone health status was measured by calceneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) using quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Results showed that anthropometic indexes and nutrient intake levels were not different between boys and girls. However, iron intake was significantly lower in girls than in boys. Girls after menarche showed lower intake levels for thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine and niacin than girls before menarche. z-scores of BMI were lower than -1 and higher than +1 showed shorter breast feeding period than others but the difference was statistically non-significant. Overall, the subjects did not consume enough s of calcium, vitamin C and folic acid. Zinc intake and BMI were the most significant factors affecting BUA by the results of backward elimination in multiple regression models. Phosphorous and beta-carotene intakes showed significant negative relation with BUA. This study showed that children living in the rural area of Chungnam need extra care to keep their health and nutrient intakes especially for the nutrients known to affect growth. Tailored nutrition education needs to be more focused on the improvement of bone health status of children.

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Children's Food Intake and Nutrition Levels, and Obesity by Maternal Employment: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015
Geunyeong Kang, Yoonna Lee, Mihyang UM, Seunghee Kye
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(4): 331. CrossRef
Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13. CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Education on Elementary Children in After-school Program in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 222. CrossRef

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[English]
Development of 'Children's Food Avatar' Application for Dietary Education: Joo Han Cho, Sook Bae Kim, Soon Kyung Kim, Mi Hyun Kim, Gap Soo Kim, Se Na Kim, So Young Kim, Jeong Weon Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(4):299-311. Published online August 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.4.299

Abstract PDF

An educational application (App) called 'Children's Food Avatar' was developed in this study by using a food DB of nutrition and functionality from Rural Development Administration (RDA) as a smart-learning mobile device for elementary school students. This App was designed for the development of children's desirable dietary habits through an on-line activity of food choices for a meal from food DB of RDA provided as Green Water Mill guide. A customized avatar system was introduced as an element of fun and interactive animation for children which provides nutritional evaluation of selected foods by changing its appearance, facial look, and speech balloon, and consequently providing chances of correcting their food choices for balanced diet. In addition, nutrition information menu was included in the App to help children understand various nutrients, their function and healthy dietary life. When the App was applied to 54 elementary school students for a week in November, 2012, significant increases in the levels of knowledge, attitude and behavior in their diet were observed compared with those of the control group (p < 0.05, 0.01). Both elementary students and teachers showed high levels of satisfaction ranging from 4.30 to 4.89 for the App, therefore, it could be widely used for the dietary education for elementary school students as a smart-learning device.

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A Qualitative Study on the Potential Utilization of a Mobile Phone for Obesity Management in Elementary-School Children : Parents Perspective
Bo Young Lee, Mi-Young Park, Kirang Kim, Jea Eun Shim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(2): 117. CrossRef
Effects of Nutrition Education Using Dietary Guidebook in Higher Grade Elementary Students of Jeonbuk Area
Mi-Ran Park, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(1): 13. CrossRef
Development of Education Materials as a Card News Format for Nutrition Management of Pregnant and Lactating Women
Young-Hee Han, Jung Hyun Kim, Min Jun Lee, Taeksang Yoo, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(3): 248. CrossRef
A study on Consumer's Needs for Development of Diet Guide Application for Pregnant Women
Sook-Bae Kim, Jeong-Weon Kim, Mi-Hyun Kim, Young-Sook Cho, Se-Na Kim, Hee-Sook Lim, Soon-Kyung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 588. CrossRef

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[English]
Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, and Dietary Behavior among Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Na Yeon Noh, So Young Nam, Hee Suk Kang, Ji Eun Lee, Soo Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(2):101-111. Published online April 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.2.101

Abstract PDF

Type 1 diabetes is on the rise worldwide. Although nutrition education for patients with diabetes has become a routine practice, specifics and impacts of such educations need to be more researched. This study examined the status of nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude, and dietary behavior among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (9-19 year-old) and explored factors influencing dietary behaviors related to diabetes by applying the Theory of Planned Behavior. Face-to-face interviews, using a pre-tested structured questionnaire, were conducted with 32 participants (11 boys and 21 girls) with type 1 diabetes followed by a diabetes clinic in a university hospital. This study found that the level of nutrition knowledge related to diabetes was generally low at 4 points out of a possible 10, however, the dietary attitude related to diabetes was found to be generally good at 26 points out of a possible 30. Participants were motivated to follow medical staff recommendations the most; however, their family was also important. Perceived behavioral control was low especially for eating-out and portion control. The dietary behavior related to blood glucose control showed low at 13 points out of a possible 20. Regression analysis showed that perceived behavioral control (p < 0.001) was significantly related to the dietary behavior related to blood glucose control. This rare study with children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes showed that nutrition education should include a component to improve perceived behavioral control through high-risk situation management.

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Spatial Distribution of Diabetes Prevalence Rates and Its Relationship with the Regional Characteristics
Eun-Kyung Jo, Eun-Won Seo, Kwang-Soo Lee
Health Policy and Management.2016; 26(1): 30. CrossRef

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[English]
The Relationship among Insulin Resistance, Blood Profiles and Nutrient Intake in Overweight or Obese Children and Adolescents: Jae Hee Kim, Eun Kyung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):530-542. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.530

Abstract PDF

The purposes of this study were to investigate blood profiles and nutrient intakes of groups that are different in obese levels, and to find the credible predictor of insulin resistance. The subjects were classified as normal weight (%IBW < or = 110), obese without MS and obese with MS according to IDF definition of the risk group in metabolic syndrome (MS). Subjects of this study were included 137 (59 boys, 78 girls) free living children and adolescents (mean age 12.6 +/- 3.4 years) in Gangneung area, South Korea. %IBW of normal weight (94.9%), obese without MS (123.8%) and obese with MS (131.5%) were significantly different among groups. HOMA-IR had positive correlations with TG (r = 0.634), waist circumference (r = 0.553), atherogenic index (r = 0.513), %IBW (r = 0.453) and ALT (r = 0.360), but showed negative correlations with HDL cholesterol (r = -0.417, p < 0.001). HOMA-IR showed positive correlation with polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05). The energy intake of obese with MS was 1762 kcal/day which was not significantly different from those of normal weight and obese without MS. Total fatty acid intakes of two obese groups were significantly higher than that of normal weight. The results of this study suggest that waist circumference and ALT as well as TG, atherogenic index and weight can be credible indices to predict the insulin resistance in children and in adolescents. In addition, nutrition education and adequate diet should be provided to prevent MS in children and in adolescents.

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Assessment of dietary quality and nutrient intake of obese children in Changwon area
Ji-Sook Park, Ha-Neul Choi, Jae-Young Kim, Sang-Hyuk Ma, Jung-Eun Yim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(6): 630. CrossRef
Biochemical Index, Nutrition Label Use, and Weight Control Behavior in Female Adolescents: Using the 2010 and 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Ja Choi, Hyun-Ju Jo, Mi-Kyung Kim
Clinical Nutrition Research.2020; 9(1): 32. CrossRef
Factors associated with Obesity among Korean Adolescents based on the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016)
Hyun Young Koo, Eun Kyung Lee
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Effects of interaction betweenSLC12A3polymorphism, salt-sensitive gene, and sodium intake on risk of child obesity
Joohyun Jung, Myoungsook Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(1): 32. CrossRef
Evaluation of Eating Behavior and Nutritional Status Using the Nutrition Quotient in Obese Children
Hee-Sook Lim, Soon-Kyung Kim, Yoon-Hyung Park, Young-Lim Shin
The Korean Journal of Obesity.2016; 25(4): 225. CrossRef

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[English]
Implementation and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Programs Focusing on Increasing Vegetables, Fruits and Dairy Foods Consumption for Preschool Children: Su Min Oh, Ye Lee Yu, Hye In Choi, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):517-529. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.517

Abstract PDF

The purpose of the study was to implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for preschool children. Applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, the nutrition education program was developed and focused on changing beliefs, increasing nutrition knowledge and consumption of vegetables & fruits (V/F) and dairy foods. Subjects were children attending a childcare center in Seoulwho were grouped into education (n = 33) and control group (n = 32). Education group received four sessions of nutrition education during 2011 fall. Both groups completed the questionnaire at pretest and posttest, measuring nutrition knowledge, beliefs, and preferences of V/F and eating behaviors. Compared to control group, education group made significant gains in total score of nutrition knowledge after the education (p < 0.05). In addition, the pretest-posttest changes in total score of beliefs regarding V/F consumption and eating behaviors were higher in the education group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Two groups were significantly different in the pretest-posttest changes in specific beliefs regarding the benefits of V/F consumption and some eating behavior. However, there were no changes in the preferences of vegetables or fruits between the two groups after the education. The consumption of V/F and dairy foods was not significantly different after the education. This study revealed that nutrition education for preschoolers was effective in improving nutrition knowledge and perceived benefits regarding V/F consumption and specific eating behavior. This study suggested that more intensive education is needed to induce changes in eating behaviors. This program can be used in nutrition education of children at the childcare centers or kindergartens.

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Pilot evaluation of a cooking-based nutrition education program to promote vegetable intake among children in Seoul, South Korea: a single-group pre–post study
Sil-Ah Kim, Su-Jin Lee, Min-Ah Kim, Ji-Eun Oh, Sohyun Park, Hyun-Joo Ryou, Ji-Yun Hwang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(4): 249. CrossRef
Changes in the importance and performance of low-sodium management among childcare center cooks in Yongin, South Korea, after salinometer support programs: a descriptive study
Jiwoo Min, Youngmi Lee, Yunhee Chang, Yujin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 304. CrossRef
Development of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for dietary intake of elementary school children: data from the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Minji Jung, Eunhee Ha, Oran Kwon, Hyesook Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(4): 747. CrossRef
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Femke Loose, Liselot Hudders, Ini Vanwesenbeeck, Steffi De Jans
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Effectiveness of nutrition education intervention focusing on fruits and vegetables in children aged six years and under: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sumin An, Hyejin Ahn, Jeonghyeon Woo, Young Yun, Yoo Kyoung Park
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(5): 515. CrossRef
Development of nutrition quotient for elementary school children to evaluate dietary quality and eating behaviors
Jung-Sug Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sehyug Kwon, Hae-Rang Chung, Tong-Kyung Kwak, Myung-Hee Kang, Young-Sun Choi, Hye-Young Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(6): 629. CrossRef
Effectiveness of Teacher-Led Nutritional Lessons in Altering Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status in Preschool Children: Adoption of a NASA Mission X-Based Program
Jieun Kim, Gilsook Kim, Jinah Park, Youfa Wang, Hyunjung Lim
Nutrients.2019; 11(7): 1590. CrossRef
Fruit and vegetable intakes in relation to behavioral outcomes associated with a nutrition education intervention in preschoolers
Eun Byul Choi, Ji Eun Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang
Nutrition Research and Practice.2018; 12(6): 521. CrossRef
Assessment of Foodservice and Cooking Program for Children Attending Community Child Centers in Korea
Sooyoun Kwon, Yoonjae Yeoh
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2016; 26(3): 223. CrossRef
The Development of Sugar Intake Reduction Test for Young Children
Nam-Hee Kim, Jee-Young Yeon, Mi-Hyun Kim
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(5): 818. CrossRef
Status of Dietary Life Related Knowledge, Self-Efficacy, Food Preference and Dietary Behavior of Preschoolers in Kyunggi Area
A Reum Lee, Ye Lee Yu, Hye Jin Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(3): 274. CrossRef
Assessment on Dietary Diversity According to Korean Dietary Pattern Score of Korean Adolescents and Children: Using 2007~2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2015; 31(5): 660. CrossRef
A Study on the Actual State of Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Attitude, Eating Behavior, Physical Ability and Locomotion of Children Aged 5 Years in Siheung-city
Se-Hee Pyo, Hyun-Joo Kang
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 760. CrossRef

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[English]
Comparison of Food and Nutrient Consumption Status between Displaced North Korean Children in South Korea and South Korean Children: Soo Kyung Lee, So Young Nam; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):407-418. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.407

Abstract PDF

Many displaced North Koreans (NK) are living in South Korea (SK); however nutrition research with the displaced NK is limited. This study examined food and nutrient consumption status of displaced NK children (6-18 year-old) currently living in SK. A total of 154 children were recruited, and a pre-tested dietary behavior questionnaire, food frequency questionnaire, 24-hr recall method were used. Sex- and age-matched SK children (n = 462) randomly selected from 2009-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used as the comparison group. This study found that more NK children skipped breakfast (37%) and dinner (11%), and ate breakfast (38.8%) and dinner (18.2%) without family members than SK children. Many NK children reported that they rarely ate bread, rice cake, hamburger, pizza, fried food, candy. NK children consumed significantly less energy and nutrients (except calcium) and obtained more energy from fat and protein than SK children. Overall index of nutrient quality in NK children, however, was generally good. Length of stay in SK and breakfast skipping rates were significantly associated with lower diet quality. Therefore, nutrition education with displaced NK children should target those who recently came to SK. How to incorporate "new" foods, generally high in energy, sugar, or fat, in healthy ways and importance of breakfast should be emphasized. The growth patterns of the displaced NK children who were born and raised in food-deprived environments and will grow in food-affluent environments of SK should be monitored for health promotion of the NK children and for nutrition policy of the future united Korea.

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Changes in the Prevalence of Malnutrition and Obesity of Children from North Korean Refugee Families in South Korea: Three Repeated Surveys from 2017 to 2023
Seong-Woo Choi, So-Yeong Kim
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(3): 224. CrossRef
Changes in the Nutritional Status of Children from North Korean Refugee Families Following Resettlement in South Korea
So-Yeong Kim, Hyae-Min Gu, Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2023; 27(2): 102. CrossRef
Growth and Nutritional Status of Children in North Korean Refugee Families
Seong-Woo Choi
Journal of The Korean Society of Maternal and Child Health.2020; 24(2): 96. CrossRef
Double burden of malnutrition and obesity in children and adolescents from North Korean refugee families
So-Young Kim, Seong-Woo Choi, Madhavi Bhargava
PLOS ONE.2020; 15(11): e0241963. CrossRef
Changes in body weight and food security of adult North Korean refugees living in South Korea
HaYoung Jeong, Soo-Kyung Lee, Sin-Gon Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2017; 11(4): 307. CrossRef
Growth retardation at early life and metabolic adaptation among North Korean children
S.-K. Lee, S.-Y. Nam, D. J. Hoffman
Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease.2015; 6(4): 291. CrossRef
Food security experiences of displaced North Korean households
Soo-Kyung Lee, So-Young Nam
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(2): 198. CrossRef
Food security experiences of displaced North Korean households
Soo-Kyung Lee, So-Young Nam
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(2): 198. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Fusion-Food Cooking Activity on Elementary School Students' Knowledge, Preferences and Perceptions of Korean Traditional Foods: Jeong Hae Bae, Kyoung Ae Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(4):376-389. Published online August 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.4.376

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to develop a fusion-food cooking program and apply that to sixth grade elementary school students, and to investigate its' effects on their knowledge, preferences, and perceptions of Korean traditional foods. The program focused on ten components. Students learned the general features of Korean traditional foods and Western foods in the 1st lesson. They learnt about kinds, nutrition value, and histories of kimchi, Tteok (rice cake), and Jeon (pan fried food), and cooked two fusion-foods of kimchi, Tteok, and Jeon each. As a result of learning about those food items, the students advanced their knowledge (p < 0.001) of kimchi, Tteok, and Jeon. Their preferences for Tteok (p < 0.05) and Jeon (p < 0.01) were increased, but those for kimchi remained unchanged. The interest (p < 0.05) and preferences (p < 0.01) for the general Korean traditional foods were increased. In conclusion, our results suggested that the fusion-food cooking program had the ability to improve elementary school students' perceptions of Korean traditional foods by increasing their knowledge, preferences, and interest in them. Furthermore it was considered that the program could help students understand the value of Korean traditional foods and in turn may encourage them to consume such food items more frequently. Since the fusion-food cooking activity program can be a good learning program as shown by the results of this study, more fusion-foods cooking activity programs, which are not discussed in this study, should be evaluated and developed in the future.

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Traditional Food Consumption and Cultural Food Knowledge in Korean and Japanese Elementary School Students
Jiyu Choi, Sooyoun Kwon, Sang-Jin Chung
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(2): 218. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on the General and Nutritional Information of Children's Preference Foods Sold in the Middle, High School Stores: Sim Yeol Lee, Seung Sin Lee, Gyoung Mi Kim, Soo Chang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):302-311. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.302

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for better safety control over children's preference foods sold in school stores. The survey was conducted from June to July 2009, to collect 749 types of children's preference foods sold in 150 middle and high school stores nation-wide excluding Jeju Island and general and nutrition information were analyzed. Out of 749 types of snack food items, 689 and 602 snacks were sold at high school and middle school stores respectively. Among children's preference foods, cookies, bread, and ice-cream were the main items. Among them, 98% of snacks were domestic products and the price range of each individual snacks were mostly between 600 and 900 won. 27.8% of children's preference foods sold were found to be in the high calorie/low nutrition food group. Even though the proportion of candy and fruit/vegetable beverages sold were not high, their proportion in high calorie/low nutrition snack group were higher than 68.1%. Among the children's preference foods sold in middleand high school stores, carbonated drinks and ramen were continuously sold in certain middle and high schools, even though sales were prohibited. This study concludes that government, corporations and retailers should work together in developing healthier children's snack distribution environment. In addition, dairy products, which take up 15% of children's preference food, should be diversified to meet their nutrient requirements.

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Why are restricted food items still sold after the implementation of the school store policy? the case of South Korea
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Food Policy.2019; 83: 161. CrossRef
Korean Adolescents’ Energy Intake of Selected Foods by Eating Place from 1998 to 2012 During Implementation of Two National School Nutrition Policies
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition.2018; 13(1): 116. CrossRef
Health behavior and status associated with junk food consumption in adolescents: Data from the Korea youth risk behavior web-based survey
Young-Taek Doo
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2016; 33(2): 15. CrossRef
Sodium-related Eating Behaviors of Parents and Its Relationship to Eating Behaviors of Their Preschool Children
Ye Seul Kim, Hong Mie Lee, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(1): 11. CrossRef
Use of School Tuck-shop and Desire for Healthy Tuck-shop among High School Students in Daejeon Metropolitan City According to Snack Frequency
Yeon-Jeong Kim, Yoonsuk Suh, Young-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2013; 22(5): 507. CrossRef

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[English]
The Comparison of Growth and Nutrient Intakes in Children with and without Atopic Dermatitis: Seung Joo Park, Jae Sun Lee, Kangmo Ahn, Sang Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):271-279. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.271

Abstract PDF

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has increased recently all over the world. Several studies worldwide reported growth retardation associated with AD, but few studies were reported in Korea. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identity the differences in growth and nutrient intakes between Korean children with and without AD. The participants were 71 AD children and age, gender-matched 81 control children aged 10 to 36 months. Demographic information was gathered by questionnaires. Height and weight were measured at clinic and health centers. Height and weight for age, and weight for height were converted as deviation in Z scores using World Health Organization Standard. A 24 hour dietary recall method was performed to estimate nutrient intakes. A higher percentage of AD children had insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and vitamin B2 , defined as intakes lower than 75% of the Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean, compared to the control group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P = 0.014, P = 0.001, respectively). The percentages of children with height and weight for age Z score below than-1 (stunted) were significantly higher in the AD group (P < 0.001 0.001 and P < 0.001 0.001, respectively). Multiple food restriction, defined as > or = 3 food elimination, was associated with insufficient energy and intakes of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, vitamins A and B2 . In conclusion, children with AD need regular nutrient assessment and education about alternative food choices to avoid r food elimination in order to prevent growth retardation or inadequate nutrient intakes. Further longitudinal studies for growth and nutrient intakes should be performed to understand the patterns of growth in children with AD.

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Relationship between intake of soft drinks and current prevalence of adult atopic dermatitis: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2015-2016)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(5): 501. CrossRef
The status of food allergy and parental burden of preschoolers in Jeju area
Jeong Eun Oh, Eunyoung Kim, Yunkyoung Lee
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Evaluation of nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among atopic dermatitis children under 12 years of age: based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013–2015)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
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Hye-Ran Shin, Sook-Bae Kim
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Eun-Sil Her, Bo-Young Seo
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Food allergic reactions in the community: a questionnaire survey of caregivers
An Deok Seo, Jun Yeol Lee, Song I Yang, Hye Ran Lee, So-Yeon Lee
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Nutrient intakes of infants with atopic dermatitis and relationship with feeding type
Youngshin Han, Youngmi Lee, Haeryun Park, Sunyoung Park, Kyunghee Song
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Perception on food allergy labelling and management of nutritional education among higher grade elementary school students in Jeju area
Yunkyoung Lee, Hyun-Hee Kim, Yang-Sook Ko
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Jae Young Park, Ga Young Park, Young Shin Han, Mee Yong Shin
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Nutrient Intake and Food Restriction in Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Hyunjin Lim, Kyunghee Song, Ran Kim, Jiyeon Sim, Eunah Park, Kangmo Ahn, Jihyun Kim, Youngshin Han
Clinical Nutrition Research.2013; 2(1): 52. CrossRef

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[English]
The Relationship between High Energy/Low Nutrient Food Consumption and Obesity among Korean Children and Adolescents: Gyu Jin Heo, So Young Nam, Soo Kyung Lee, Sang Jin Chung, Ji hyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):226-242. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.226

Abstract PDF

Consumption of foods with high energy and low nutrient values has been linked to various health issues including obesity and chronic diseases. This study investigated the high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption status and its relationship with obesity status and intake of energy and nutrients, using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The prevalence of overweight and obesity among 2-18 year-olds was 8.4% and 10.8% in 2008 and 8.5% and 9.0% in 2009, respectively, in KNHANES. The prevalence of obesity among 12-18 year-olds was 13.9% in 2008 and 11.4% in 2009 in KNHANES, while it was 8.1% in 2008 and 8.2% in 2009 in KYRBWS. Consumption patterns of high-energy/low-nutrient foods were diverse depending on the particular food type. High-energy/low-nutrient foods such as cookies were most often consumed more frequently (2~3 times per week), but fast food type foods were generally consumed less frequently (once per week or less). No significant relationships between high-energy/low-nutrient food consumption and level of energy and nutrient intakes were found in either datasets. Adolescents who were not obese more frequently consumed ramen (p < 0.001), cookies (p < 0.001) and fast food (p < 0.001) than those who were obese in KYRBWS, however, such relationships were not found in KNHANES. This direction of the relationship could be probably attributed to the cross-sectional nature of the datasets. This study was limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data, therefore, further longitudinal research using various study techniques would be necessary to understand the effects of high-energy/low-nutrient foods on child obesity.

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[English]
The Current Status of Foodservice Management in the Restaurants Participating in the Government-funded Children's Model Program in Korea during Summer Vacation: Jinyoung Kim, Sooyoun Kwon, Youngmi Lee, Haelim Choi, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(2):182-193. Published online April 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.2.182

Abstract PDF

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of food service management in the restaurants participating in the government-funded children's meal program during summer vacation. A mail survey was conducted with individuals who worked in the restaurants participating in the government-funded children's meal program in Seoul during the summer vacation in 2010. A total of 600 questionnaires were distributed to 274 Chinese, 235 Bunsik and 91 Korean restaurants, which were selected using proportionate stratified sampling by regions and types of operations. A total of 138 usable questionnaires (23.0%) were returned and analyzed. The results showed that over half (57.2%) of the restaurants did not employ any certified cooks. Most of the restaurants (97.8%) provided side dishes; among them, only 42% planned menus for side dishes in advance and only a half changed side dish menus periodically. The suggested reasonable reimbursement rate per meal for children using restaurants differed by types of restaurants; the percentage of restaurants having responded 5,000 won or higher was the highest in Chinese restaurants. This study revealed that food service in the restaurants participating in the government-funded children's meal program was not properly managed during summer vacation, especially in terms of menu and food production. This study also showed that the suggested reasonable reimbursement rate of meals for children using restaurants differed by types of restaurants, implying that adjusting the reimbursement rate according to types of restaurants should be considered in the government-funded children's meal program.

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A comparison study of hygiene status in meals for poorly-fed children through microbiological analysis
Ok-Kyeong Yu, Hyun-Suk Kim, Moon-Sun Byun, Mina Kim, Youn-Soo Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(3): 214. CrossRef
A Survey of Satisfaction with Quality attributes of Meal Services for Low-income Children in Wonju
Hae Sook Oh
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2014; 25(2): 233. CrossRef

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[English]
Change of Children's Meal Structure in Terms of Temporal and Spatial Dimensions : Analysis of the Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 1998 and 2009: Youngmi Lee, Jae Eun Shim, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(1):109-118. Published online February 29, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.1.109

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to characterize changes in the meal structure of Korean children in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. The data of 1,891 and 1,627 school-aged children and adolescents extracted respectively from the 1998 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were analyzed by gender, age group, and residential area. From 1998 to 2009, the total eating events increased from 4.3 to 4.6 (p = 0.001); the average number of meal intake decreased from 2.8 to 2.7 (p < 0.001) while that of snack intake increased from 1.5 to 1.9 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of "3 meals a day" pattern tended to decrease while that of "2 meals a day" pattern increased over the years. Especially, the "2 meals a day" pattern with "lunch + dinner" increased from 13% in 1998 to 20% in 2009. The percentage of eating breakfast or dinner at home decreased over the years. These results indicate that over the last decade, "destructuration" occurred in Korean children's meal structure in terms of temporal and spatial dimensions. Especially, such alteration was more distinctive in male than female and in the high school-aged group than the elementary or middle school-aged groups. Overall, the difference of meal structure between genders and residential areas became smaller while the difference among age groups became larger over the years.

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Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Children and Adolescent According to the Meal Frequency: The 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Yonghoon Ji, Junhee Park, Jun-Hyun Yoo
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2022; 12(3): 158. CrossRef
Evaluation of Dietary Quality and Nutritional Status according to the Use of Nutrition Labeling and Nutrition Claims among University Students in Chungbuk Area: Based on Nutrition Quotient
Yun-Jung Bae, Seo Young Park, Hye-Rin Bak
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 179. CrossRef
Korean Adolescents’ Energy Intake of Selected Foods by Eating Place from 1998 to 2012 During Implementation of Two National School Nutrition Policies
Seul Ki Choi, Edward A. Frongillo, Christine E. Blake, James F. Thrasher
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Yoonjung Kim, Sung Nim Han
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(5): 463. CrossRef
Nutrient intakes and frequently consumed foods among Korean adults according to the intake frequency of Baechu (Chinese cabbage) kimchi: Based on the 2012~2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ae-Wha Ha, Se-Young Ju
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The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(5): 849. CrossRef
Bite Force and Lip Closing Force Measurement in Preschool Children
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Assessment on Dietary Diversity According to Korean Dietary Pattern Score of Korean Adolescents and Children: Using 2007~2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
Yong-Suk Kwon, Yangsuk Kim
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Jung Mi Kim, Mi Hee Lee, Nan Hee Lee
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(4): 299. CrossRef
Current Status and Strategic Plan of Nutrition Education Comparing Nutrition Teachers with Dietitians in Schools, Gyeonggi Area
Young-sun Hong, Joung-hee Lee
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[English]
Influencing Factors on the Dietary supplements Consumption among Children in Korea: Jeeyeon Lee, Dohee Kim, Yoonna Lee, Eunmi Koh, Youngsoo Jang, Hyeyoung Lee, Youngae Jang, Cho il Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):740-750. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.740

Abstract PDF

With a recent increase in dietary supplements (DS) consumption among children in Korea, this study was performed to examine the influencing factors on children's DS consumption. A nationwide survey was conducted employing 3 representative samples of children for summer & fall of 2008 and spring of 2009 by stratified multistage sampling of 120 survey sites per season based on the 2005 census population. Approximately 30 households from each survey site were screened for residing children of 0-19 years and about 1,700 households remained as eligible samples per season. Trained dietitians visited households to perform face-to-face interview to children and/or parents regarding DS consumption including health functional foods (HFF), vitamins/minerals (V/M) supplements and other food supplements during 1 month prior to interview. Out of 5,328 children responded, 18.7% reported DS consumption. Consumption rate was higher in boys (19.9% vs. 17.3% in girls, P < 0.05) and youngsters (22.8% compared to 15.0% in adolescents, P < 0.001). Children from higher income family (P < 0.001), those living in apartments (P < 0.001), those residing in metropolitan area (P < 0.001), and those of mothers with higher education (P < 0.001) were more likely to take DS. Also, mother's employment status and occupation were significantly associated with children's DS consumption. The most popular DS was HFF (72.1%), which was consumed more in children of higher income family. It is revealed that socioeconomic factors affect children's DS consumption significantly. Also it is necessary to estimate children's V/M intake from DS and foods together especially because there are tolerable upper limits set for V/M for safety purposes.

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Jinkyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 468. CrossRef
Use of vitamin and mineral supplements and related variables among university students in Seoul
Jung-Hwa Choi, Youjin Je
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Dong Soo Kang, Kun Song Lee
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Dietary Supplements Use and Related Factors of Preschoolers in 3 Korean Cities
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[English]
Excessive Food Restriction in Children with Atopic Dermititis: Seokhwa Lee, Heejin Lee, Youngshin Han, Kangmo Ahn, Sangil Lee, Sang Jin Chung; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):627-635. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.627

Abstract PDF

The prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis (AD), a non-infective chronic inflammatory skin disease, is increasing worldwide. Avoiding the allergen is the basic principle in the treatment of AD. However, when the allergen is food, excessive restriction can lead to nutrition deficiency. The objective of the study was to examine the status of the dietary restriction and compare the caregiver's restriction practice with doctor's recommendation in Korean children with AD. A total of 158 children diagnosed with Atopic Dermatitis were recruited for this study. Information about foods that aggravate AD symptoms and food restriction were collected from the mothers of 158 children aged 6 month-5 year with AD using questionnaires. Food restriction recommendation by doctor was collected through medical chart. McNemar and Margianl homogeneity tests were used to detect a relationship between food restriction recommended by doctor and current practice by mother. There were significant proportion differences of food restriction for each food between by doctor and mother. We found 75.9% of children were avoiding eggs although only 61.4% were recommended for egg restriction by a doctor. Children with restriction of more than 4 kinds of food were 53.2% compared to 13.3% by doctor. Excessive restrictors tended to be younger and diagnosed at younger age. The caregivers of excessive restrictors had trends of "being older" and "having higher income". Avoidance of common foods in children without food allergy could result in malnutrition or impaired growth. Nutrition education is needed for sound practice and nutrition care in children with Atopic Dermatitis as well as interactive communication between caregivers and experts.

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Relationship between intake of soft drinks and current prevalence of adult atopic dermatitis: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2015-2016)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2021; 54(5): 501. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutritional status and adequacy of energy and nutrient intakes among atopic dermatitis children under 12 years of age: based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2013–2015)
Hye Won Kim, Ji-Myung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(2): 141. CrossRef
Risk factors for food allergy among children in Seoul: focusing on dietary habits and environmental factors
Mijung Jang, KyooSang Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(6): 559. CrossRef
Study on Food-Intake and Atopic Dermatitis among Adolescents : Findings from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey
Jee Hye Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2016; 22(2): 79. CrossRef
Comparison of elementary school students in atopy-friendly and general schools for their knowledge about environmentally-friendly produces and practice levels for dietary guidelines
Sang-Mi Lee, Hoikyung Kim
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2014; 23(4): 733. CrossRef
The Comparison of Growth and Nutrient Intakes in Children with and without Atopic Dermatitis
Seung-joo Park, Jae Sun Lee, Kangmo Ahn, Sang-Jin Chung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(3): 271. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Short-Term Food Additive Nutrition Education Including Hands-on Activities on Food Label Use and Processed-Food Consumption Behaviors: among 5th Grade Elementary School Students: Ji Hye Kim, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(5):539-547. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.5.539

Abstract PDF

This study evaluated effects of food additive nutrition education on food additives-related knowledge, subjective awareness, and perception and dietary behaviors of food label use and processed-food intake. The study subjects were 5th grade students attending an elementary school in Seoul. A total of 101 subjects were assigned to either education (N = 50) or control (N = 51) group, and 3 food additive nutrition education classes were implemented to the education group. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from all the participants twice, a week before and after the nutrition education to compare the changes between two groups. The food additives-related knowledge and subjective awareness significantly improved in the education group compared to the control group. The changes in perceived harmfulness and perceived necessity for taste were also detected significantly different between the two groups, with more positive changes in the education group. Dietary behaviors of checking food labels and trying to purchase processed-foods with less food additives improved in the education group at a significant level in comparison with the control group. Additionally changes in intake frequency of several processed-food items were significantly different between the groups, again in a more positive direction in the education group. The study findings showed short-term food-additive nutrition education including hands-on activities could positively modify elementary school children's food additives-related knowledge, perception, and certain dietary behaviors, stressing better settlement of in-class nutrition education within an elementary school's education curriculum.

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Suna Kim, Ji-Sun Kim, Joung-Mi Ko, Jeong-Weon Kim
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Ki Nam Kim, A Reum Lee, Hae Ryun Lee, Kirang Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
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[English]
Effect of Nutrition Education and Exercise Intervention on Physical and Dietary Patterns of Some Obese Children: Myoung Sook Kim, Mee Sook Choi, Ki Nam Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(4):426-438. Published online August 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.4.426

Abstract PDF

This study set out to investigate the effects of 16-week nutrition education and exercise intervention run by a public health center on the physical activities and dietary patterns of obese children at the before, after, and after one month point. After the program, the obese index of the obese children dropped by 5.9% from 38.4% to 32.5%. One month after the end of the program, their obese index increased by 1.4% to 33.9% (p < 0.001). The obese children's hours of walking of physical activities increased to 2.6 hours from 1.2 hours after the program and remained at the 2.6 hours range one month after the end of the program (p < 0.01). The total scores of their food habits increased to 10.4 points from 9.1 points after the program and 10.3 points one month after the end of the program with significant differences (p < 0.01). The total scores of their eating behavior made a significant increase to 6.5 points from 5.3 points after the program and then dropped to 5.9 points one month after the end of the program (p < 0.05). As for changes to their dietary pattern scores according to the obese index, only the food habits scores showed significant main effects of term (p < 0.05). According to these results, there is still a need to develop proper programs to help them increase regular exercise, improve their physical activities by cutting down time with TV, computer, Internet, and video games, and enhance their nutritional knowledge and to provide them with ongoing management and guidance until the improved food habits and eating behavior become part of their habits.

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[English]
Government-Funded Meal Support Program for Low-Income Children through Convenience Stores : Current Status and Nutritional Quality of Available Meal Items in Seoul: Haelim Choi, Sooyoun Kwon, Jihyun Yoon; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):253-264. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.253

Abstract PDF

The objectives of this study were to investigate the current status of the Korean government-funded meal support program for low-income children through convenience stores and to evaluate the nutritional quality of the meal items available under the program. The POS data of three convenient stores where children had used their electronic meal cards most often in Seoul during January 2010 and the kinds and amounts of ingredients of the meals items available to the children were obtained from the headquarter of the convenient stores. A total of 5,081 transactions by 693 children included in the POS data was analyzed. In addition, nutritional contents of meal items, which were meal boxes (11 kinds), kimbab (13 kinds), rice balls (27 kinds), inari sushi (1 kind), and sandwiches (26 kinds), were analyzed with Can Pro 3.0. The results showed that children had purchased flavored-milk products most often. Children tended to purchase meal items together with drinks (60.9% of transactions), but some purchased drinks (27.6%) or meal items only (11.5%). Except for meal boxes, none of the meal items satisfied 1/3 of Estimated Energy Requirements of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The average energy contents of different kinds of meal boxes, kimbabs, rice balls, and sandwiches were 619, 357, 200, and 380 kcal, respectively, and the energy content of a package of Inari sushi was 457 kcal. Vitamin C amount was found to be deficient in all the meal items, compared to 1/3 of Recommended Intake of the 9-11 year-old boys per day. The results of this study could be useful to develop nutritionally appropriate meal items for the convenient stores participating in the government-funded meal support program for children from low-income families.

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Soo Jin Lee, Ho Kyung Ryu
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(2): 205. CrossRef
Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Convenience Store Meal Boxes according to Store Company and Meal Price
Changgyu Cho, Youngmin Nam, Hye-Jong Yoo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(2): 105. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2021; 32(1): 29. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2019; 24(2): 137. CrossRef
A Survey of Satisfaction with Quality attributes of Meal Services for Low-income Children in Wonju
Hae Sook Oh
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2014; 25(2): 233. CrossRef
A comparison study of hygiene status in meals for poorly-fed children through microbiological analysis
Ok-Kyeong Yu, Hyun-Suk Kim, Moon-Sun Byun, Mina Kim, Youn-Soo Cha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(3): 214. CrossRef
The Current Status of Foodservice Management in the Restaurants Participating in the Government-funded Children's Model Program in Korea during Summer Vacation
Jinyoung Kim, Sooyoun Kwon, Youngmi Lee, Haelim Choi, Jihyun Yoon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(2): 182. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Program for 3rd Grade Elementary School Students: Duk Ha Kwon, Sung Nim Han, Hye Kyeong Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(2):183-194. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.2.183

Abstract PDF

This study examined the effects of a nutrition education program on nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior. Subjects were 3rd grade elementary school students in Anyang, Gyeonggi-do. A 5-week nutrition education program was implemented to 28 children and another 26 children were included in the study as a control group. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the effects of nutrition education program. Mean nutrition related knowledge score was improved after education (p < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in knowledge of nutrient source (p < 0.05), role of protein (p < 0.05), food tower (p < 0.001), getting information from nutrition labeling (p < 0.05), and proper way of snacking (p < 0.001). Eating habits and self-efficacy also tended to improve by nutrition education, especially eating habit of snack and self-efficacy on balanced diet reached significant improvement (p < 0.05). Food consumption frequency was not changed significantly, only consumption of sea weeds which is considered as a reluctant food among children was increased after education (p < 0.05). In addition, the number of leftover food items and total amount of leftover at school lunch reduced significantly after education when compared with the same 10-day menu prior to education (p < 0.01). This result suggests that unbalanced dietary behavior has been changed with the nutrition education program. In conclusion, the nutrition education program was found to be effective in improving nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior.

Citations

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Effect of Nutrition Education on Reduced Sugar Intake in Elementary School Students
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A Reum Lee, Ye Lee Yu, Hye Jin Kim, Kyung A Kim, Kyung Won Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(3): 274. CrossRef
Effectiveness Evaluation of Food Allergy Education Program for Elementary School Children
Harim Kim, Kyunghee Song, Youngmi Lee, Youngshin Han, Bomi Kang, Soun Ju Kweoun
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Kyung-Hee Kim
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Perception on Nutrition Labeling of the Processed Food among Elementary School Students and Parents in Daegu Area
Jung Mi Kim, Mi Hee Lee, Nan Hee Lee
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Hyang-Rye Won, Gi-Beum Shin
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2012; 41(5): 638. CrossRef
Effects of Short-Term Food Additive Nutrition Education Including Hands-on Activities on Food Label Use and Processed-Food Consumption Behaviors: among 5th Grade Elementary School Students
Ji-Hye Kim, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(5): 539. CrossRef

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