Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[English]
Health-related quality of life and nutrient intake of the elderly with type 2 diabetes according to comorbidity burden: a cross-sectional study: Yejung Choi, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(5):418-430. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00014

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This study aimed to explore the cross-sectional association between health-related quality of life (HRQoL) according to the number of comorbidities in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using the Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) index. Methods: This study included 3,553 participants aged ≥ 65 years from the 2008–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dietary data were collected through 24-hour recall interviews by trained researchers, and demographic and lifestyle information via self-administered questionnaires. HRQoL was measured using a modified EQ-5D scale. Multivariable linear regression analyzed the associations between EQ-5D scores, nutrients and comorbidity, controlling for sociodemographic and health variables. Results: Most participants reported ‘no problems’ in the EQ-5D scores, although approximately 17% to 47% of participants reported ‘some problems’ or ‘extreme problems,’ depending on the dimension. As comorbidities increased, significant declines were observed across all dimensions, particularly in mobility, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/ depression. Nutrient intake analysis revealed that participants with three or more comorbidities consumed less carbohydrates, but more fat. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that among older adults with T2DM, a higher number of comorbidities is associated with decreased HRQoL. Additionally, there are differences in nutrient intake patterns among those with more comorbidities, specifically decreased carbohydrate intake and increased fat intake. These results emphasize the need for comprehensive and tailored management strategies that consider both diabetes and the co-occurring health conditions. By addressing the complex healthcare needs of individuals with multiple comorbidities, it is possible to enhance their HRQoL and overall well-being.

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[Korean]
Food purchase patterns, food policy recognition, and food environment satisfaction among adults in Jeju, Korea, according to food security: a cross-sectional study: Sumin Kim, Youjeong Jang, Hyunji Ham, Hanbin Ko, Insuk Chai, Kyungho Ha; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(5):406-417. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00012

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Objectives
Recently, food insecurity has been a major public health issue along with the food crisis caused by COVID-19, climate change, and the polarization of food supply due to socioeconomic disparities. Food insecurity is known to be related to the food choices and environment of the consumer. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the food security statuses of adults in Jeju and investigate their food purchase patterns, food policy recognition, and food environment satisfaction.
Methods
Based on data from the 2022 Jeju Food Survey, 346 adults aged ≥19 years in Jeju were classified into food security and insecurity groups (quantitatively and qualitatively) using the questionnaire. Food purchase patterns, including purchasing frequency, items, and reasons, were surveyed for local and eco-friendly foods. The recognition and necessity of several food policies and satisfaction with diet and food environment (availability, accessibility, affordability, accommodation, and acceptability) were measured using the Likert scale.
Results
Among the total participants, 47.4% were in the food insecurity group. The frequency of purchasing local and eco-friendly foods did not significantly differ by food security status. The insecurity group exhibited a higher recognition rate of basic rights to food (36.0%) than the security group (24.7%, P = 0.023). The recognition and necessity of specific food policies did not significantly differ by food security status, except for the policy of promoting food communities, for which the food security group exhibited higher recognition than the food insecurity group did (P = 0.004). The food insecurity group exhibited significantly lower scores regarding satisfaction toward diet and food environment factors (P < 0.05 for all).
Conclusions
Overall, the food security group reported higher satisfaction with their diet and food environment than the food insecurity group. Further in-depth studies to investigate the determinants of food insecurity and effective promotional strategies for food policies are needed.

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[English]
Sex differences in health-related quality of life among older Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study: Hyeonji Jeong, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):336-347. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00003

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Objectives
This cross-sectional study examined sex differences in Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) among seniors with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2020) were analyzed. The EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), a measure of HRQoL, was used. It comprises five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, each with three levels.
Results
Analysis of 3,826 older adults with T2DM showed a significant increasing trend in the EQ-5D Index from the 4th survey phase onwards (P for trend < 0.001 for both men and women). Men consistently reported higher EQ-5D levels than women across all survey years. Women’s EQ-5D levels remained lower than men’s, maintaining a decade-old disparity (P < 0.05). Men scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) in most EQ-5D domains, except for self-care and anxiety/depression, resulting in a higher total EQ-5D Index (P = 0.001). Increased comorbidities were strongly associated with lower EQ-5D levels in both sexes. Additionally, there was a negative correlation between the EQ-5D Index and refined grain intake for both sexes (P for trend < 0.001), with high-EQ-5D groups consuming fewer refined grains. Women in the high-EQ-5D group consumed more nuts, vegetables, and meat compared to men (P for trend < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our study highlights the sex disparities in HRQoL among older adults with T2DM. The findings suggest the need for tailored treatment guidelines aimed at improving the HRQoL of elderly T2DM patients, with a focus on their sex-specific characteristics. Implementing these tailored guidelines could enhance the HRQoL of older women with T2DM and promote more equitable healthcare outcomes. This underscores the importance of considering sex differences to comprehensively improve the well-being of this population.

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[Korean]
Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Adults in Metabolic Syndrome Patients According to Taking Medical Care: Based on the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Juhee Lee, Kyungsuk Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(4):321-340. Published online August 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.4.321

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study established a practical direction for the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome by evaluating the health status, nutrition intake level, and diet quality according to metabolic syndrome and related drug treatment in Korean adults.
Methods
The data from the 2017 KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) was analyzed. The analysis included 2,978 adults, classified into the normal, metabolic syndrome (MetS), metabolic syndrome with medicines (MetS-M), and without medicines (MetS-noM) groups. The nutrient intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), and DDS (dietary diversity score) were analyzed.
Results
The mean BMI was significantly higher in the MetS group than in the normal group for all subjects. Subjects of the MetS group tended to consume less energy and major nutrients, while males aged 50 ~ 64 and all females showed less intake of nutrients in the MetS-M group. The energy intake ratio was within 55 ~ 65 : 7~ 20 : 15 ~ 30 of KDRI (Korean Dietary Recommended Intake), but the carbohydrate energy ratio of all subjects aged 50 to 64 was over 65%. The NAR of the major nutrients was lower in the MetS-M group, the average INQ was around 0.8, especially the INQ of calcium and vitamin A was less than 1, and the total DDS score was less than 4 points.
Conclusions
This study confirmed that the nutrient intake and diet quality differed among subjects diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and managed with medical care. The intakes of energy and many nutrients, the quality of diets, and the diversity of food groups in the MetS-M group were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, these will be an important basis for establishing a specific direction of diet education for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome according to gender, age, metabolic syndrome, and drug treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Identification of shared genetic risks underlying metabolic syndrome and its related traits in the Korean population
Jun Young Kim, Yoon Shin Cho
Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Intake in Normal, Caution, and Metabolic Syndrome Groups: Data from the 2019 Eighth KNHANES
Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(12): 1304. CrossRef
Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet
Joohee Oh, SongHee Ahn, Xiangqin Zhou, Yu Jin Lim, Sookyeong Hong, Hyun-Sook Kim
Nutrients.2023; 15(24): 5110. CrossRef
Distribution of the Metabolic Syndrome by Obesity and Health Behavior Based on the Eighth KNHANES at 2019
Min-Young Chong, Inhwa Han
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2022; 51(11): 1136. CrossRef

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[Korean]
The Relationship Between the Korean Adults Diet Evaluated Using Dietary Quality Indices and Metabolic Risk Factors: Based on the 2016 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Chong-Yu Ding, Pil-Sook Park, Mi-Yeon Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(3):223-244. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.3.223

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metabolic risk factors, Index of Nutrition Quality, and the dietary quality index score of Korean adults.
Methods
The subjects were 18,652 Korean adults aged 19 years or older (7,899 males, 10,753 females) who participated in the 2016-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were divided into normal, pre-metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) groups according to the number of their metabolic risk factors. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program.
Results
About 44.7% of men in the MetS group were at least college graduates (P < 0.001), whereas 52.0% of women in the MetS group were middle school graduates or lower (P < 0.001). The frequency of fruit and dairy products intake tended to decrease as the number of metabolic risk factors increased in both men and women (P for trend < 0.001). As the number of metabolic risk factors decreased, the frequency of grain intake tended to decrease in men (P for trend < 0.001) while the frequency of intake of red meat (P for trend = 0.001), poultry (P for trend < 0.001), and eggs (P for trend < 0.001) decreased in women. The total scores of Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) (men P < 0.001, women P < 0.01) and Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (men and women P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the MetS group compared to the other groups, and the total score of DQI-I and KHEI tended to decrease as the number of metabolic risk factors increased.
Conclusions
Dietary quality evaluation using various indices can provide more information on the dietary problems related to metabolic risk factors. Nutrients and foods that have been confirmed to be related to metabolic risk factors can be used to develop dietary guidelines for the nutritional management of metabolic diseases.

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Cardiocerebrovascular Disease or Fatty Liver Incidence Associated with Pattern of Metabolic Risk Factors and Nutritional Status of Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Pil Sook Park, Mei Sheng Li, Chong Yu Ding, Mi Yeon Park
Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(2): 165. CrossRef
Assessment of Nutrient Intake and Dietary Quality of Korean Adults in Metabolic Syndrome Patients According to Taking Medical Care: Based on the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Juhee Lee, Kyungsuk Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(4): 321. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Evaluation of Nutritional Quality of Convenience Store Meal Boxes according to Store Company and Meal Price: Changgyu Cho, Youngmin Nam, Youngmin Nam, Hye-Jong Yoo, Hye-Jong Yoo; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(2):105-120. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.2.105

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study evaluated nutritional quality of convenience store meal boxes according to store company and meal price.
Methods
In May 2020, 71 meal boxes from five major convenience store companies were collected. Respective weights of all dishes and food ingredients included in each meal box were measured with a digital scale. Information on nutritional contents was collected from nutrition fact panels on packages. Food group patterns, dietary diversity scores (DDS), and dietary variety scores (DVS) were analyzed. Nutritional contents, i.e., amounts of energy, protein, and sodium, and percentages of energy from carbohydrate, sugar, fat, and saturated fat were compared with respective standards based on the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Comparison was made among five companies (Company A, B, C, D, E) and three price groups ( ≤4,200 won, ≥4,300 and ≤4,500 won, ≥4,600 won). Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the difference of nutritional contents according to company and price, respectively while holding the other variable constant.
Results
DDS, but not DVS, significantly differed among companies. The percentages of meal boxes meeting the nutritional standards of sodium significantly differed among companies; the percentage was highest in companies B (75.0%) and C (73.3%). “Company” was associated with amount of energy, protein, and sodium, and percentage of energy from saturated fat. “Price” was associated with the amount of energy and percentage of energy from carbohydrate. The average number of satisfied standards was highest in companies B (5.0) and C (4.0). About two-thirds of the meal boxes provided less amount of energy than the standard; the percentage of such meal boxes was highest in meal boxes with price of 4,200 won or lower.
Conclusions
There were significant differences in the nutritional quality of meal boxes according to “company”. Meanwhile, higher-priced meal boxes did not necessarily ensure better nutritional quality.

Citations

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The impact of long working hours on daily sodium intake
Kyungho Ju, Yangwoo Kim, Seung Hee Woo, Juhyeong Kim, Inah Kim, Jaechul Song, Soo-Jin Lee, Jeehee Min
Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Folate intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with newly established folate database
Eun-Ji Park, Inhwa Han, Kyoung Hye Yu, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(4): 418. CrossRef
Diet status of college students evaluated by applying the photographic analysis method
Chae Hong Lee, Kyung A Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(4): 439. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Dietary Quality using Nutritional Quotient among Adults in Daegu, Korea: Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(5):350-362. Published online October 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.5.350

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated an association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and the dietary quality of adults in Deagu, Korea.
Methods
A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1,022 adults aged 19 ~ 49 years (502 men and 520 women) in the Deagu area of Korea. Daily intake of SSB was obtained by the food frequency questionnaire, and the dietary quality was assessed using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between dietary quality and daily intake of SSB in adults.
Results
Daily intake of SSB was 463.6 mL/d for total subjects, and the highest intakes were sweetened coffees (192.7 mL/d), followed by carbonated drinks (77.1 mL/d). Higher intake of SSB was associated with higher intake frequency of fast food or sweet and greasy bread, processed beverage, ramyon, eating out or delivery food and night snack, and also associated with lower frequency of water, breakfast intake and nutrition label checking in men or women. Men and women who had a higher intake SSB had significantly greater odds for being in the low grade of NQ (P for trend = 0.0006 for men, P for trend = 0.0007 for women), especially in the moderation factor (P for trend < 0.0001 for men and women).
Conclusions
This study showed that high SSB intake was significantly associated with low dietary quality among adults. These study results suggest that nutrition education programs and guidelines should be provided to adults for improving their consumption of SSB and related diets.

Citations

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Nutritional status of Daejeon citizens and needs of community nutrition care services: a cross-sectional study
Dahye Lee, Minsun Jeon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 11. CrossRef
Sex-Based Differences in Factors Associated With Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among Korean High School Students
Jin Suk Ra, Moonkyoung Park
Frontiers in Nutrition.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
Dietary Quality Comparison of the School and Home Lunches Consumed by Chinese School-Age Children and Adolescents:Analysis of the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey: Chengyu Zhang, Suhua Jin, Jihyun Yoon, Meeyoung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):474-484. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.474

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The number of schools offering school lunches has increased in China. This study examined the dietary quality of the lunches consumed by Chinese school-age children and adolescents, with a focus on comparing school lunches with home lunches. Methods: The first weekday 24-hour dietary recall data of 6~17-year-old students (n=1,084) from the 2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed. The subjects were divided into the school lunch group and the home lunch group, and the dietary quality of lunches was compared between the two groups among 6~11-year-old students (n=634; 177 in the school lunch group and 457 in the home lunch group) and 12~17-year-old students (n=450; 144 in the school lunch group and 306 in the home lunch group), respectively. Frequently consumed foods, amount of food group intake, food group intake pattern, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), and Dietary Variety Score (DVS) were examined. Results: The most frequently consumed foods in both lunch groups were rice and pork. An excessive intake of meat and insufficient intake of seafood were noted in both lunch groups. The school lunch group showed a lower level of vegetable consumption than the home lunch group (P=0.017 in 6~11-year-old students, P=0.003 in 12~17-year-old students).Although more students ate meals with a better dietary pattern in the school lunch group than the home lunch group, there were no significant differences in DDS and DVS between the two groups. Conclusions: Overall, the dietary quality of lunches was not superior in the school lunch group compared to the home lunch group. This suggests that much room remain for improving dietary quality of school lunches in China.

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[Retracted] Analysis of the Influence of Rural Family Education Environment on School‐Age Children’s Social Behavior and Patterns
Wenwen Yao, Ying Zhen, Yu Zhang, Zhao Kaifa
Journal of Environmental and Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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[English]
A Comparisons of Nutritional Intake and Diet Quality Index-International in Gynecological Cancer Survivors and Normal Women - Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013~2016 -: Bo-Young Seo, Eun-Sil Her; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(5):406-415. Published online October 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.5.406

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional intake and Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) of gynecological cancer survivors and normal women. Methods This study compared the anthropometric indices, dietary behavior, nutritional intake, and DQI-I in women with previous history of breast or uterine cancer [Gynecological cancer survivors group (GCSG, n=126)] and normal women [Normal control group (NCG, n=7,011)] using the 2013~2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Results Body mass index and waist circumference were lower in the GCSG compared the NCG. The frequency of skipping breakfast and eating out was higher in the NCG compared to GCSG. Energy and fat intake were significantly higher in the NCG than in the GCSG, whereas intake of all minerals and vitamins (excluding thiamine), and dietary fiber intake were higher in GCSG. It was observed that the fatty acid intake of the GCSG was significantly lower than that of the NCG. The diet quality evaluation using DQI-I results showed that GCSG was higher in the “within-group” diet variety and adequacy of vegetable group than the NCG, whereas the intake level of the fruit group was higher in NCG. Besides, protein, calcium, and vitamin C intake were higher in the GCSG than in the NCG. The GCSG showed higher levels of total fat and saturated fat moderation than the NCG, whereas cholesterol moderation showed the opposite results. The results of DQI-I comparison according to the cancer survival years showed that the overall score and scores related to diet adequacy and balance were higher in the below 5-year group, whereas the over 5-year group scored higher in terms of moderation of diet. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that a chronic disease based management approach is needed in cancer survivors. The study provides important data which can help in the preparation of guidelines for long-term lifestyle and diet management, in these patients.

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Mediating Effect of Vitamin Intake on the Relationship Between Depression and Health-related Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors (Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2020)
Min Ho Yun, Jong Eun Oh
Information.2024; 27(2): 131. CrossRef
Comparison of blood biochemical characteristics and dietary intake by sex in gastric cancer patients over 40 years in Korea based on 7th (2016-2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: a cross-sectional study
Hyeon-Ju Lee, Sung-Won Oh, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(1): 48. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Dietary Quality and Nutritional Status according to the Use of Nutrition Labeling and Nutrition Claims among University Students in Chungbuk Area - Based on Nutrition Quotient: Yun-Jung Bae, Seo Young Park, Hye-Rin Bak; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(3):179-188. Published online June 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.3.179

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The study examined the status on the use of nutrition labeling and nutrition claims among university students as well as the diet quality and nutritional status using the nutrition quotient (NQ) according to the use of nutrition labeling and claims.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted on university students (86 males and 131 females) from March to April in 2019 in Chungbuk area.
Results
The percentage of subjects who reported that they recognized nutrition labeling was 80.2% of the total, and 63.8% of them indicated that they used nutrition labeling for their food choices. In addition, 22.6% of the total subjects said that they used nutrition claims. The group of subjects using nutrition labeling showed significantly higher mean scores in balance (P < 0.01), diversity (P < 0.05), moderation (P < 0.01), and dietary behavior (P < 0.001) along with higher mean NQ score (P < 0.001) compared to the group not using nutrition labeling. The group using nutrition claims had significantly higher mean scores in balance (P < 0.001), diversity (P < 0.01), moderation (P < 0.001), and dietary behavior (P < 0.001) as well as total NQ scores (P < 0.001) compared to the group not using nutrition claims. The group of subjects using both nutrition labeling and nutrition claims showed significantly higher mean NQ scores than the group of subjects using either nutrition labeling or nutrition claims (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
In this study, university students' use of nutrition labeling and nutrition claims appeared to be related to their diet quality and nutritional status.

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Differences in Nutritional Status According to the Residence Types among University Students in Gwangju
Geum-Bi Ryu, Young-Ran Heo
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 53(2): 207. CrossRef
Comparison of the nutrition quotient by types of eating behavior among male and female university students in Gwangju
Geum-Bi Ryu, Young-Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 277. CrossRef
Revision of Nutrition Quotient for Korean adults: NQ-2021
Sung-Min Yook, Young-Suk Lim, Jung-Sug Lee, Ki-Nam Kim, Hyo-Jeong Hwang, Sehyug Kwon, Ji-Yun Hwang, Hye-Young Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(2): 278. CrossRef
Effect of Type of Nutrition Labeling on the Healthfulness Evaluation and Purchase Intentions of Home Meal Replacements (HMR) in South Korea
Mee-Young Joe
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(5): 387. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Relation between the Total Diet Quality based on Korean Healthy Eating Index and the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Constituents and Metabolic Syndrome among a Prospective Cohort of Korean Adults: Saerom Shin, Seungmin Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(1):61-70. Published online February 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.1.61

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the association of the total diet quality with the incidence risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults.
METHODS
Based on a community-based cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) from 2001 to 2014, data from a total of 5,549 subjects (2,805 men & 2,744 women) aged 40~69 years at the baseline with a total follow-up period of 38,166 person-years were analyzed. The criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel was employed to define metabolic syndrome. The total diet quality was estimated using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for risk of metabolic syndrome constituents and metabolic syndrome in relation to KHEI quintile groups was calculated by multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.
RESULTS
After adjusting for age, energy intake, income, education, physical activity, smoking, and drinking, the incidence of abdominal obesity and high blood pressure was significantly lower, by approximately 29.7% (P < 0.01) and 25.2% (P < 0.01), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile in men. A significant decreasing trend of the metabolic syndrome incidence was observed across the improving levels of KHEI (HRq5vs.q1: 0.775, 95% CIq5vs.q1: 0.619~0.971, P for trend < 0.01). In women, the incidence of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome was significantly lower, by approximately 29.8% (P < 0.01) and 22.5% (P < 0.05), respectively, in the fifth KHEI quintile compared to the first quintile adjusting for multiple covariates. On the other hand, the linear trend of metabolic syndrome risk across the KHEI levels did not reach the significance level.
CONCLUSIONS
A better diet quality can prevent future metabolic syndrome and its certain risk factors among Korean men and women.

Citations

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Association between Korean Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity in Korean adults: the mediating effect of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
Jina Yoon, Dayeon Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 88. CrossRef
Association between Dietary Quality and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study Using the Korean Healthy Eating Index (2013–2021)
Seong-Uk Baek, Taeyeon Kim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1516. CrossRef
TAS2R38 bitterness receptor genetic variation is associated with diet quality in Koreans
Hae Young Kim, Jeong-Hwa Choi
Appetite.2024; 200: 107561. CrossRef
Contents of Pantothenic Acid in Frequently Consumed Korean Vegetables and Fruits
Jihwan Kim, Jina Lee, Yoonjeong Kim, Eunji Park, Jinju Park, Youngmin Choi, Younghwa Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 53(8): 816. CrossRef
Association between green tea consumption and metabolic syndrome among Korean adults: results from the Health Examinees study
Hyeonjin Cho, Sunwoo Han, Jiwon Jeong, Hyein Jung, Sangah Shin
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(1): 70. CrossRef
Obesity-Status-Linked Affecting Factors of Dyslipidemia in Korean Young-Adult Men: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021)
Min Kwon, Jinheum Kim, Eunjeong Cha
Healthcare.2023; 11(14): 2015. CrossRef
The association of the Korean Healthy Eating Index with chronic conditions in middle-aged single-person households
EunJung Lee, Ji-Myung Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 316. CrossRef
Association between the Korean Healthy Eating Index and Serum Vitamin D Level in Korean Adults: 2013–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
So-Yoon Choi, Yu-Jin Kwon, Ji-Won Lee
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2023; 13(4): 218. CrossRef
Benefits of adherence to the Korea Healthy Eating Index on the risk factors and incidence of the metabolic syndrome: analysis of the 7th (2016–2018) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(1): 120. CrossRef
Prediction of metabolic and pre-metabolic syndromes using machine learning models with anthropometric, lifestyle, and biochemical factors from a middle-aged population in Korea
Junho Kim, Sujeong Mun, Siwoo Lee, Kyoungsik Jeong, Younghwa Baek
BMC Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the Nutrition Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Carrots and Parsnips
Yeon-Jin Park, So-Yeon Han, Jae-Joon Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(1): 83. CrossRef
Analysis of Fruit Consumption and the Korean Healthy Eating Index of Adults Using the 2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sun A Choi, Sung Suk Chung, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2021; 50(10): 1124. CrossRef
Association of Dietary Quality with Subjective Health-Related Perception and Chronic Diseases According to Age Segmentation of Korean Elderly
Sojeong Lee, Seungmin Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 363. CrossRef
Association between frailty and dietary quality in community-dwelling elderly: data from the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014–2015)
Woori Na, Hyeji Kim, Cheongmin Sohn
Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition.2021; 68(3): 268. CrossRef
Changes in Prevalence of Body Mass Index and Metabolic Syndrome during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
Ji Young Kwon, Sang-Wook Song, Ha-Na Kim, Sung Gu Kang
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2021; 11(4): 304. CrossRef

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[English]
Effect of Geographic Area on Dietary Quality across Different Age Groups in Korea: Hyun Ja Kim, Kirang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(6):453-464. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.6.453

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