Korean Journal of Community Nutrition

Research Articles

[Korean]
Adult consumers’ perception of plant-based meat substitutes and related factors in Korea: a cross-sectional study: Yun-A Lee, Mi-Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2025;30(3):237-248. Published online June 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2025.00115

Abstract PDF: Objectives
We aimed to examine differences in experience, consumption, and perception of plant-based meat substitutes according to consumer characteristics, and to identify associated factors.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, 410 adult consumers were surveyed regarding their eating habits, experience with and consumption of plant-based meat substitutes, and their intentions and perceptions of these products. Statistical analyses were conducted.
Results
Approximately 84% of participants had heard of plant-based meat substitutes, most commonly through mass media and social media. Overall, 65.12% reported having consumed plant-based substitutes, with higher consumption observed among older and more health-conscious individuals. The most common reason for consumption was curiosity about new foods (36.33%), whereas the primary reason for non-consumption was lack of opportunity (61.54%). Additionally, 77.32% of respondents indicated willingness to try plant-based substitutes, with taste identified as the most influential factor in purchasing decisions. Perception of plant-based meat substitutes was rated 3.82 out of 5, with significantly higher awareness among individuals aged 50–64, married individuals, housewives, graduate students or graduates, and those with irregular meal times or infrequent dining out.
Conclusion
Older, married, more educated, and health-conscious individuals who dine out less frequently tend to have higher perception scores for plant-based meat substitutes, along with greater experience and stronger future use intention.

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[English]
Outcome expectations, self-efficacy, eating environment, and eating behaviors by the stages of change in adequate sodium intake among university students: a cross-sectional study: Yeon Gyu Im, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(5):382-395. Published online October 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00010

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study investigated whether outcome expectations, self-efficacy, eating environment, and eating behaviors differed according to the stages of change in adequate sodium intake among university students. Methods: The participants were students recruited from nine universities in Seoul, Korea. An online survey was conducted, and data from 351 participants were analyzed. Participants were classified into pre-action and action stages based on adequate sodium intake. Data were analyzed using t-test, χ2-test, analysis of covariance, and correlation analysis. Results: Participants in the action stage (22.8%) felt fewer disadvantages of eating sodium adequately compared to those in the pre-action stage (77.2%, P < 0.001) and perceived more self-efficacy for healthy eating behaviors (P < 0.001) and controlling sodium intake (P < 0.01). The participants in the action stage also showed more desirable eating behaviors than those in the pre-action stage, including general eating behaviors, behaviors related to sodium intake, and sodium checks (P < 0.001). The physical environment in the action stage was more supportive of adequate sodium intake (P < 0.05). Eating behaviors, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations were significantly correlated with the stages of change; however, some differences were noticed in the correlation of the subscales of variables with the stages of change when examined by sex. Conclusion: We observed differences in factors according to the stages of change in adequate sodium intake. For the pre-action stage, nutrition education can be planned to modify negative expectations of eating adequate sodium, foster self-efficacy, and practice general eating behaviors and behaviors to gradually reduce sodium intake. It is also necessary to alter the physical environment to reduce sodium intake. In the action stage, support and reinforcement are needed to continually practice and maintain desirable eating behaviors. Nutrition education for women may be planned using multiple paths, whereas a simple strategy may be useful for men.

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[English]
Eating habits and dietary supplement utilization according to food-related lifestyle among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study: EunJung Lee, Jin A Jang, Ji-Myung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):253-264. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00017

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the association between eating habits and the utilization of dietary supplements (DSs) according to food-related lifestyle (FRL) among Korean adults. Methods: This study included a total of 300 participants (150 men and 150 women) in their 20s to 60s living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. We identified two groups by factor and cluster analysis: an ‘active pursuit’ group and a ‘passive pursuit’ group. Differences in eating habits and DS utilization between the two groups were analyzed by chi-square test and t-test. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of variables on DS consumption according to FRL. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, alcohol drinking frequency, total dietary score, change in DS consumption after coronavirus disease 2019, and current DS consumption (P < 0.05). The proportion who perceived many health benefits of DSs was higher in the ‘active pursuit’ group than in the ‘passive pursuit’ group (P = 0.003). The most commonly consumed type of DSs was multivitamins & minerals for the ‘active pursuit’ group, and omega-3 fatty acids for the ‘passive pursuit’ group. The ‘an active pursuit’ group consumed DSs 2.93 times more (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.44–5.97) compared to the ‘passive pursuit’ group, after adjusting for confounders. In the ‘active pursuit’ group, the health pursuit (odds ratio [OR] = 6.54, 95% CI: 1.44– 29.61) and rational consumption pursuit factors (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08–0.83) were associated with DS consumption, whereas only the health pursuit factor had a significant association (OR = 5.37, 95% CI: 2.08–13.88) within the ‘passive pursuit’ group. However, total dietary score and DSs consumption did not show a relationship. Conclusions: By understanding the consumption characteristics of DSs according to FRL, this can serve as basic data necessary for promoting health through the utilization of DSs and healthy behaviors.

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Discovering Vitamin-D-Deficiency-Associated Factors in Korean Adults Using KNHANES Data Based on an Integrated Analysis of Machine Learning and Statistical Techniques
Hongryul Ahn, Seungwon Kim, Jinmyung Jung, Chan Park
Nutrients.2025; 17(4): 618. CrossRef

4,895 View
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1 Crossref

[English]
Effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome risk factors in middle-aged Korean adults: an intervention study: Minji Kang, Young-Hee Park, Subeen Kim, Eunyoung Tak, Hyun Wook Baik, Hee Young Paik, Hyojee Joung; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(4):265-277. Published online August 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.00005

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a nutrition education program on metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean adults.
Methods
A total of 411 Korean adults 30–59 years of age were allocated randomly into three groups: the nutrition education group for promoting Han-sik consumption (HG), the nutrition education group for eating balanced diet (EG), and the control group (CG). The HG and EG received four face-to-face nutrition education sessions over 16 weeks to improve nutritional problems based on the individual’ usual diet. Effectiveness of the program was evaluated with the differences of self-reported dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, anthropometric measurements and biochemical indices between the baseline and the end of the nutrition education program. The changes within groups were analyzed using paired t-test and McNemar test and effectiveness among three groups was analyzed by repeated analysis of variance.
Results
After the nutrition education, the percentages of participants who achieved the recommended food group consumption in the Korean Food Guidance Systems significantly increased in HG (P = 0.022). Body weight (P = 0.007), body mass index (P = 0.002), and triglycerides (P = 0.002) significantly decreased in HG. Waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure decreased in all three groups (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
This study found that tailored nutrition education program for middle aged Korean adults showed beneficial effects on improving dietary behaviors and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of the nutrition education programs on metabolic syndrome risks.

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[English]
Regional differences in protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome using the 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a cross-sectional study: You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(3):173-188. Published online June 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.3.173

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The study aim was to analyze the regional differences in dietary protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome.
Methods
Study participants were 1,721 older adults aged 65 and over who participated in 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using 24-hour recall dietary intake data, protein intake and their food sources were examined. The association between protein intake and metabolic syndrome, obesity, and abdominal obesity were analyzed by multiple logistic regression.
Results
Total protein and animal protein intakes were higher in urban area (60.0 g, 24.4 g, respectively) than in rural area (54.6 g, 19.6 g, respectively). With increase of protein intake level, animal to total protein proportion was increased in both areas. Total protein and plant protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity, abdominal obesity in both areas. Animal protein intake was negatively associated with the risk of obesity in both areas, and with abdominal obesity only in urban area. In urban area, plant protein intake was also negatively associated with the risks of metabolic syndrome, elevated triglyceride, and reduced high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In urban area, the risk of metabolic syndrome was decreased when their protein intake was more than 0.91 g/kg and was lowest when their protein intake was more than 1.5 g/kg (P for trend < 0.001).
Conclusions
Korean older adults showed inadequate protein intake and those in rural area showed lower animal protein intake than in urban area. The risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome was decreased with the increase of protein intake level. These findings may help develop effective nutrition support strategy for older adults to reduce regional health disparity.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

The association between dietary protein intake and metabolic syndrome: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Dorsa Ghazvineh, Ali Hosseinpour, Vahid Basirat, Elnaz Daneshzad
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The association between total, animal-based, and plant-based protein intake and cognitive decline in older adults
Maud Peperkamp, Margreet R. Olthof, Marjolein Visser, Hanneke A. H. Wijnhoven
European Journal of Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

9,868 View
105 Download
2 Crossref

[Korean]
Comparative study on the health and dietary habits of Korean male and female adults before and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: utilizing data from the 8^th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021): Chaemin Kim, Eunjung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2024;29(1):65-80. Published online February 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2024.29.1.65

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019–2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study utilized raw data from the 8^th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study.
Results
In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly.
Conclusions
After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Status of Use of Protein Supplement Products according to the Health Concerns of Adults in Their 20s and 30s
Cho-In Oh, Bok-Mi Jung
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2025; 35(1): 9. CrossRef
A study on regional differences in dietary behaviors and satisfaction in Korea focusing on urban and rural comparisons: a cross-sectional study
Jong-Youn Rha, Sohyun Kim, Hae-Rang Lee, Juhyeon Kil
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 140. CrossRef
How Did the Dietary Behavior of Older Korean Adults Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Yong-Seok Kwon, Dasol Kim, Hee-Sook Lim
Nutrients.2025; 17(12): 1973. CrossRef
Intake of energy and macronutrients according to household income among elementary, middle, and high school students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
Chae-Eun Jeong, Heejin Lee, Jung Eun Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(3): 234. CrossRef
성인 남녀의 먹방 시청시간에 따른 식행동에 대한 연구
하얀 남, 복미 정, 은례 전
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2024; 40(4): 275. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Health behaviors and eating habits in people’s 20s and 30s according to food content usage level on social media: a cross-sectional study: Seo-Yeon Bang, Bok-Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(5):392-403. Published online October 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.5.392

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was intended to investigate adults’ health behaviors and eating habits according to their levels of social media use.
Methods
From May 27 to July 11, 2022, an online survey was conducted of 452 male and female social media users in their 20s and 30s, and their eating habits and health behaviors were compared and analyzed according to their degree of social media use. For each of the three levels of food content use, the frequency of social media content use, and the total score range of average social media viewing time per day were divided into three parts, and a group with a score of less than 2 points was classified as low-use; a group with a score of 2 or more and less than 3 points was classified as middle-use; and a group with a score of 3 points or more was classified as high-use.
Results
The use of food content was higher in women than in men (P < 0.001), and higher in those in their 20s than in those in their 30s (P < 0.001). The group with a high level of food content use showed a higher rate of post-use hunger than the group with a low level (P < 0.01). The experience of eating after using food content was also higher in the group with a high level of use than in the group with a low level of use (P < 0.001). The group with a normal or high level of food content use had more negative eating habits than the group with a low level.
Conclusions
The study highlighted the need to provide desirable food content to people in their 20s and 30s with negative eating habits and to promote them so that they can use the right healthy nutrition–related content.

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The relationship between smartphone usage and eating behavior for elementary school students in Gangneung, South Korea: cross-sectional study
Minji Kim, Meera Jang
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(4): 278. CrossRef

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101 Download
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[Korean]
Changes in nutritional status of Korean older adults during COVID-19 Pandemic by household income and demographic factors -using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2019-2020): a cross-sectional study: You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2023;28(4):302-316. Published online August 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2023.28.4.302

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The study aim was to identify changes in the nutritional status of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic according to household income and demographic characteristics.
Methods
Study participants were 2,408 adults aged 65 and over who participated in the 2019–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). To examine changes in nutrient intake levels resulting from COVID-19, data of 2019 and of 2020 were compared. Study participants were divided into three groups based on household income level to compare these changes. The changes were compared according to household income level, age group, and household type.
Results
Percentages of recommended intakes for energy, protein, and most micronutrients were the lowest for the low-income group of both males and females in 2020. The Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) score was the lowest for the low-income group in both years. When comparing nutrient density for 2019 and 2020 by income group, the male low-income group experienced a decrease in nutrient densities of vitamin A, thiamine, calcium, and iron. For the same group, a decreased percentage for energy intake from protein was noted. Fruit intake was lowest in the low-income group for both males and females. Low-income males had the lowest intake levels for meat, fish, eggs, and legumes in both 2019 and 2020 and the lowest milk and milk product intake levels in 2020. Older adults living alone or single older adults with children had lower MAR scores than those living with a spouse. Older adults living alone experienced decreases in energy and thiamine and iron intake levels in 2020 compared to their intake levels in 2019.
Conclusions
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, nutrition intake levels worsened for older adult males in the low-income group and older adults living alone. This finding shows the need for a more systematic nutritional support strategy for the vulnerable older adults population in national disaster situations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

How Did the Dietary Behavior of Older Korean Adults Change During the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Yong-Seok Kwon, Dasol Kim, Hee-Sook Lim
Nutrients.2025; 17(12): 1973. CrossRef
Development of Protein Enhanced Diet for Socially Vulnerable Elderly
Jihye Hong, Hyung-Geun Jeon, Seulgi Kim, Gitae Park
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(1): 39. CrossRef
Comparison of nutrient intake and Korean Healthy Eating Index among the elderly in rural areas pre- and post- COVID-19 pandemic: the 2018–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Sangyeon Kim, Hye-Sook Hong, Hae-Jeung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(5): 496. CrossRef

2,319 View
42 Download
3 Crossref

[Korean]
Status of Iodine Intake and Comparison of Characteristics according to Iodine-sourced Food Intake Patterns of Chinese Adults: A Study Encompassing Three Regions with Different Iodine Nutritional Statuses: Danying Zhang, Ho Kyung Ryu; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(6):503-514. Published online December 31, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.6.503

Abstract PDF: Objectives
This study examines the status of iodine intake and compares the characteristics (region and thyroid disease prevalence) according to the iodine-sourced food intake pattern in Chinese adults.
Methods
An online survey was conducted by enrolling 437 Chinese adults aged 18-65 years, living in three regions with different iodine nutritional statuses: Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guangdong.
Results
The prevalence of thyroid diseases in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guangdong were 12.5%, 8.5%, and 2.8%, respectively. Conversely, the proportion of people who received thyroid disease-related examinations was a mere 37.5%. Among the subjects who underwent thyroid examination, the prevalence of thyroid disease in the three regions was 32.2%, 21.8%, and 8.0%, respectively. No differences were obtained in the total iodine intake by region, but the type of iodine source foods differed. Regardless of the region, the highest iodine content was obtained from seaweed. However, the iodine content from iodized salt and other foods differed significantly by region. Factor analysis revealed three food intake patterns according to the iodine food source. The study further determined regional differences and differences in the prevalence of thyroid disease according to food intake patterns.
Conclusions
High salt intake can also increase iodine intake, which is thought to have an effect on the occurrence of iodine-excess thyroid disease. Hence, efforts focused on improving salty eating habits need to be implemented.

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10 Download

Research Note

[Korean]
Using Service Design Tools in Community Nutrition Research: A Case Study in Developing Dietary Guidelines for Young Adults: Eunbin Jo, Jae Eun Shim, Hyun Joo Ryou, Kirang Kim, Su Jin Song, Hyun Ja Kim, Jeong Sun Ahn, Kwang-il Kwon, Hye Young Lee, Sohyun Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(3):177-191. Published online June 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.3.177

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Recent epidemiological data reported that young adults in their 20 ~ 30s are a vulnerable population with unhealthy dietary practices and a few signs of deteriorated health indicators. However, there are no dietary guidelines that are specifically developed for the young adult population. This study introduces some data collection tools that are mostly used in the service design field, and demonstrates how these tools can be used in nutrition research for developing dietary guidelines for specific target groups.
Methods
To understand the context of food choices among young people, 39 people were enrolled to complete a probes booklet. Thematic analysis and word cloud were performed to capture the main themes from the probes and a persona was developed based on the findings.
Results
Data from the probes enabled us to grasp the various contextual meanings of eating practices among young people. Most participants understand what a healthy diet is and often have a willingness to practice it. However, there were very few participants who were following the practices. We created four types of persona for developing dietary guidelines: healthy eating, emotional eating, convenient eating, and trendy eating.
Conclusions
Probes and persona were used in order to understand the lives of young adults and develop targeted messages. We hope that this introduction will be helpful to researchers who are looking for new ways of understanding their target population in the field of community nutrition.

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Development of a campus-based intervention program to strengthen food literacy among university students: A qualitative formative study
Eunji Ko, Eunjin Jang, Jiwon Sim, Minjeong Jeong, Sohyun Park
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(6): 495. CrossRef

1,815 View
31 Download
1 Crossref

Research Articles

[Korean]
Consumption of Weight-control or Health Functional Foods, Dietary Habits, and Weight Perceptions According to the Body Mass Index of Adult Women in the Chungcheong Area: Gayoung Seong, Munkyong Pae; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(2):81-93. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.2.81

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the experience and perception among adult women regarding weight control and the consumption of weight-control foods or health functional foods based on their body mass index (BMI).
Methods
The subjects were 634 adult women from the Chungcheong province, Korea, and data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire from July 2021 through September 2021. The subjects were divided into four groups based on their BMI status: underweight (< 18.5 kg/㎡ , 7.6%), normal weight (18.5 ~ 22.9 kg/㎡ , 53.3%), overweight (23 ~ 24.9 kg/㎡ , 19.7%), and obese ( ≥ 25 kg/㎡ , 19.4%).
Results
Over the past 3 years, almost two-thirds (68.6%) of the adult women had tried weight control measures, despite the fact that a significant proportion of them were normal or underweight. More importantly, 57.6% of subjects reported the consumption of weightcontrol foods, with a lower proportion in the underweight (35.4%) group compared to the normal (56.2%), overweight (62.4%), and obese (65.0%) groups. The food items used for weight control were mostly salads, chicken breasts, low fat (soy) milk, slimming tea, protein shakes, low-calorie cereals, and energy/protein bars among others. In addition, one-third (31.1%) of the subjects reported the use of health functional foods containing ingredients for fat reduction. A significantly higher proportion of these was from the overweight (36.0%) and obese (38.2%) groups compared to the underweight (20.8%) and normal weight (28.1%) groups. Products containing Garcinia cambogia extract, green tea, or Cissus extract, were popular among users. Subjects who were obese had a poorer perception of their health and body. Most subjects felt the need for correct information regarding weight control, but this number was significantly more in the higher BMI groups.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that the use of weight-control foods or health functional foods is popular among adult women, especially those who are obese. Thus, nutrition education courses covering facts about weight control and practice need to be developed and provided based on the BMI status of subjects.

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Coffee Consumption Patterns According to Health Behavior and Dietary Factors among Young Adults : From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2021
Hyun-Ju Jo, Hyun-Kyoung Bang
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2025; 35(4): 369. CrossRef
Consumption of protein supplements/protein-fortified foods among young adults in Jeju
Hyoju Lee, Youjeong Jang, Sumin Kim, Kyungho Ha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(2): 261. CrossRef
Prediction model of weight control experience in men with obesity in their 30 s and 40 s using decision tree analysis
Myeunghee Han
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Study on Diet Perceptions and Trends Before and After COVID-19 Using Big Data Analysis
Eunjung Lee, Hyosun Jung, Jina Jang
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2023; 52(6): 659. CrossRef
A Narrative Approach to the Diet History of Female College Students : Focusing on the Role of SNS and Social Media Influencers and Individuals’ Motivation for Dieting
Kyungbo Kim
Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies.2022; 66(3): 139. CrossRef

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32 Download
5 Crossref

[Korean]
Trends in Dietary Protein Intake and Its Adequacy among Korean Adults: Data from the 2010 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): Hyunji Ham, Kyungho Ha; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(1):47-60. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.1.47

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate dietary protein intake and its adequacy among Korean adults during recent 10 years.
Methods
Based on the 2010 ~ 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, a total of 51,296 adults aged 19 years old or more who participated in a one-day 24-hr dietary recall were included. Dietary protein intake was estimated as percentages of total energy (% of energy) and grams per body weight (g/kg/ day) and compared with the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans to evaluate the adequacy of protein intake. In addition, proportions of people whose protein intakes were less than the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the upper limit of the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) (> 20% of energy) were calculated according to sociodemographic characteristics.
Results
Protein intake was increased from 14.7% of energy in 2010 to 15.6% of energy in 2019 among Korean adults. However, there was no increase in protein intake relative to the recommended nutrient intake (% RNI) during the recent 10 years. Protein intake relative to the RNI was decreased from 130.2% in 2010 to 121.1% in 2019 (P for trend < 0.0001) among total participants, and a significant decreasing trend was observed in all age groups except for over 65 years old. However, protein intake relative to the RNI was lowest in the elderly (98.6%). Proportions of low protein intake (< EAR) and high protein intake (> AMDR) increased in the past 10 years (P for trend < 0.0001 for all), and these were associated with socioeconomic statuses, such as education and household income levels.
Conclusions
These findings suggest that protein adequacy in Korean adults has not been improved over the past decade compared with recommended levels. Nutritional education and intervention programs should consider different intake levels according to sociodemographic characteristics.

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Combined associations of protein intake and resistance exercise with handgrip strength in postmenopausal women
Jin Kyung Baek, Hae Rim Kim, Eun Jin Lee, Yun Soo Chung, Seok Kyo Seo
Maturitas.2026; 205: 108808. CrossRef
Status of Use of Protein Supplement Products according to the Health Concerns of Adults in Their 20s and 30s
Cho-In Oh, Bok-Mi Jung
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Dietary Assessment of Older Korean Adults by Level of Plant Protein Intake
Yong-Seok Kwon, Ye-Jun Kim, Jeong-Hun Song, Yangsuk Kim
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Trends in dietary amino acid intake and food sources among Korean adults: data from the 2010-2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Sumin Kim, Hyunji Ham, Kyungho Ha
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(5): 773. CrossRef
Nutritional risk assessment using estimated usual nutrient intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 8th (2019–2021) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Woojin Byeon, Cho-il Kim, Sung Ok Kwon, Jihyun Yoon, Linxi Huang
Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(5): 799. CrossRef
High-Protein Products in 2013 and 2023: Shifts in Diverse Aspects Over the Last Ten Years
Hye Ran Lee, Ihyeon Cho, Hyejin Yi, Hee Jung Park
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Regional differences in protein intake and protein sources of Korean older adults and their association with metabolic syndrome using the 2016–2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: a cross-sectional study
You-Sin Lee, Yoonna Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(3): 173. CrossRef
Development of Protein Enhanced Diet for Socially Vulnerable Elderly
Jihye Hong, Hyung-Geun Jeon, Seulgi Kim, Gitae Park
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(1): 39. CrossRef
Consumption of protein supplements/protein-fortified foods among young adults in Jeju
Hyoju Lee, Youjeong Jang, Sumin Kim, Kyungho Ha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(2): 261. CrossRef
Association between Processed Meat Protein Consumption and Incident Osteoporosis in Adults Aged 50 Years and Older: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study Data (2005–2020)
Dohee Lee, Soo Hyoung Lee, Ki Hyun Park, Kunhee Han, Eunjin Jeong
Korean Journal of Family Medicine.2024; 45(5): 268. CrossRef
The Relationship of Pork Meat Consumption with Nutrient Intakes, Diet Quality, and Biomarkers of Health Status in Korean Older Adults
Ah-Jin Jung, Anshul Sharma, Mei Chung, Taylor Wallace, Hae-Jeung Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4188. CrossRef
Higher Animal-Based Protein Intake Levels Show a Greater Likelihood of Having Metabolic Syndrome in Single-Person Households Among Korean Adults
Yeongin Lee, Hyojee Joung
Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4239. CrossRef
Relationship between protein intake and grip strength in qualitative and quantitative aspects among the elderly in Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi‑Hyun Kim, Mi‑Kyeong Choi, Yun‑Jung Bae
BMC Geriatrics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
Seung-Won Oh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801. CrossRef

7,219 View
197 Download
14 Crossref

[Korean]
Away-from-Home Eating and Dietary Patterns of Ugandan Adults: a Web-based- Survey: Anthony Kityo, Pil-Sook Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2022;27(1):1-11. Published online February 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2022.27.1.1

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Away-from-home (AFH) eating has been associated with poor diet quality and health outcomes like obesity in developed countries. AFH eating is also emerging in lowincome countries, but its influence on overall diet quality is under-researched. We examined the prevalence of AFH eating and its influence on the dietary patterns of Ugandan adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study employed a web-based survey to interview Ugandan adults aged 18 ~ 65 years. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the food group intake, which was then converted into daily intake frequencies. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. The participants were then classified based on the tertiles (T) of dietary pattern scores.
Results
About 75% of the 375 participants reported eating AFH. The young men, food insecure, and urban dwellers were more likely to eat AFH  5 times/week. Three dietary patterns emerged; the animal-based, beverage pattern; the high fat, sweet pattern; and the traditional, plant-based pattern. Participants who frequently ate AFH were 2.85 times and 5.64 times more likely to be in the second and third tertiles, respectively, of the animalbased, beverage pattern compared to the rare eaters (OR = 2.85, 95% CI: 1.35-6.06 for T2 vs T1; and OR = 5.64, 95% CI: 2.50-12.73 for T3 vs T1). The odds of being in the second tertile of the high fat, sweet pattern was significantly higher for frequent AFH eaters compared to the rare eaters (OR = 2.61, 95% CI:1.23-5.52).
Conclusions
The prevalence of AFH eating was high. Frequent AFH eating was common among the young, male, food insecure, and urban dwellers, and was associated with unhealthy dietary patterns.

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Difficulties in eating out of home while diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: A qualitative interview study from China
Tingting Yin, Ran Ye, Qiuqin Wang, Lulu Wang, Wenjing Xu, Wenjing Tu, Guihua Xu, Yogesh Kumar Jain
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(12): e0288908. CrossRef

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[Korean]
Influence of Internal and External Capacity on Adults' Food Waste Disposal Capacity: Ji Eun Kim, Kyoung Sook Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(6):455-466. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.6.455

Abstract PDF: Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of internal and external capacity on the practical capacity for food waste disposal in adults.
Methods
The study subjects were 410 adults who answered a structured questionnaire. The survey was conducted in January 2021. Data were analyzed through descriprive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS Win 24.0.
Results
First, in the analysis of internal capacity, attitude (3.95 out of 5 points) scored higher than knowledge (3.59 points). Attitudes showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.001), age (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.001). Knowledge showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.01) and age (P < 0.05). Second, in the analysis of capacity, market constraints (3.73 points) scored the highest, followed by institutional conditions (3.48 points) and reference group (3.36 points). Market constraints differed according to gender (P < 0.001), and institutional conditions differed according to income (P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the reference group according to the level of education (P < 0.05) and income (P < 0.05). Third, the practical capacity scores appeared in the order of separating discharge behavior, using behavior, purchasing behavior, and leadership behavior. Separating discharge behavior showed significant differences according to gender (P < 0.001), education level (P < 0.05), and income (P < 0.01). Using behavior showed a difference according to gender (P < 0.01), and purchasing behavior showed a significant difference according to income (P < 0.05). Leadership behavior showed no difference according to demographic factors. Fourth, internal capacity and external capacity showed a significant positive relationship with practical capacity. Factors affecting purchasing behavior were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group, and their explanatory power was 53%. Factors influencing using behavior were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group, and had an explanatory power of 37%. Leadership behavior was influenced by institutional conditions and the reference group, with an explanatory power of 31%.
Conclusions
Internal capacity, external capacity, and practical capacity show differences according to demographic factors. Factors influencing the practical capacity of adults were knowledge, attitude, institutional conditions, and reference group.

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[Korean]
Association between Eating Alone Patterns and Mental Health Conditions by Region among Korean Adults: Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(6):441-454. Published online December 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.6.441

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study investigated the association between the frequency and pattern of eating alone and the mental health status according to region in Korean adults.
Methods
The data of 10,040 Korean adults aged ≥ 19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2017 and 2019 were used. Participants were divided into 4 groups based on their frequency of eating alone: none (all meals together), 1, 2, and 3 meals/day alone. The regions were divided into urban and rural areas. Mental health status was assessed by stress recognition, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to estimate the adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the association of the frequency and pattern of eating alone with poor mental health after controlling for covariates.
Results
Among Korean adults, 74.1% ate more than one meal a day alone. Individuals having 3 meals a day alone tended to be less educated, single, single person households, or living in urban areas (all P < 0.05). In rural areas, those having 3 meals/ day alone had higher odds of stress recognition (AOR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.02-2.35) than those having all meals together. In urban areas, individuals eating alone 3 times/day had higher odds of stress recognition (AOR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.31-1.96), depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.23-2.12), and suicidal ideation (AOR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.42-3.22) compared to those having all meals together. Urban residents having dinner alone had higher odds of depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05-1.58) and suicidal ideation (AOR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.19-2.33) than those having dinner with others.
Conclusions
Our findings showed that the frequency and patterns of eating alone were differentially associated with increased odds of poor mental health according to region of residence. Nutrition education is needed for those frequently eating alone, particularly those living in urban areas, to highlight the advantages of eating together and to ensure that they have balanced and healthy meals even if they eat alone.

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The Impact of Social Activity Restrictions on Depression in Young Single-Person Households: The Moderating Effect of Eating Alone
Jiwon Kim, Youngye Park
Journal of Social Science.2025; 36(3): 27. CrossRef
Association of ultra-processed food with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in elderly populations (urban and rural): a cross-sectional study
Seung Jae Lee, Mi Sook Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(1): 51. CrossRef
How Does the Frequency of Eating-Alone among Older People in Korea Affect Their Health and Dietary Behavior?
Yongseok Kwon, Kyung Hee Hong, Yoo-Kyung Park, Sohye Kim
Nutrients.2023; 15(9): 2085. CrossRef
Impact assessment of a primary care physician counseling program for youth population
Yun-Su Kim, Shin-Ae Kim
Medicine.2022; 101(46): e31916. CrossRef

2,185 View
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[Korean]
Evaluation of Dietary Habits and Health-Related Factors According to the Employment in Women in Early Adulthood - Based on the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Yun-Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(4):249-258. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.4.249

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study aimed to compare the factors of dietary and health behavior according to the employment in women in early adulthood and to analyze their relationship. Methods: In this study, adult women aged 20~29 who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016~2019 were classified into two groups depending on their permanent worker status, namely tenured employees (n = 254) and temporary employees (n = 377). Dietary habits (prevalence of skipping meals, food nutrition label use, etc.), nutrient intake, and metabolic syndrome factors were analyzed. Results: The tenured employees' group showed a significantly lower proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast (P = 0.0254) and significantly higher daily energy intake (P = 0.0264) than the temporary employees' group. However, there were no significant differences in the intake of energy nutrients and most of the micronutrients per 1,000 kcal of energy intake between the two groups. The proportion of subjects who consumed energy nutrients under 75% of the estimated energy requirement (EER) was 38.11% in the tenured employees' group, which was significantly lower than the 48.30% in the temporary employees' group (P = 0.0159). In economically active women aged 19~29 years, the odds ratio of low HDL-cholesterolemia prevalence was 1.80 times higher (95% CI, 1.06-3.06) in the temporary employees' group compared to that in the tenured employees' group after adjustment for confounding factors (P = 0.0295). Conclusions: In conclusion, among Korean adult women in their twenties, temporary employees showed inappropriate eating habits such as skipping breakfast, and had abnormal blood lipid levels.

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Temporary Employment Is Associated with Poor Dietary Quality in Middle-Aged Workers in Korea: A Nationwide Study Based on the Korean Healthy Eating Index, 2013–2021
Seong-Uk Baek, Myeong-Hun Lim, Yu-Min Lee, Jong-Uk Won, Jin-Ha Yoon
Nutrients.2024; 16(10): 1482. CrossRef

1,232 View
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[English]
A Comparative Study of the Dietary Behavior of Adults Aged 20 and Over according to the Mukbang Viewing Time: Ha-Yan Nam, Bok-Mi Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2021;26(2):93-102. Published online April 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2021.26.2.93

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between watching Mukbang (eating broadcasts) and dietary and health behavior in adults who watch Mukbang Methods: The questionnaire was administered on a self-written basis through online and offline formats to 800 adults (400 men and 400 women). The contents of the survey consisted of general characteristics, Mukbang viewing time per week, breakfast intake frequency, preference for menus when viewing Mukbang , delivery food intake frequency per week, late meal intake frequency per week, and health behavior. The subjects were divided into three groups according to Mukbang viewing time.
Results
The body weight of viewers was significantly higher whenMukbang viewing time was over 14 hours for both men and women. In particular, based on the BMI (body mass index), those who watched Mukbang for more than 14 hours were found to be overweight. People with more than 14 hours of Mukbang viewing time per week were found to prefer mostly carbohydrate-rich food and meat, while those with less than 7 hours of Mukbang viewing time per week showed a higher preference for vegetables and fruits. An analysis of the frequency of breakfast eaten showed that the rate of skipping breakfast was the highest for those who watched Mukbang for more than 14 hours per week, and the rate of eating breakfast daily was the highest in the case of fewer than 7 hours of viewing. In the case of high Mukbang viewing time per week, the frequency of food delivery and night eating was high. When Mukbang viewing time was high, the viewer’s interest in health was low and the frequency of exercising too was low.
Conclusions
Viewers with high Mukbang viewing time showed undesirable health and eating behavior. Thus, it is believed that proper nutrition education on improving eating habits and raising the awareness of correct eating habits is necessary for such viewers.

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Association between food-related media content and the eating behaviors of Korean adults according to household type
Ahyoung Yun, Hyein Jung, Byungmi Kim, Yoonjoo Choi
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Addictive symptoms of mukbang watching: A qualitative interview study using directed content analysis
Kagan Kircaburun, Filipa Calado, Andrew Harris, Mark D. Griffiths
Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health.2024; 4: 100147. CrossRef
Mukbang and Cookbang watching and dietary behavior in Korean adolescents
Jimin Sung, Jae-Young Hong, Jihong Kim, Jihye Jung, Seoeun Choi, Ji Yun Kang, Mi Ah Han
Nutrition Research and Practice.2024; 18(4): 523. CrossRef
Effects of watching Mukbang and Cookbang videos on adolescents’ dietary habits and mental health: cross-sectional study using the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Seung-Hee Hong
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 156. CrossRef
Mukbang watching in Iran: a brief report validating the Persian version of the mukbang addiction scale and its relationship with disordered eating decisions and habits
Reza Shabahang, Sohee Kim, Xiuhan Chen, Mara S. Aruguete, Ágnes Zsila
Current Psychology.2024; 43(37): 29296. CrossRef
성인 남녀의 먹방 시청시간에 따른 식행동에 대한 연구
하얀 남, 복미 정, 은례 전
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2024; 40(4): 275. CrossRef
Changes In the Activation of Supra-hyoid Muscles and Heart Rate of College Students During Food Intake According to Watching Mukbang
Byung-o Ahn, Sung-Min Son, Hyeong-Min Kim
American Journal of Health Behavior.2023; 47(4): 832. CrossRef
밀키트 이용 고객의 식생활 양식과 밀키트 선택속성이 밀키트 제품의 만족도에 미치는 영향 분석
세은 김, 현주 배
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2023; 39(3): 187. CrossRef
The Relationship Between Watching Mukbang (Eating Show), Eating Behaviors, and Anthropometric Parameters in Iranian Female Students
Fatemeh Manafi Anari, Shahryar Eghtesadi
Journal of Research in Health Sciences.2023; 23(1): e00574. CrossRef
Health behaviors and eating habits in people’s 20s and 30s according to food content usage level on social media: a cross-sectional study
Seo-Yeon Bang, Bok-Mi Jung
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(5): 392. CrossRef
Development and validation of Problematic Mukbang Watching Scale and Mukbang Watching Motives Scale: A cross-sectional study with adult mukbang watchers
Kagan Kircaburun, Andrew Harris, Filipa Calado, Mark D. Griffiths
Psychiatry Research Communications.2023; 3(3): 100138. CrossRef
Actual Status of Mukbang Viewing and Food Habits of University Students in Wonju Area
Seung-Lim Lee, Sun Hee Lee
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2022; 33(4): 631. CrossRef
Uses and gratifications of problematic mukbang watching – The role of eating and social gratification: A pilot study
Kagan Kircaburun, Mustafa Savcı, Emrah Emirtekin, Mark D. Griffiths
Journal of Psychiatric Research.2022; 146: 28. CrossRef
Problematic video-streaming: a short review
Maryam Rahat, Juliette Mojgani, Grace Lethbridge, Hashim Al-Bya, Beth Patterson, Carolina Goldman Bergmann, Michael Van Ameringen
Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences.2022; 48: 101232. CrossRef

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[English]
E-commerce Food Purchases by Adult Women according to their Household Types: Yu-Jin Park, Yu-Mi Kim, Mi-Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(6):464-473. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.6.464

Abstract PDF

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze e-commerce food purchase behavior and the perceptions of adult women according to their household types. Methods: The e-commerce food purchases of 318 adult women were surveyed and analyzed according to their household types (one-person or couple household (OCH); a household with children (HC); a household with parents (HP)). Results: The total amount of food purchases over 6 months through e-commerce according to household types was in the descending order of OCH (60.3%), HC (57%), and HP (55.1%) thus showing a significant difference (P < 0.05) in behavior between household types. The reasons for purchasing food through e-commerce included: a lower price than offline (30.8%), convenient delivery and transportation (30.2%), and food diversity (21.1%). When purchasing food online, the most important factor was price and quality, followed by quick and accurate delivery for OCH, exact information given about the product for HC, and recommendation from other consumers for HP (P < 0.01). The main foods purchased through e-commerce were coffee, tea (42.1%), instant and frozen foods (39.9%), water, beverages, dairy products (37.7%), snacks, bread, rice cakes (31.5%), and functional foods (27.4%). The percentage of respondents who were very satisfied or satisfied with their ecommerce food purchases was HP (84.1%), OCH (69.9%), and HC (65.6%) in that order (P < 0.05), and 96.5% of all subjects stated that they would be willing to purchase food through e-commerce in the future. The advantages of purchasing food through e-commerce were seen to be the highest in order and payment convenience with 4.1 points out of 5, followed by low price (4.0), variety of products (3.9), and ease of food purchase (3.9).Among the disadvantages listed, concerns about product damage and deterioration during delivery and differences between the displayed product and the delivered product were the highest with 3.7 points. Conclusions: The characteristics and perceptions of female consumers according to household types are important factors in enhancing the reach of e-commerce, and in preparing guidelines for food selection through e-commerce.

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Effects of the Perceived Quality and Attitude on Satisfaction in Online Fresh Food Shopping
Jin-Yi Jeong, Yoon-Ji Choi, Hye-Sung Chae, Jung Shin Choi, Joo-Lee Son
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(3): 202. CrossRef
Examination the Factors that Influence Online Food Purchase Intention : An Empirical Study Based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Jin-Yi Jeong, Yoon-Ji Choi, Hye-Sung Chae, Jung Shin Choi, Joo-Lee Son
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2021; 31(5): 320. CrossRef

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[English]
Evaluation of Nutritional Status of Vitamins and Minerals According to Consumption of Dietary Supplements in Korean Adults and the Elderly: Report Based on 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data: Ji-Myung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(4):329-339. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.4.329

Abstract PDF

Objective
This study was undertaken to evaluate the intake of vitamins and minerals from dietary supplements (DSs) in Korean adults and elderly.
Methods
Data for this study was generated from the 2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We analyzed 4,204 individuals aged 19 years and older (2,579 users and 1,625 non-users). The survey included 24-h recall questions on food and DS intakes, as well as questions on DS use over the past year. The nutrient DSs evaluated were calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C. Total nutrient intakes were obtained by combining nutrient intakes of foods and DSs consumed by each subject.
Results
Most micronutrient intakes from food (except for thiamin) in adult users, and the four micronutrient intakes (iron, vitamin A, vitamin B₂ and vitamin C) in elderly users, were significantly higher than values obtained in non-users. For total intake of nutrients and DSs, both adult and elderly users had a significantly higher intake than non-users. While proportions below Estimated Average Requirements for all micronutrients by adding respective DSs in users were significantly reduced in adults and elderly as compared to non-users, the proportions of above Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium and vitamin A in adults, and vitamin A in elderly, were significantly increased. In the total subjects examined, consumption of DSs was associated with lower odds ratios of undernutrition of micronutrients, and with higher odds ratios of overnutrition of calcium, iron, and vitamin A, as compared to non-users of DSs.
Conclusions
Although DSs consumption by adults and the elderly improves the micronutrient status, it also increases the risk of excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals.

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Relationship between self-care and health-related behaviors among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
EunJung Lee, Jin A Jang, Ji-Myung Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(2): 103. CrossRef
Folate intake in Korean adults: analysis of the 2016–2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with newly established folate database
Eun-Ji Park, Inhwa Han, Kyoung Hye Yu, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(4): 418. CrossRef
Effect of Dietary Supplements on Vitamin and Mineral Intake Among Koreans: Data From the 2018-2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Moon Yeong Hwang, Jiyoun Hong
Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451. CrossRef
A Study on the Dietary Behavior of Korean Adults: Focus on Dietary Supplement Intake, Household Size, and COVID-19
Jinkyung Choi
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2022; 27(6): 468. CrossRef

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[English]
Qualitative Study on the Perception of Community Food-accessibility Environment among Urban Older Adults: Narae Yang, Kirang Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):137-149. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.137

Abstract PDF

Objectives
This study explored the community food environmental factors affecting food purchasing using a qualitative research methodology for the elderly as well as the various food environments under their socioeconomic diversity.
Methods
For the qualitative data collection, this study interviewed 20 elderly people aged 65 years or more, who participated in a public health program or lunch services operated by the senior welfare center in Seoul. Five dimensions, such as availability, physical accessibility, affordability, acceptability, and accommodation suggested in previous studies, were used to identify the community food environmental factors.
Results
The elderly participants showed overall similarities to the concepts derived from existing studies on the five dimensions of food accessibility environment. In addition, other important food accessibility environmental factors that were not present in previous studies, such as acceptability for a product of domestic origin, delivery service to home, and small-packaged food sales, were derived. On the other hand, the concept of some subjects differed depending on the household income and specifically for the physical accessibility concept. This showed that the close distance factor from a grocery store at home might not apply to older adults in low-income households in Korea.
Conclusions
This study found that five dimensions of the food environment suggested by previous studies could also be applied to vulnerable older adults in Korea. On the other hand, the socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and households would affect the perspectives of their local food environments differently. The findings of this study could help in the development of tools for evaluating the community food environment.

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Nutrition quotient for preschoolers and key impacting factors in Korea: a cross-sectional study on food literacy, social support, and the food environment of primary caregivers
Danbi Gwon, Ji-Yun Hwang, Jieun Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(1): 16. CrossRef
Spatial inequalities and driving factors in food accessibility: Integrating online and offline grocery services in South Korea
Hyebin Kim, Minkyu Kim, Sugie Lee
Applied Geography.2025; 185: 103777. CrossRef
Effects of primary caregivers’ food literacy, social support, food environment, and household income on the nutritional status of school-aged children: a cross-sectional study
Seyeon Park, Ji-Yun Hwang, Sohyun Park, Hyun Joo Ryou, Jieun Oh
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(5): 352. CrossRef
Spatial Disparity of Neighborhood Food Environment by Socioeconomic Status: Application of Urban Network Analysis
Taekyung Seong, Sugie Lee
Land.2024; 13(6): 865. CrossRef
Development and Validation of a Perceived Community Food Accessibility Measurement Questionnaire for Korean Older Adults
Jisoo Hong, Narae Yang, Kirang Kim
Nutrients.2023; 15(19): 4301. CrossRef
A relationship between food environment and food insecurity in households with immigrant women residing in the Seoul metropolitan area
Sung-Min Yook, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2023; 56(3): 264. CrossRef
Regional Difference in the Effect of Food Accessibility and Affordability on Vegetable and Fruit Acquisition and Healthy Eating Behaviors for Older Adults
Dong Eun Lee, Kirang Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(22): 14973. CrossRef
Analysis of Accessibility Changes to Neighborhood Food Environment and Food Desert Phenomenon in Seoul, Korea : Focused on the High-density Areas of Low-income Older Adults
Taekyung Seong, Sugie Lee
Journal of Korea Planning Association.2021; 56(1): 137. CrossRef
Effects of Perceived Food Store Environment on Malnutrition and Frailty among the Food-Insecure Elderly in a Metropolitan City
Yu-Mi Kim, Narae Yang, Kirang Kim
Nutrients.2021; 13(7): 2392. CrossRef
Analyzing Socio-Economic and Geographical Factors that Affect the Health of the Elderly
Zacharias Dermatis, Athina Lazakidou, Athanasios Anastasiou, Panagiotis Liargovas
Journal of the Knowledge Economy.2021; 12(4): 1925. CrossRef
Analysis of Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior about Food Hygiene·Safety Among the elderly
Mi Sook Lee, Sim-Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(3): 200. CrossRef
Nutritional Status according to the Frailty Status of the Elderly at Home in Seo-gu, Gwangju, Korea
Ye Eun Kim, Young-Ran Heo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 382. CrossRef

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[English]
Dietary Safety Management Awareness and Competency for Healthcare among Adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk Areas: Yunhwa Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2020;25(2):112-125. Published online April 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2020.25.2.112

Abstract PDF

Objectives
Diet and incidence of chronic diseases are highly related. This study examined the characteristics of dietary safety awareness and competency for chronic disease prevention among adults.
Methods
Data were collected from 247 adults in Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas using a self-administered questionnaire in May and June of 2018. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, χ 2-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variances, and correlation.
Results
The results of the factor analysis indicate that dietary safety awareness of health management was classified into chronic disease anxiety and obsession. Awareness of dietary safety management was sub-grouped into difficulty in acquiring knowledge, lack of awareness of over and malnutrition, food safety anxiety, importance of weight management, education requirement for cancer prevention, and knowledge. Dietary safety behavior composed of a balanced diet, unhealthy diet, and healthfunctional pursuit. Dietary safety management competency was comprised of health management, food management, and cooking. The competency scores of dietary safety management factors were significantly different according to sex, age, and education level (P < 0.05). Balanced diet factor was significantly correlated with knowledge, health-functional pursuit, health management, food management, and cooking capacity factors (P < 0.01).
Conclusions
Active education for dietary safety management competency according to age, gender, and education level should provide dietary safety education to reduce anxiety and obsession regarding chronic diseases and sustainable health management.

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Development of evaluation items for accessing practice and compliance with dietary guidelines among Korean adults
Min-Ah Kim, Sung-Min Yook, Jieun Oh, Jimin Lim, Hye Ji Seo, Young-Suk Lim, Ji Soo Oh, Hye-Young Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(2): 244. CrossRef
Quality Characteristics of Nutritional Bar with Varying Concentrations of Enteromorpha intenstinalis Powder
KyungHee Kim, JaeSuk Kim
Human Ecology Research.2024; 62(2): 295. CrossRef
Correlation between adolescents’ dietary safety management competency and value recognition, efficacy, and competency of convergence using dietary area: a descriptive study
Yunhwa Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(4): 317. CrossRef
Dietary safety management competency for the sustainable health management of adolescents
Yunhwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(3): 406. CrossRef
Cancer survivor's dietary safety management awareness and competency type
Yun Hwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 532. CrossRef
Factors associated with the dietary quality and nutrition status using the Nutrition Quotient for adults focusing on workers in the manufacturing industry
Ji Suk Yim, Young Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2020; 53(5): 488. CrossRef

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Original Articles

[English]
Evaluation of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Intakes in the Korean Adult Population using Data from the 2016–2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim; Korean J Community Nutr 2019;24(3):223-231. Published online June 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2019.24.3.223

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study evaluated dietary intakes of total fat and fatty acids among the Korean adult population.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study used the 2016â€“2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. A total of 10,772 subjects aged â‰¥19 y for which dietary data were available were selected. Data pertaining to energy and nutrient intakes were obtained by a 24-h recall method. Total fat and fatty acids intakes were evaluated based on the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) of 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans by sex and age groups. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and sampling weights.
RESULTS
The mean intakes of energy and total fat were 1,952 kcal (95% CI: 1928â€“1977) and 46.1 g (45.2â€“47.1), respectively, and about 21% of the energy was obtained from fat in this study population (21.7% in men and 20.2% in women). The mean percentages of energy from saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 6.4%, 6.7%, and 5.2%, respectively. About 18% of adults exceeded the AMDR for fat (30% of energy), whereas 37.6% exceeded the AMDR for saturated fatty acids (7% of energy). The proportions of subjects who consumed more than the AMDR for fat and saturated fatty acids decreased across age groups in both sexes. Among young adults (19â€“29 y), about 63% of the subjects obtained â‰¥7% of their energy from saturated fatty acids. About 61% of older adults obtained less than 15% of their energy from total fat.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased intake of fat energy was prominent in saturated fatty acids. Our findings suggest current information on total fat and fatty acids intakes in Korean adults and can be used to provide dietary guidelines for the improvement of public health.

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Dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression are associated with lipid disorders among Korean adults: a cross-sectional analysis
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Dietary intake and food sources of essential fatty acids among Korean adolescents: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016–2021 KNHANES data
Enkhgerel Erdenetsetseg, Hye Ran Shin, SuJin Song
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(2): 144. CrossRef
Nutrition and food intake status among adults in Jeju according to sociodemographic characteristics and obesity
Hyunji Ham, Hanbin Ko, Sumin Kim, Youjeong Jang, Jong-Seok Byun, Yoonsuk Jekal, Insuk Chai, Kyungho Ha
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(6): 667. CrossRef
Biochemical characteristics, nutrient intakes, and chronic disease risk according to the dietary fat energy ratio in middle-aged Korean: a cross-sectional study using data from the 7th (2016–2018) Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ga-Hyeon Jeong, Sook-Bae Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2024; 29(6): 528. CrossRef
Evaluation of Nutritional Content of Snacks for Smart Snack Choices
Chae Young Yoon, Eunju Kim
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Trends in dietary intake and food sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids among Korean adults between 2007 and 2018
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Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023069. CrossRef
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In Young Jeong, Jae Eun Shim, SuJin Song
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Increasing trends in dietary total fat and fatty acid intake among Korean children: using the 2007–2017 national data
SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
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Substitution of Carbohydrates for Fats and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Korean Middle-Aged Adults: Findings from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
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Food behaviors accounting for the recent trends in dietary fatty acid profiles among Korean adults
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Current status of nutrient intake in Korea: focused on macronutrients
Seung-Won Oh
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 801. CrossRef
Regional Differences in Dietary Total Fat and Saturated Fatty Acid Intake and Their Associations with Metabolic Diseases among Korean Adults: Using the 2016~2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys
SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
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The number of teeth is associated with diet quality in Korean adult population
Hye-Sun Shin
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Trends in Dietary Intake of Total Fat and Fatty Acids Among Korean Adolescents from 2007 to 2017
SuJin Song, Jae Eun Shim
Nutrients.2019; 11(12): 3073. CrossRef

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[English]
Milk Intake Patterns with Lactose and Milk Fat in Korean Male Adults: Jung Hyun Kim, Min Sook Kyung, Sung Hee Min, Myung Hee Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(6):488-495. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.6.488

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the milk intake patterns with lactose and milk fat in Korean male adults using the following variables: milk intake level, awareness of lactose, and milk fat, health problems, and necessity of milk intake. In addition, the factors affecting milk intake were analyzed by multiple regression analysis.
METHODS
The subjects were 532 males aged 20 years or older among the nationwide milk purchasing group. The subjects were 223 (41.9%) in the 20â€“29 year age group, 188 (35.3%) in the 30â€“49 year age group and 121(22.7%) in the over 50 year age group. The survey was conducted using ANOVA and multiple comparative analysis to examine the differences in age and multiple regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors affecting the intake of milk.
RESULTS
The intake of milk in the subjects was 538.14 Â± 494.23 ml per week. There were statistically significant differences in the subjects' age according to processed milk, low fat, nonfat milk, cheese, and ice cream. The perception of milk and lactose and milk fat was recognized as a good food for skeletal health when milk was consumed. Among the milk nutrients, lactose was highly recognized at the age of 20â€“29, and milk fat was recognized in those over 50 years. In addition to lactose and milk fat, calcium was the most highly recognized among the milk nutrients. Health problems associated with milk were skeletal health, obesity, and lactose intolerance. The perception of lactose intolerance was related to lactose intolerance and fatness, and the dietary behavior was unaffected.
CONCLUSIONS
This study examined the milk intake patterns of adult Korean males. Many variables were found to be related to the intake of milk. In this study, the milk intake was high when there was no problem with the perception and dietary behaviors of milk nutrition (lactose and milk fat). This study focused on lactose and milk fat, which are major nutrients in milk, and it is a new perspective study among milk-related research.

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Association of milk and dairy product consumption with the incidence of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults: a 16-year follow-up of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Yeseung Jeong, Kyung Won Lee, Hyekyeong Kim, Yuri Kim
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(6): 1225. CrossRef

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[English]
Effects of Nutrition Education and Exercise Program on Obesity Index and Behavioral Modification in Moderate Obese Women: Myung Hee Chang, Su Jin Jung; Korean J Community Nutr 2018;23(4):318-332. Published online August 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2018.23.4.318

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavioral modification of obese adults who underwent nutritional and physical activity education. Twenty obese females, aged 20â€“60 years old, with BMIs (Body Mass Index) >30 or body fat (%) >40 were subjected to this study.
METHODS
The physical activity education program consisted of doing exercise in a gymnasium together or home exercise. Dietary attitudes and dietary intakes were assessed using weight control, physical activity, and eating habits. The nutrition-exercise educational period was 12 weeks.
RESULTS
After the study period, there was significant improvement in physical activity and eating habits score. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the dietary intakes of fiber, iron, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B6, and niacin. Blood pressure, blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels showed a tendency to decrease, but there was no significant difference. BMI, fat mass, abdominal circumference, and visceral fat levels were significantly reduced while muscle mass significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that behavioral modification by nutrition and physical activity education with feedback has positive effects on dietary intake and anthropometric biomarkers in obese adults. Therefore, lifestyle interventions of this kind could be recommended as a method for obesity management.

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Effect of tele-nutrition education on weight loss, energy intake, and fat adequacy among obese adults in Banyumas, Central Java, Indonesia
Teguh Jati Prasetyo, Izzati Nur Khoiriani, Sifa Aulia Wicaksari, Gumintang Ratna Ramadhan, A. Khomsan, E. Palupi, S.P. Loh, N. Mohd Esa
BIO Web of Conferences.2025; 153: 02013. CrossRef
Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women
Su-Jin Jung, Seung-Ok Lee, Min-Jun Choi, Jun Heo, Soo-Wan Chae, Baik-Hwan Cho
Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2022; 12(3): 127. CrossRef
Effect of Nutrition Counseling by Nutrition Care Process on Diet Therapy Practice and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Tae-Jeong Bae, Na-Eun Jeon, Soo-Kyong Choi, Jung-Sook Seo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(3): 214. CrossRef

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[English]
Relation between Beverage Consumption Pattern and Metabolic Syndrome among Healthy Korean Adults: Eun Ju Dennis, Minji Kang, Sung Nim Han; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(5):441-455. Published online October 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.5.441

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to describe beverage patterns among healthy Korean adults and investigate their association with prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome.
METHODS
Subjects consisted of 6,927 Korean adults, aged 19-64 years in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2013-2015). Beverages were regrouped into twelve groups based on food codes and beverage intake (g/day) was assessed by 24-hour recall. Factor analysis was used to obtain beverage patterns. Waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were used as anthropometric data; fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and blood pressure were used as biochemical indicators. The odds ratio (OR) for prevalence of metabolic syndrome and components of metabolic syndrome was assessed using logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Three beverage patterns were identified using factor analysis: 1) carbonated soft drinks 2) coffee (without added sugar or powdered creamer), and 3) alcoholic beverages. Subjects with high scores for the carbonated soft drink and coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer patterns were younger and subjects with high scores for the alcoholic beverage pattern were older. There were significant differences in gender distribution in all three beverage patterns, with men more likely to have high scores for carbonated soft drink and alcoholic beverage patterns. On the other hand, women were more likely to have higher scores for coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern. Within each pattern, there were significant differences in sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics such as education, household income, frequency of eating out, and smoking status according to the quartile of pattern scores. Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns were associated with an increased levels of metabolic syndrome components, but coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer was not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults after adjusting for age, sex, education, BMI, weight management, household income, smoking status, frequency of eating out, and energy intake.
CONCLUSIONS
Alcoholic beverages and carbonated soft drinks patterns are associated with increased levels of metabolic syndrome components while coffee without added sugar or powdered creamer pattern is not associated with any of metabolic syndrome components in healthy Korean adults.

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Nutritional and Health Status According to the Frequency of Carbonated Beverage Consumption among Adults in Their 20s : Based on the 2019-2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) Data
You-Sin Lee
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2025; 35(3): 159. CrossRef
Calcium- and Sodium-Rich Food Intake among Koreans with and without Metabolic Syndrome: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Byeonggeun Choi, Jiyoon Kim, Yeonjin Kim, Jiae Shin, Sang-Ah Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(15): 2439. CrossRef
Effects of Calamansi Soju and Other Alcoholic Beverages on Resin Restorations
Moon-Jin Jeong, Kyungwon Heo, Myoung-Hwa Lee, Myeong-Ju Jeong, Do-Seon Lim
Journal of Dental Hygiene Science.2021; 21(4): 251. CrossRef
Association between Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake and Dietary Quality using Nutritional Quotient among Adults in Daegu, Korea
Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2021; 26(5): 350. CrossRef
Association between Dietary Habits, Shift Work, and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea Nurses’ Health Study
Heeja Jung, Hyunju Dan, Yanghee Pang, Bohye Kim, Hyunseon Jeong, Jung Eun Lee, Oksoo Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(20): 7697. CrossRef
Exploring parenting variables associated with sweetness preferences and sweets intake of children
Taejung Woo, Kyung-Hea Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2019; 13(2): 169. CrossRef
Influence of beverage type and ingestion time on tooth corrosion
Jae-Deok Cheon, Eun-Ah Cho, Hyun-Bae Park, Yu-Jin Choi, Han-Ju Kim, Jung-Soo Lee, Eun-Jeong Bae
Korean Journal of Dental Materials.2018; 45(3): 169. CrossRef

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[English]
Study on Sugar Consumption of Adult Workers According to Smoking Status: Jung Yeon Yun, Boram Kim, Hee Sun Jeong, Nami Joo; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(3):228-237. Published online June 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.3.228

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status among adult workers, and current status of sugar intake.
METHODS
The survey included 500 men working in Gyeonggi-do from October to November in 2016. Questionnaire items covered their age, working status, smoking status, eating habits, eating behaviors, snack consumption status, habits and behaviors related to sugar intake. All data were analyzed by SPSS program (Ver. 23) and descriptive statistics was performed; a t-test, Ï‡Â² test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe test were used for post-hoc test.
RESULTS
The study results showed that eating habits and behaviors of non-smokers were better than those of smokers. The frequency of daily snack consumption was the highest in smokers compared to and non-smokers. The smokers' favorite taste after smoking was â€˜Sweetâ€™. The average score of sugar-related nutrition knowledge was higher in non-smokers compared to smokers. Non-smokers had better recognition of â€˜sugar reductionâ€™, and smokers were more likely to eat sweet foods, respectively. On the other hand, non-smokers could observe that they were trying to control themselves for health reasons. According to the results of the study, non-smokers showed better eating habits and dietary habits and consumed less sugar. Also, it was found that non-smokers tried to drink more water than beverages and refrain from eating sweets to reduce their sugar intake. Further, the most of the bread, coffee and beverages were also consumed at a lower frequency by non-smokers compared to smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
This study results showed that smoking and sugar consumption were closely related. Therefore, adult workers should actively promote and learn so that they can maintain healthy and suitable dietary habits through reduction of sugar consumption.

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Factors affecting sugar intake in adults based on the social cognitive theory
Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 120. CrossRef
Diet habits of employees in higher education
Hajnalka Požar, Sanja Šumonja, Nataša Sekulić, Nataša Čamprag-Sabo, Valentin Puškaš
Sestrinska rec.2023; 26(86): 5. CrossRef
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Deok-Ju Kim
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2018; 9(3): 95. CrossRef

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[English]
The Factors Influencing the Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adult Men : Based on Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010~2011 Data: Hye Sang Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2017;22(2):136-144. Published online April 30, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2017.22.2.136

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the bone mineral density (BMD) of total femur (TF), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) of the adult men by analyzing nationally representative Korean survey data.
METHODS
This study was conducted based on the data of 1,770 men aged 19-64 years from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2011. The BMD was analyzed by various factors (general characteristics, anthropometric data, health habits, chronic diseases, nutrient intake status). SPSS statistics for complex samples was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
We observed that the BMD decreased significantly with aging. The BMD in each of the second lowest quartile of waist circumference (in TF & FN) and body mass index (in TF & LS) was lower than the respective BMD in the highest quartile group. The BMD in FN was higher in the group who reported the weight training. The BMD in LS was lower in hypercholesterolemia group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was lower in hypertriglyceridemia group and in diabetes group than in the normal group. The BMD in TF, FN and LS was higher in the group with < Estimated Average Requirement iron intake. But there was no evidence to suggest that the BMD was related with educational level, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, anemia and nutrient intake status (except for iron).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggested that aging, waist circumference, body mass index, weight training, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglycemia, diabetes were site-specifically associated with the BMD in TF, FN and LS in the adult men. These bone site-specific factors need to be considered for the prevention of osteoporosis.

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Significant association factors of bone mineral density in Taiwan adults
Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Mei-Hua Chuang, Chun-Hung Lin, Shih-Chin Chou, Yuh-Feng Wang
Tzu Chi Medical Journal.2020; 32(4): 367. CrossRef
Bone Mineral Density as a Predictor of Atherogenic Indexes of Cardiovascular Disease, Especially in Nonobese Adults
Tzyy-Ling Chuang, Jiunn-Wen Lin, Yuh-Feng Wang
Disease Markers.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Developing Customized Phantom for Korean Bone Density Using 3D Printing
Junho Lee, Kwan-Yong Choi, Jae-Ho Choi
Journal of Radiological Science and Technology.2019; 42(3): 223. CrossRef

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[English]
Adulterated Food Management Characteristics according to Dietary Lifestyles among Adolescents: Yunhwa Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(6):509-519. Published online December 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.6.509

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Adulterated food education in adolescence period is very important because dietary management related to food safety is not made in a short period. This study aimed to identify dietary lifestyle factors which drive adulterated food management among middle and high school students.
METHODS
Data was collected from 270 middle and high school students in Daegu using a self-administered questionnaire in March and April of 2015. Data was analyzed using frequency analysis, one-way analysis of variance, Ï‡Â²-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis.
RESULTS
The results of factor analysis indicated that adulterated food management awareness was classified into necessity, difficulty, and food purchasing anxiety. The adulterated food management capability was sub-grouped into environmental grasp, food identification, cooking hygiene, and situation management. The adulterated food management efficacy composed of management confidence, action intention, and knowledge. Dietary lifestyle comprised of gustation, family, and health factors after factor analysis, and it consisted of all seeking group, gustation seeking group, family seeking group, health seeking group, and family and health seeking group after cluster analysis. The gustation, family and health factors were significantly affected the factors of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management (p < 0.05). The frequency of health conditions, helping with meal preparation, and the times of eating out were significantly different according to seeking groups of dietary lifestyle (p < 0.01). The scores of awareness, capability and efficacy of adulterated food management of family and health seeking group were significantly higher than the other seeking groups (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that adulterated food management education programs should account for gustation, family and health factors of dietary lifestyle to be effective for adolescents.

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Study on the Eating Out Behavior and the Status of Meal Delivery and Take-Out Consumption according to the Food-related Lifestyles of Adolescents : Using the Consumption Behavior Survey for Food in 2020
Eun Jung Lee, Hyeon Min Yang, Yeong Ju Lee, Sun A Choi, Jeong Ok Rho
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2024; 34(4): 284. CrossRef
Dietary safety management competency for the sustainable health management of adolescents
Yunhwa Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2022; 55(3): 406. CrossRef
Restaurant Meal Delivery and Take-Out Consumption Behavior according to Adolescents’ Food-Related Lifestyles
Yulee Shin, Minsook Kyung, Seonyeong Baek, Sunny Ham
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2021; 31(3): 172. CrossRef
Predicting adolescents’ behavioural intentions in adulterated food management
Yunhwa Kim
British Food Journal.2019; 122(1): 258. CrossRef
Survey on Foodservice Satisfaction and Dietary Education needs for Improvement of School Foodservice in Middle School Students in Seoul
Kyung-Hee Shin, Youngmee Lee, Wookyoun Cho
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2017; 22(2): 127. CrossRef

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[English]
Perception on Optimal Diet, Diet Problems and Factors Related to Optimal Diet Among Young Adult Women Using Focus Group Interviews: Based on Social Cognitive Theory: Hye Jin Kim, A Reum Lee, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2016;21(4):332-343. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2016.21.4.332

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
Study purpose was to investigate perception on diet, diet problems and related factors among young adult women using focus group interviews (FGI) based on the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT).
METHODS
Eight groups of FGI were conducted with 47 female undergraduate or graduate students. Guide for FGI included questions regarding perception on optimal diet, diet problems and cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors of SCT. FGI were video, audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed by themes and sub-themes.
RESULTS
Subjects showed irregular eating habits (skipping breakfast, irregular meal time) and selection of unhealthy foods as the main diet problems. Regarding cognitive factors related to optimal diet, subjects mentioned positive outcome expectations (e.g., health promotion, skin health, improvement in eating habits, etc.) and negative outcome expectations (e.g., annoying, hungry, expensive, taste). Factors that promoted optimal diet were mainly received from information from mobile or internet and access to menu or recipes. Factors that prevented optimal diet included influence from friends, lack of time and cooking skills. Behavioral factors for optimal diet included behavioral capability regarding snacks, healthy eating and smart food selection. Subjects mentioned mass media (mobile, internet, TV) as the influential physical environment, and significant others (parents, friends, grandparents) as the influential social environment in optimal diet. For education topics, subjects wanted to learn about healthy meals, basic nutrition, disease and nutrition, and weight control. They wanted to learn those aspects by using mobile or internet, lectures (cooking classes), campaign and events.
CONCLUSIONS
Study results might be used for planning education regarding optimal diet for young adult women. Education programs need to focus on increasing positive outcome expectations (e.g., health) and behavioral capability for healthy eating and food selection, reducing negative outcome expectations (e.g., cost, taste) and barriers, making supportive environments for optimal diet, and incorporating topics and methods found in this study.

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Factors affecting sugar intake in adults based on the social cognitive theory
Kilye Kim, Yeon-Kyung Lee
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(1): 120. CrossRef
Evaluation of the Need for Obesity Prevention Education Programs through Analysis of Factors Affecting Student Obesity Factors in Seoul during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Seoung Hi Kim, Seonyeong Baek, Min Jeong Choi, Sunny Ham
Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2022; 32(3): 214. CrossRef
Focus Group Interviews with U.S. Americans with Respect to Recipe and Sensory Characteristics of Seolgitteok (Korean Rice-Flour Cake)
Han-Seok Seo, Sungeun Cho
Korean Journal of Food and Cookery Science.2018; 34(1): 15. CrossRef
Meal Types by Cooking Method Consumed by Korean Adults according to Meal Provision Place: Using 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mi-Kyung Choi
Korean Journal of Food & Cookery Science.2017; 33(3): 264. CrossRef
Utilization of Internet Dietary Information by University Students in Seoul and Gyeonggi Area
Young Eun Kang, Sim Yeol Lee
Korean Journal of Human Ecology.2016; 25(6): 811. CrossRef

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[English]
The Relationships among Quality of Life and Stress, Health-related Habits and Food Intake in Korean Healthy Adults Based on 2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Su Bin Lee, Hyun Jin Choi, Mi Joung Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(6):411-422. Published online December 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.6.411

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the socioeconomic factors that affect quality of life (QL) in healthy adults and to study the relationship between QL and health-related habits and food intake.
METHODS
Subjects consisted of 1,154 healthy adults without any known disease, aged 19 to 65 years from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. We used SPSS statistical program version 20.0 for data analysis.
RESULTS
The average age and QL score of the study population were 36.7 years and 0.99 points, respectively. Males had a significantly higher QL score than the females (p < 0.001), and employed subjects and those employed in permanent positions had significantly higher scores as compared respectively with unemployed subjects and those employed in temporary positions (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). The group that responded "almost every day" to the "frequency of binge drinking" and "frequency of disruption of daily life due to drinking" had significantly lower QL scores as compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Further, the scores were significantly higher for individuals who practiced "intense physical activities" and "walking" (p < 0.001). The groups that responded that they were "very stressed" showed significantly lower QL scores in comparison to the other groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in QL scores according to anthropometric or biochemical indices. When subjects were divided into two groups based on average QL scores, the frequency of intake of "barbecued beef" was significantly higher while the frequency of intake of "fried eggs or rolled omelet," and "soy milk" was significantly lower in the high QL group.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these findings, it is evident that in healthy adults without any known underlying illnesses, psychological factors such as economic activity, occupational environment, and stress are considered to have a greater impact on their QL than are nutrient intake, blood biochemical indices, and anthropometric status.

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Ho-Jung Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Yookyung Kim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2024; 57(3): 320. CrossRef
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[English]
Socio-demographic Characteristics, Nutrient Intakes and Mental Health Status of Older Korean Adults depending on Household Food Security: Based on the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Yoon Jung Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2015;20(1):30-40. Published online February 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2015.20.1.30

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was performed to investigate the associations of food security with socio-demographic characteristics, nutrient intakes and mental health status among older Korean adults.
METHODS
This study was conducted using data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects were 4,451 adults aged 65~98 years. Food security was measured using a self-reported question on food sufficiency of subjects' household. Based on the answers, study subjects were classified into secure, mildly insecure, moderately insecure, and severely insecure groups. Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. Nutrient intake was assessed by dietary reference intakes (DRI). As for mental health status, the data on mental stress, depression, and suicide ideation were used.
RESULTS
Rate of food insecurity in older adults was 14.3%. Old age, being female, low education, low income level, living alone, and discomfort in daily living were more related to food insecurity. Means of nutrient intakes were significantly different according to food security status. Intakes of calcium, potassium, and vitamin B2 were lower than recommended intakes in all groups. Consumption amounts of soy and soybean products, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, vegetable oils, meats, eggs, seafood, and dairy products were lower in food insecure groups. Mental stress, depression, and suicide ideation were higher in food insecure groups independent of the gender and income level.
CONCLUSIONS
These present findings suggested that food security is related to mental health as well as nutrition status in older Korean adults. A national system that include food and psychosocial support programs for the elderly should be considered in order to improve the overall health of older Korean adults.

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Food insecurity and its associated characteristics of the elderly in Seoul: analysis of the data from the Seoul Food Survey 2023
Hyunjeong Park, Youngmin Nam, Linxi Huang, Youngmi Lee, Jihyun Yoon
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Jin Mo Khil
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Dietary and health characteristics of the young-old and the old-old by food security status: analysis of data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(1): 104. CrossRef
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Jae Eun Shim, Seo-jin Kim, Kirang Kim, Ji-Yun Hwang
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Association of food insecurity and depression in Korean adults
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[English]
The Risk of Metabolic Syndrome by Dietary Patterns of Middle-aged Adults in Gyeonggi Province: You Sin Lee, Moo Yong Lee, Sim Yeol Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(6):527-536. Published online December 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.6.527

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to assess how nutrient intakes are related to risk factors for metabolic syndrome according to dietary patterns in the middle-aged adults.
METHODS
The subjects (n = 187; 47 men, 140 women) consisted of middle-aged adults over 30 years old in Ilsan area. The metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the data collected from each subject, including anthropometric measurements and blood analyses. The dietary patterns were derived from the average of two-day dietary intake data.
RESULTS
Factor analysis identified three major dietary patterns which were "Meats and alcohol", "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits", and "Rice, Kimchi and fish & shellfish". The daily intakes of energy, protein, and sodium increased across quartiles of "Meats and alcohol" pattern scores (p < 0.05), whereas the intakes of carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, and fiber increased across quartiles of "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits" pattern scores (p < 0.001). The "Meats and alcohol" pattern scores were positively correlated with protein and sodium intakes but inversely correlated with carbohydrates, fiber and potassium intakes which were adjusted for age, sex and energy (p < 0.05). The highest quartile pattern score of "Meats and alcohol" pattern had elevated odds ratio of abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (p < 0.05). The risk of hypertriglyceridemia decreased in the highest quartile of "Mixed grains, vegetables and fruits" pattern (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-1.00).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggested that reducing the consumption of meat and alcohol along with increasing fruits, vegetables and mixed grains would be helpful for preventing the metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases.

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Soo-Hyun Kim, Hyojee Joung
Nutrients.2024; 16(19): 3395. CrossRef
The Relationship between Meal Regularity and Oral Health and Metabolic Syndrome of Adults in Single Korean Households
Jin-Ah Jung, Hye-Won Cheon, On-Ju Ju
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Metabolic Syndrome Risk by Dietary Fat Energy Ratio in Middle-aged Men - Using the 2012~2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data -
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The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(6): 1030. CrossRef
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Hyelin Jeon, Su-Jin Oh, Hyun Soo Nam, Yoon Seok Song, Kyung-Chul Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2015; 44(7): 961. CrossRef

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[English]
Investigation on Influencing Environmental Factors on Health Status of Korean Septuagenarians Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province: Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee, Se In Oh, Sang Chul Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):142-162. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.142

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the critical environmental factors on healthy-aging of Korean people, we investigated the significant factors influencing health status of septuagenarians living in rural area of Jeonla province, known to be one of the representative longevity regions in Korea.
METHODS
We divided subjects into healthy group (36M/25F) or poor-health group (26M/73F) based on self-reported health status, body mass index, a number of prescription, and blood test data. General characteristics, physical measurements, lifestyle, dietary behavior and nutrient intake, physical health and mental health data were statistically compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
Average age was not different between healthy group and poor-health group in men and women, respectively. In men, significantly favorable factors to health were observed to be higher education, regular exercise, higher grip strength and walking function, body mass index (> or = 18.5 kg/m2), moderate frequency of drinking and eating-out, non-smoking, normal red blood cell (RBC) count, higher serum dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) level, good digestive function and appetite, normal hearing function, regular meals, adequate vegetable and fruit intake, diverse food intake, adequate energy and nutrients (protein, vitamin B1, B6, C and E, folate, niacin, P, Zn and K) intake, higher mini-nutrient status assessment (MNA) score and low level of depression. On the other hand, in women, those were literacy, living arrangement, moderate frequency of drinking, healthy teeth, higher grip strength and walking function, bone mineral density, normal RBC and white blood cell (WBC) count, higher DHEAS concentration, higher MNA score, normal cognition and memory function, having snack and adequate fruit intake.
CONCLUSIONS
These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase health-life expectancy of Korean old people living in rural areas.

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Development and Validation of the Yonsei Lifestyle Profile-Satisfaction (YLP-S) Using the Rasch Measurement Model
Kang-Hyun Park, Ickpyo Hong, Ji-Hyuk Park
INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative analysis of dietary behavior and nutrient intake of elderly in urban and rural areas for development of “Village Lunch Table” program: Based on 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data
Youngmi Lee, Yourim Choi, Hae Ryun Park, Kyung Hee Song, Kyung Eun Lee, Chang Hee Yoo, Young Suk Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(2): 171. CrossRef
A Study on the Body Composition, Physical Activity Level, Basal Metabolic Rate, and Daily Energy Expenditure of Elderly in Busan
Hwa-Jae Lim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2016; 21(2): 178. CrossRef
The Comparative Analysis of Health Risk Factor according to HbA1c Level of Elderly Women Dwelling in Jeonla Province - Blood Health Status, Food Habit and Nutrient Intake -
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(3): 392. CrossRef
Changes in the Nutrition Status of Elderly Females in Health Promotion Programs of Health Centers in Chungbuk Province
Myoung-Sook Kim
The Korean Journal of Community Living Science.2015; 26(2): 225. CrossRef
A Study on the Blood Health Status and Nutrient Intake in Elderly Women Dwelling in Longevity Region in Jeonla Province according to Family Arrangement
Se In Oh, Chung Shil Kwak, Miyong Yon, Mee Sook Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2014; 27(5): 940. CrossRef

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[English]
Associations between Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Consumption Frequencies of Vitamin D Rich Foods in Korean Adults and Older Adults: Areum Yu, Jihye Kim, Oran Kwon, Se Young Oh, Junghyun Kim, Yoon Jung Yang; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(2):122-132. Published online April 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.2.122

Abstract PDF

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to investigate the vitamin D status and to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods in Korean adults and older adults.
METHODS
Subjects were 10,374 adults and 2,792 older adults participating in the 2008-2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Consumption frequencies of vitamin D rich foods were estimated by using a qualitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Eleven food items such as beef, egg, mackerel, tuna, yellow corvina, pollack, anchovy, mushroom, milk, yogurt, and ice cream were selected as vitamin D rich foods based on previous research.
RESULTS
The proportions of deficiency (< 12 ng/mL), inadequacy (12-20 ng/mL) and sufficiency (> or = 20 ng/mL) of serum 25(OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in adults were 8.8%, 42.3%, 48.8%, and 28.2%, 52.8%, 19.1%, respectively. The proportions of deficiency, inadequacy and sufficiency of serum 25 (OH)D concentrations from June to November and December to May in older adults were 10.1%, 32.4%, 57.5%, and 24.1%, 45.4%, 30.5%, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of mackerel, anchovy, all fish, milk and milk.dairy products. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentrations in older adults were positively related to the consumption frequencies of yellow corvina and negatively related to the consumption frequencies of ice cream.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that Korean adults were more deficient in serum 25(OH)D concentrations than older adults. The consumption of vitamin D rich foods may affect vitamin D status in Korean adults. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.

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Discovering Vitamin-D-Deficiency-Associated Factors in Korean Adults Using KNHANES Data Based on an Integrated Analysis of Machine Learning and Statistical Techniques
Hongryul Ahn, Seungwon Kim, Jinmyung Jung, Chan Park
Nutrients.2025; 17(4): 618. CrossRef
Estimated dietary vitamin D intake and major vitamin D food sources of Koreans: based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
Ki Nam Kim, Jung-Sug Lee, Jee-Seon Shim, Mi Ock Yoon, Hyun Sook Lee
Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(3): 451. CrossRef
Impacts of serum vitamin D levels on sleep and daytime sleepiness according to working conditions
Hyuk Joo Lee, Hayun Choi, In-Young Yoon
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine.2020; 16(7): 1045. CrossRef
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and cognitive function in Korean older adults living in rural area
Ye Som Shin, Bo Youl Choi, Mi Kyung Kim, Yoon Jung Yang
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2019; 52(5): 465. CrossRef
Vitamin D intake, serum 25OHD, and bone mineral density of Korean adults: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2011)
Mi-Yeon Kim, Mi-Ja Kim, Sun Yung Ly
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(6): 437. CrossRef
Relationship of vitamin D status and obesity index in Korean women
Ji-Young Park, Young-Ran Heo
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2016; 49(1): 28. CrossRef
The relationship between Physical Growth and Major Sources of Serum Vitamin D among Hospitalized Children of Changwon City
Haeyoung Kang, Eunsil Her, Kyung-Hea Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(3): 197. CrossRef

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[English]
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nutrition Counseling for Adults with Risk Factors for Dyslipidemia: Tae Young Nam, Jung Hee Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2014;19(1):27-40. Published online February 28, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2014.19.1.27

Abstract PDF

Dyslipidemia is a component of the metabolic syndrome and a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Nutrition counseling is important to improve dyslipidemia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling in adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia diagnosed by the national health screening program. The nutrition counseling for adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia was carried out at a public health center in Gyeonggi-do. Thirty four patients out of forty five participants in the program completed the nutrition counseling program. The nutrition counseling was provided 3 times during a 12-week period. Individualized nutrition counseling to improve dietary habits was conducted after examining participants' dietary intake through questionnaires about dietary habits and whether they practice dietary guidelines. Data about serum lipid profiles, body composition, nutrition knowledge, the practice of dietary guidelines, and dietary behavior were collected before and after nutrition counseling to evaluate the effectiveness of nutrition counseling. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (Korea ver.18.0) and significant difference was evaluated by paired t-test and chi(2)-test. Body weight, body fat and WHR were significantly decreased after nutrition counseling. Total-cholesterol, TG, and LDL-cholesterol were significantly decreased but HDL-cholesterol did not show significant changes. Both scores of nutrition knowledge and the practice of dietary guidelines improved significantly (p < 0.001). This study shows that nutrition counseling helps to encourage healthy eating practices and to improve serum lipid profiles of adults with risk factors for dyslipidemia. Overall, results indicated that nutrition counseling resulted in positive changes to lower the reliance on medications. Therefore, nutrition counseling should be considered for the initial treatment of dyslipidemia.

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Facilitators and barriers to achieving dietary and physical activity goals: focus group interviews with city bus drivers and counseling dietitians
Yongmin Jo, Suhyeun Cho, Young-Hee Han, Taisun Hyun
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2023; 28(5): 376. CrossRef
Comparison of Health Behaviors and Nutritional Status related to Dyslipidemia in Korean Middle-Aged Adults - From the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007~2010 -
Myung-Gon Shin, Ki-Hong Yoon, Mi-Young Song
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2016; 29(5): 724. CrossRef
Development of Job Standards for Clinical Nutrition Therapy for Dyslipidemia Patients
Min-Jae Kang, Jung-Sook Seo, Eun-Mi Kim, Mi-Sun Park, Mi-Hye Woo, Dal-Lae Ju, Gyung-Ah Wie, Song-Mi Lee, Jin-A Cha, Cheong-Min Sohn
Clinical Nutrition Research.2015; 4(2): 76. CrossRef
Short-term Effects of a Lifestyle Intervention Program on Eating Behaviors, Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Risks in Korean Adults
Jiyeon Park, Hyekyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion.2014; 31(4): 37. CrossRef

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[English]
Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake and Dietary Behavior Changes by Session Attendance on Salt Reduction Education Program for Pre-hypertensive Adults in a Public Health Center: Eun Jin Jung, Jong Sook Kwon, So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son; Korean J Community Nutr 2013;18(6):626-643. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2013.18.6.626

Abstract PDF

This study was performed to evaluate the differences in blood pressure, sodium intake and dietary behavior changes according to the extent of session attendance on sodium reduction education program for pre-hypertensive adults in a public health center. Sodium reduction education program consisted of 8 sessions for 8 weeks. Fifty three patients who completed the pre and post nutritional assessments were classified into 2 groups according to the session attendance rate. Nineteen participants who attended the education program 3 times or less (< or = 3) were categorized into the less attendance (LA) group and 34 participants attended 4 times or more (> or = 4) into the more attendance (MA) group. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile, nutrient intakes including sodium, nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior score were assessed before and after the nutrition education program. Mean sodium intakes (p < 0.001), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and weight (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the MA group after sodium reduction education program. Compared to the MA group, mean sodium intakes, systolic/diastolic blood pressure were not significantly changed after the education program even with significantly increased nutrition knowledge (p < 0.05) and dietary behavior score (p < 0.01) in the LA group. It appears that pre-hypertensive adults need to attend the sodium reduction education program for at least 4 times or more to gain beneficial effects from the intervention. Positive feedback of healthcare team or offering more cooking classes may be needed to raise the attendance rate in the sodium reduction education program.

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Young Ran Heo, Hyun Young Oh, Hee Kyong Ro
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2017; 50(5): 472. CrossRef
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Jung-Hwa Choi, Eun-Sil Lee, Yoon-Jin Lee, Hye-Sang Lee, Hye-Ja Chang, Kyung-Eun Lee, Na-Young Yi, Yoon Ahn, Tong-Kyung Kwak
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2016; 45(9): 1366. CrossRef
Dietary Life related to Sodium of Participants in Hypertension and Diabetes Preventive Education at the Public Health Center
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Soojin Park, Sung Hee Min
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Mee Sook Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(5): 448. CrossRef

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[English]
Status and Relationships among Lifestyle, Food Habits, and Stress Scores of Adults in Chungnam: Yeon Ja Seo, Mi Hyun Kim, Myung Hee Kim, Mi Kyeong Choi; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(5):579-588. Published online October 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.579

Abstract PDF

This study was conducted to investigate the association among demographic characteristics, lifestyle, food habits, and stress status of 437 males and females aged over 25 years in Chungnam. Overall, the stress status of the subjects was high showing an average of 103 points out of 156 points based on the something scale. Results of the study revealed that marital status, exercise status, and health status had significant relationships with food habits and stress scores. The subjects who were married, had a higher frequency of exercise, and were healthier, had a significantly higher food habit score but a significantly lower stress score compared with their counterparts. Also, food habit scores had a significantly negative relationship with stress scores. Thus, this research showed possible links among healthy food habits, desirable lifestyle, and low stress status. In other words, people who experience a high level of stress may be more likely to have unhealthy food habits, resulting in a poor healthy conditions. These results show that appropriate food habits and adequate dietary management are deemed necessary for people with a high degree of stress. Further in-depth studies are needed to clarify a direct relationship between stress and food habits and to determine the proper diet that may help relieve stress.

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Onjeong Choi, Jiwon Kim, Yujin Lee, Youngmi Lee, Kyunghee Song
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Relationship between Dietary Habits, Life Stress and Nutrition Knowledge of High School Students in Gyeonggi Area
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2020; 25(2): 126. CrossRef
Eating Habits of the University Students affected by Stress Levels in the Areas of Seoul and Gangwon Province
Jeongsill Lee
The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition.2015; 28(5): 782. CrossRef
The Relationship between Stress, Social Support and Healthy Diet Score among Chinese University Students in Korea
Sunghee Lee, Zhen Feng, Youngmee Lee
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2015; 20(4): 273. CrossRef
Antioxidative Activity of Feral Haw (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) Seed Extracts Using Various Solvents
Min-A Kim, Yishan Duan, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
Korean journal of food and cookery science.2014; 30(1): 33. CrossRef
A comparative study on dietary behavior, nutritional knowledge and life stress between Korean and Chinese female high school students
Sohwan Son, Yoona Ro, Hwajin Hyun, Hongmie Lee, Kyunghee Song
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(2): 205. CrossRef
Antioxidative activities of various solvent extracts from haw (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge)
Yishan Duan, Min-A Kim, Jong-Hwan Seong, Hun-Sik Chung, Han-Soo Kim
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[English]
Nutrient Intake, Lifestyle Factors and Prevalent Hypertension in Korean Adults: Results from 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sle Koo, Youngok Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Jin Sook Yoon, Kyong Park; Korean J Community Nutr 2012;17(3):329-340. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.3.329

Abstract PDF

Hypertension is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that changes in diet and lifestyle factors can prevent the development of hypertension, but the combined effects of these modifiable factors on hypertension are not well established. The objective of this study is to investigate associations of diet and lifestyle factors, evaluated both individually and in combination, with prevalent hypertension among Korean adults. We analyzed data obtained from the 2007-2008 Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, a nationwide cross-sectional study using a stratified, multistage probability sampling design. The associations of 12 nutrient intakes and lifestyle factors with risk of hypertension were explored using restricted cubic spline regression and logistic regression models among 6,351 adults. Total energy and several nutrients and minerals, including, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin C, and sodium, showed non-linear relationships with the risk of prevalent hypertension. In multivariate logistic regression models, dietary score, obesity and alcohol intake were independently associated with the risk of prevalent hypertension, but smoking and physical activity were not. Overall, participants whose dietary habits and lifestyle factors were all in the low-risk group had 68% lower prevalence of hypertension (OR: 0.32, 95 CI: 0.14-0.74) compared to those who were at least one in the high-risk group of any dietary or lifestyle factors. The result suggests that combined optimal lifestyle habits are strongly associated with lower prevalence of hypertension among Korean adults.

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Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
Prevalence of Osteoarthritis and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Data from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V), 2010~2012
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2014; 20(2): 99. CrossRef
Excessive Sodium Intake and Related Factors According to Energy Intakes Among Korean Elderly: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
Young-Jin Tak, Jeong-Gyu Lee, Yun-Jin Kim, Sangyeoup Lee, Dong-Wook Jung, Yu-Hyeon Yi, Young-Hye Cho, Eun-Jung Choi, Seung-Hun Lee, Hye-Lim Hwang, A-Ra Cho
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2014; 18(4): 185. CrossRef
The relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, fruits, and vegetables intake with blood pressure among Korean adults aged 40 and older
Mi Kyung Kim, Kirang Kim, Min-Ho Shin, Dong Hoon Shin, Young-Hoon Lee, Byung-Yeol Chun, Bo Youl Choi
Nutrition Research and Practice.2014; 8(4): 453. CrossRef
An Analysis of Food Consumption Patterns of the Elderly from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES Ⅴ-1)
Eun Mi Kim, Mi-Kyung Choi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2013; 42(5): 818. CrossRef
Prevalence of Hypertension and Related Risk Factors in the Elderly: Data from the 4th Korean National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2009
Hye-Sang Lee
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2013; 19(1): 14. CrossRef
Association of Bone Mineral Density and Blood Pressure, Calcium Intake among Adult Women in Seoul · Kyunggi Area - Based on 2011 KNHANES -
Jae Ok Koo
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(3): 269. CrossRef

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[English]
Diet Quality and Food Patterns of Obese Adult Women from Low Income Classes: Based on 2005 KNHANES: Jin Sook Yoon, Heekyung Jang; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(6):706-715. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.6.706

Abstract PDF

This study aims to identify the dietary patterns relevant to obesity of Korean women among low income classes. Adults 20-64 years were used as study subjects from the data of 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared obese and normal-weight women in terms of their nutrients intake, diet quality and food patterns. Diet quality was assessed by using the Nutritional Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). Our results showed higher prevalence of obesity among lower socioeconomic status women. In men, there were no significant associations with socioeconomic status and prevalence of obesity. Higher risk of nutritional inadequacy was observed among obese women compared to normal weight women. Obese women showed significantly lower INQ for nutrients such as Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavin and Vitamin C compared to other women. They consumed significantly higher amount of rice (p < 0.05) and lower amount of vegetables (p < 0.01). By contrast, obese men from low income classes showed higher intake of those nutrients. Obese men also consumed significantly higher amount of meats than normal weight men. Therefore, this study suggests that genderspecific approaches based on economic situation should be considered in developing the intervention program for managing obesity for low income classes.

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Ji-Myung Kim, Hye Sook Kim, Ki Nam Kim
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Young Suk Lim, Soo Bin Jeon, Hee Mang Kim, So Yeon Jeong, Jae Young Ahn, Hae Ryun Park
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In-Ae Chun, So-Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Hee-Kyung Ro, Mi-Ah Han
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Jin-Sook Yoon, Mi Jung Lee
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So Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son, Hye Kyeong Kim
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[English]
Evaluation of Nutrition Education for Hypertension Patients Aged 50 Years and Over: Eun Hye Moon, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2011;16(1):62-74. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.1.62

Abstract PDF

This study was designed to implement and evaluate a nutrition education program for hypertensive patients aged between 50 and over. Nutrition education consisted of four sessions and, 35 out of 51 patients completed all education sessions at the public health center. To assess program effectiveness (effectively), data about blood pressure, blood cholesterol, anthropometry, nutrition knowledge, eating behavior and dietary intake were collected before and after nutrition education. Data were analyzed using SAS package (ver. 9.2) and significant difference was evaluated by paired t-test, x2-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Blood cholesterol was significantly reduced from 200.7 mg/dL to 188.7 mg/dL after nutrition education, although there were not significant changes in blood pressure or blood triglyceride level. Weight (p < 0.05), % body fat (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.05) were significantly reduced, especially in women, after nutrition education. Nutrition knowledge was increased significantly (p < 0.05), and some eating behaviors such as 'having fruits & vegetables for snack' and 'having brown rice, barley rice than white rice' were improved after nutrition education (p < 0.05). Sodium intake was reduced from 3,888.9 mg/day to 3,157.4 mg/day after nutrition education (p < 0.05). Except protein and iron intakes, the nutrient intake of hypertensive patients was much below the recommended level for Koreans. Dietary intakes of most of nutrients were not significantly different between pre-test and post-test. It appeared that nutrition education for the aged hypertensive patients was effective in reducing the percentage of % body fat and BMI, increasing the nutrition knowledge and some dietary behaviors. This nutrition education can be implemented at public health centers or senior centers for hypertensive patients.

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Nutrition knowledge, eating attitudes, nutrition behavior, self-efficacy of childcare center foodservice employees by stages of behavioral change in reducing sodium intake
Yun Ahn, Kyung Won Kim, Kyungmin Kim, Jinwon Pyun, Ikhyun Yeo, Kisun Nam
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2015; 48(5): 429. CrossRef
Sodium Related Recognition, Dietary Attitude and Education Needs of Dietitians Working at Customized Home Visiting Health Service
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The Effect of the Telemedicine Service System Application for the Patients with Hypertension at Community Health Practitioner Posts in Gangwon Province
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The Effects of Low-sodium Diet Education Program on Dietary Habits, Diet Quality and Obesity Index in Overweight and Obese Middle-aged Women
Soo Bin Jeong, Seoyun Park, Sohyun Ahn, Jin Nam Kim, Hye-Kyeong Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(6): 513. CrossRef
Development of Nutrition Education Program for Consumers to Reduce Sodium Intake Applying the Social Cognitive Theory: Based on Focus Group Interviews
So-Hyun Ahn, Hye-Kyeong Kim, Kyung Min Kim, Jin-sook Yoon, Jong Sook Kwon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(4): 342. CrossRef
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An Na Kim, Hyeon-Sook Lim
Journal of Nutrition and Health.2014; 47(4): 277. CrossRef
Effects of Dietary Education on Low-sodium Diet Adaptation
Hae Young Kim, Juhyeon Kim
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture.2014; 29(2): 212. CrossRef
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Nutrition Counseling for Adults with Risk Factors for Dyslipidemia
Tae Young Nam, Jung Hee Kim
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2014; 19(1): 27. CrossRef
Blood Pressure, Sodium Intake and Dietary Behavior Changes by Session Attendance on Salt Reduction Education Program for Pre-hypertensive Adults in a Public Health Center
Eun-Jin Jung, Jong-Sook Kwon, So-Hyun Ahn, Sook Mee Son
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2013; 18(6): 626. CrossRef
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Mi-Kyoung Park, Jeong-Hee Kim
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(2): 111. CrossRef
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Eun Jin Jung, Sook Mee Son, Jong-Sook Kwon
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(6): 752. CrossRef
Development of Nutrition Education Program for Hypertension Based on Health Belief Model, Applying Focus Group Interview
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2012; 17(5): 623. CrossRef
Effects of Nutritional Education Practice Program for Cardiocerebrovascular High-risk Group at the Education Information Center
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Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2011; 16(5): 580. CrossRef

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[English]
A Study on the Physical Activity, Food Habit and Nutrient Intakes of Adults in Pusan: Hwa Jae Lim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(4):460-474. Published online August 31, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study was performed to assess the physical activity, food habit and nutrient intakes by gender and age groups in 193 adults aged 20-59 years (84 men and 109 women) in Pusan. Data for physical activity and dietary survey was assessed by a questionnaire and 24hr recall method. The mean BMIs of men and women were 24.0 and 22.2 respectively and BMI of women in the 20-29 years group (20.9) was significantly lower than that of women in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (22.7, 23.2) (p < 0.01). 56.0% for men and 44.0% for women exercised regularly. The mean exercise duration per once of men (69.7 minutes) was significantly higher than that of women (52.4minutes) (p < 0.01). The mean exercise duration per day was 36.0 minutes for men and 29.9 minutes for women. 67.9% for men and 78.0% for women often skipped meals and 68.4% for men and 69.4% for women skipped breakfast in the main. The mean energy intake of men was 2067.2 kcal and that of women was 1783.1 kcal comprised of 87.2% and 92.1% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The mineral intakes of men and women were over Recommended Intake (RI) and Adequate Intake (AI) except calcium and potassium. The mean calcium intake was 88.3% for men and 84.0% for women of RI. The mean potassium intake was 63.3% for men and 59.2% for women of AI. The mean vitamin intakes of men and women were over RI and AI except vitamin C and folic acid. The mean vitamin C intake was 92.5% for men and 85.6% for women of RI. The mean folic acid intake was 76.6% for men and 70.0% for women of RI. The mean energy, protein, sodium and zinc intakes of men were significantly higher than those of women (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The mean vitamin B6, vitamin C and folic acid intakes of men in the 20-29 years group were significantly lower than those of men in the 30-49 and 50-59 years group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). For energy, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than 90% EER were 64.3% for men and 56.0% for women. For calcium, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) were 52.4% for men and 59.6% for women. For folic acid, proportions of subjects with intake levels less than EAR were 78.6% for men and 83.5% for women. For iron and phosphorus, proportions of women (36.7%, 14.7%)with intake levels less than EAR were significantly higher than those of men (6.0%, 1.2%) (p < 0.01, p < 0.001). For men, age was positively correlated with intakes of potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01). For men, weight showed significantly negative correlations with intakes of carbohydrate, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin B6 and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01) and BMI showed significantly negative correlations with protein, lipid, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin E and folic acid (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05) For men, exercise duration per once showed significantly positive correlations with intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin C and folic acid (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, nutritional education for adult health management is needed by gender and age groups.

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[English]
Clients' Handling and Consumption of Home-delivered Meals at Home and Their Perceptions on Home-Delivered Meal Services for Older Adults: Jung Yeon Park, Kyung Eun Lee, Na Young Yi, Tong Kyung Kwak; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(3):379-392. Published online June 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: The purposes of this study were to investigate recipients' handling and consumption of home-delivered meals at home and to assess their perceptions on home-delivered meal services for older adults. A total of 312 elderly people who received home-delivered foodservice were surveyed using an individual interview technique. A statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS (ver. 14.0). It was found that 90.2% (n = 166) of the lunch box recipients received services for six days per week, and 76.6% (n = 95) of the side-dish recipients got services once per week. More than half of the clients reported that they cooked meals by themselves on days when meals were not delivered. The two hundred thirty-two (75.3%) ate their meals as soon as they were delivered. It was found that 66.8% of the lunch box recipients and 7.3% of the side-dish recipients left delivered meals on the counter (at room temperatures) before eating. Only 11.4% of the lunch box recipients and 48.4% of the side-dish recipients kept delivered meals in the refrigerator before eating. Less than half of the lunch box recipients consumed all foods they were served at once. The reasons the recipients did not eat their all meals delivered at once were "saving for next meals" and "big portion size". Of those clients who left delivered meals, 19% of the lunch box recipients and 9.7% of the side-dish recipients ate leftovers without reheating. An average score of quality of delivered meal services was 3.5 out of 5 points. The results suggest that the clients of the home-delivered meal service should be provided information on proper handling and consumption practices with delivered meals at home. The findings of the study will be used to develop nutrition and food safety management guidelines for senior foodservice.

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[English]
A Survey on the Breakfast Skipping Rate of Korean Adults Relative to Their Lifestyle and Breakfast Skipping Reasons and Dietary Behavior of Breakfast Skippers: Sunju Yun, Hye Ryeon Jeong, Mi Hyun Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2010;15(2):191-205. Published online April 30, 2010

Abstract PDF: This study investigated the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping according to gender, age, and lifestyle related factors in Korean adults. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and the subjects included 1148 male and female adults aged 19-64. The rate of breakfast skipping (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week) was 41.20% of the total subjects. The breakfast skipping rate of the male subjects was significantly higher than that of the female subjects (p < 0.001). As age and household income decreased, the breakfast skipping rate increased. Residents in small cities more frequently skipped breakfast than those in larger cities. The main reason for breakfast skipping was "lack of time for the preparation and consumption of food" and this reason was especially higher for office workers and younger adults among the participants. In addition, the proportion of habitual breakfast skippers increased with age. Among the answers regarding the person who prepares breakfast in their households, the highest proportion was for "family members" in the males and "myself" for the females. Of breakfast skippers, 77.63% answered that they consumed breakfast substitutes such as breads, dairy and fruits/vegetables. To summarize the results, the gender, age and lifestyle factors of adults were significantly related to the rates and reasons for breakfast skipping. Therefore, to reduce breakfast skipping in Korean adults, a differentiated nutritional education approach relative to gender, age, and lifestyle is needed along with the development of balanced breakfast substitutes.

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[English]
Evaluation of Nutrition Education for Diabetes Mellitus Management of Older Adults: Hyun Joo Kang, Eun Mi Shin, Kyung Won Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):734-745. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: Diabetes mellitus is the prevalent disease among older adults. The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate the nutrition education program for diabetes mellitus patients aged 60 and over. The one group pretest and posttest design was employed to evaluate the program effectiveness. Nutrition education program for diabetes mellitus patients was carried out at the public healthy center in Guri city. The 38 out of 63 patients completed education program. They received four sessions of group education during four weeks. Nutrition education materials (booklet, leaflet) for older adults were provided to participants. Data about blood glucose, blood pressure, nutrition and diabetes mellitus knowledge, dietary behavior, dietary intake by 24-hour recalls were collected before and after nutrition education to evaluate the program effectiveness. All data were statistically analyzed using SAS package (ver.8.2) and significant difference was evaluated by chi-square-test, paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. Study results showed that blood pressure and blood glucose were slightly decreased after nutrition education but they did not reach statistical significance. There were positive changes in nutrition knowledge and dietary behavior. The total score of nutrition and diabetes knowledge increased significantly (p < 0.001), and the total score of dietary behavior was improved (p < 0.05) after nutrition education. Dietary intakes of most of nutrients examined were not significantly different between preand post-test. Based on study results, it appears that nutrition education program for the aged diabetes mellitus patients might effectively increase nutrition knowledge, dietary behavior and diet quality. This nutrition education program can be used at the public health centers or senior centers for the management of diabetes mellitus for older adults.

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[English]
Effects of Weight Control Program on Nutrient Intakes and Physical Fitness in Obese Korean Adult Women: Eun Ju Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):756-766. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of weight control program on nutrient intakes and physical fitness of Korean obese adult women. The subjects of this study were 33 obese adult women aged 30-65 years residing in Seoul. The weight control program for obese women included nutrition education, cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise for 12 weeks. There were significant decrease (p < 0.001) of blood pressure and atherogenic index of obese women after the weight control program. Energy intake was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) from 1556.9kcal to 1044.9kcal after 12 weeks of the weight control program. Also protein, fat and carbohydrate intakes were significantly decreased. The ratio of energy intakes per day for the subjects was carbohydrate 64% : protein 16% : fat 20%. The frequency of vegetables intakes was significantly increased (p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in other food groups. After the weight control program, muscle endurance, flexibility, balance and explosive muscular strength of subject's physical fitness were significantly improved. These results suggest that the weight control program for obese women may contribute to nutrient intakes reduction and improvement of physical fitness.

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[English]
Effects of Frequent Eating-out and Breakfast Skipping on Body Mass Index and Nutrients Intake of Working Male Adults: Analysis of 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey Data: Joung Won Lee; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(6):789-797. Published online December 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: In order to investigate the effects of frequent eating-out and breakfast skipping of working men on body mass index and nutrients intake status, working male adults aged 20 or over were selected (n = 1883) from the data of 2001 Korea national health and nutrition survey. The subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the eating-out frequency(high: once or more daily, low: less than once daily) and breakfast eating or not. Four groups were high eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 609), high eating-out with breakfast skipping (n = 192), low eating-out with breakfast eating (n = 877), and low eatingout with breakfast skipping (n = 205). High eating-out group showed higher body mass index (BMI) than low eating-out group, but the difference of BMI was disappeared when adjusted with age, residence region and family income. However high eating-out group in case of breakfast eating, compared with the low eating-out, showed higher intakes or densities of energy, fat, fat-energy% and higher ratio of energy-fat overintake, and also showed higher mean nutritional adequacy ratio and lower ratio of nutrients intake deficiency. Calcium, iron, vitamin A and C intakes were not affected by eating-out frequency, but were lowered by breakfast skipping. Breakfast skipping also decreased intake frequency of unprocessed cereals and increased those of ramyon and carbonated and alcoholic beverages. From the results frequent eating-out with breakfast eating caused increased intakes of energy and fat, but did not cause BMI increase. Breakfast skipping, but not eating-out, had negative influences on mineral and vitamin intakes. Accordingly good eating-out as well as breakfast eating should be exceedingly emphasized at nutrition education for the working males.

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Evaluation Studies

[English]
The Evaluation Study on Eating Behavior and Dietary Quality of Elderly People Residing in Samcheok According to Age Group: Mi Hyun Kim, Jae Cheol Lee, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(5):495-508. Published online October 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the eating behaviors and dietary quality of various aged adults. This study conducted through questionnaire and dietary survey by 24-hr recall to 850 adults residing in Samcheok. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the age in male and female, which included 20~29 yrs group (male n = 94, female n = 66), 30~49 yrs group (male n = 201, female n = 216), 50~64 yrs group (male n = 88, female n = 96), and >or = 65 yrs group (n = 46, female n = 43). In male, 20~29 yrs group had a larger proportion of subjects who skipped breakfast, lunch and dinner compared to other groups (p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.01). The daily food and energy intakes in > or = 50 yrs group were significantly lower than those of < 50 yrs. Protein and fat intakes of 20~29 yrs group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. But ND (Nutrient Density) of minerals as like calcium, iron and plant iron in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS (Korean's Dietary Diversity Score) of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and > or = 65 yrs group in male were 4.1, 3.8, 3.7 and 3.5 respectively and there was significant difference (p < 0.001). In female, skipping breakfast and dinner were significantly higher in 20~29 yrs group than in other groups (p<0.001, p<0.001). And the use of nutrient supplementation was higher in 30~49 yrs group than that of other groups (p<0.05). The daily energy intakes was higher in 20~49 yrs group than that of >or = 65 yrs group. The ND (Nutrient Density) of animal protein, vitamins A and B1 in 20~29 yrs group were significantly lower than those of other groups. The KDDS of 20~29 yrs group, 30~49 yrs group, 50~64 yrs group and > or = 65 yrs group in female were 4.0, 3.9, 3.9 and 3.6 respectively and >or = 65 yrs group was significant lower than other groups. According to these results, >or = 65 yrs and 20~29 yrs group had more dietary habit problems and poor nutrition status than 30~64 yrs group. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for adequate meals should be emphasized in adults and elderly.

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Original Articles

[English]
Eating and Exercise Behaviors of University Students by Weight Change Status: Seolhyang Baek, Eunjeong Kim; Korean J Community Nutr 2009;14(4):374-382. Published online August 31, 2009

Abstract PDF: Young adults are likely to start a new life style which may cause weight gain or obesity since leaving their parents for higher education or university. Whilst young people are slim in general, it is common to see them trying to manage their weight. Few studies have been carried out in Korea to support those changes in lifestyle that can result in weight gain in early adulthood. This study aims to identify prevalence of dieting as well as factors inducing weight gain among university students under unrestricted living conditions. A total of 99 university students were enrolled and asked to complete a questionnaire over a 3-day study period from June to September, 2008. T-test and chi-square-test were applied to compare each behavior between weight gainers and maintainers. Logistic regression was also used for further analysis. Half of the participants used 'eat less' and 'exercise' as a way of dieting, and weight gainers tried to control their weight significantly more than weight maintainers. Most participants were engaged in very little exercise and were more likely to watch TV and use a computer. The time of lunch was proven as the only factor to predict weight change in the participants. As a result of this study, an intervention to promote exercise with friends or as a group is required to makeup for the lack of exercise among young adults. Further studies are also necessary to investigate how each meal time a day relates to the amount of food eaten.

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[English]
Comparative Analysis of Food Habits and Bone Density Risk Factors between Normal and Risk Women Living in the Seoul Area: Myung Suk Kim, Jae Ok Koo; Korean J Community Nutr 2008;13(1):125-133. Published online February 29, 2008

Abstract PDF: This study was carried out to compare bone density risk factors affecting women's BMD, and to examine the relationship age, lifestyle and dietary habits for bone health by physical measurement and questionnaires. The subjects of this study were 194 women living in the Seoul area. When the subjects were divided into normal and risk groups, BMD, height, weight, BMI, total body water, soft lean mass, fat free mass, protein, mineral, body-fat of normal group were much higher than those of the risk group. The breakfast eating rate of the normal group was much higher than that of the risk group, walking time was significantly longer and exercise was more (p < 0.05). The normal group had more frequent intakes of tunas, squid, radishes, the green parts of radish, cucumbers, carrots and Iucchinis, tomatoes, and grapes than the risk group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). In conclusion, breakfast eating, exercise, intakes of some foods such as anchovies, radishes, carrots, zucchinis and tomatoes were significantly important factor to prevent bone density risk.

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[English]
A Study on Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure of Adult Men and Women According to Vegetable Intake: Mi Kyeong Choi, Yun Jung Bae; Korean J Community Nutr 2007;12(6):761-772. Published online December 31, 2007

Abstract PDF: It has been suggested that vegetables protect the cardiovascular system in part by attenuating blood pressure. The purpose of the present research was to examine blood lipids according to vegetable intakes. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressures, nutrient intakes using the 24-hour recall method, and serum lipids of < 50th percentile vegetable intake group (< 50th percentile VIG; men = 66, women = 111) and > or = 50th percentile vegetable intake group (> or = 50th percentile VIG; men = 83, women = 94) were estimated. The average age, height, and BMI were 54.7 years, 158.2 cm, 62.2 kg, and 24.9 kg/m2 for < 50th percentile VIG and 53.7 years, 159.6 cm, 63.0 kg, and 24.7 kg/m2 for > or =50th percentile VIG, respectively. The daily food intake of the > or = 50th percentile VIG was significantly higher than that of the < 50th percentile VIG (p < 0.001). Also, daily intakes of cereals (p < 0.001), legumes (p < 0.05), nuts (p < 0.05), vegetables (p < 0.001), and fruits (p < 0.05) of the > or = 50th percentile VIG were significantly higher than those of the < 50th percentile VIG. The daily energy intakes of > or = 50th percentile VIG and< 50th percentile VIG were 1342.7 kcal and 1782.0 kcal (p < 0.001), and most nutrient intakes of the > or = 50th percentile VIG was significantly higher than that of the < 50th percentile VIG. Serum cholesterol of the > or = 50th percentile VIG were significantly lower than that of the < 50th percentile VIG (p < 0.01). Also, vegetable intake showed significantly negative correlations with total cholesterol (p < 0.05) and LDL-cholesterol (p < 0.05). Based on these results, it should be emphasized that increase of vegetable intake improves the blood lipid profile.

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